Ripening of climacteric fruits initiated at low ethylene levels

2001 ◽  
Vol 41 (1) ◽  
pp. 89 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. B. H. Wills ◽  
M. A. Warton ◽  
D. M. D. N. Mussa ◽  
L. P. Chew
Keyword(s):  
Ethylene Concentration ◽  
Climacteric Fruit ◽  
Custard Apple ◽  
Ethylene Action ◽  
Ethylene Level

Mature, unripe mango, peach, custard apple, kiwifruit and tomato were stored at 20˚C in air containing ethylene at <0.005, 0.01, 0.1 1.0 and 10 L/L. The time to ripen of all the climacteric fruits increased linearly with logarithmic decrease in ethylene concentration over the whole concentration range examined. Similar observations were also obtained with kiwifruit and custard apple held at 0 and 14˚C, respectively. However, the sensitivity of fruits to ethylene varied with banana and kiwifruit > custard apple and mango > tomato, avocado and peach. Since the ethylene level around horticultural produce during marketing is always >0.005 L/L, the time climacteric fruit can be held in an unripe condition is currently less than optimal but intervention to limit ethylene action would appear to be only warranted for the most sensitive fruits.

Importance of low ethylene levels to delay senescence of non-climacteric fruit and vegetables

1999 ◽  
Vol 39 (2) ◽  
pp. 221 ◽  
Author(s):  
V. V. V. Ku ◽  
D. Shohet ◽  
R. B. H. Wills ◽  
G. H. Kim
Keyword(s):  
Low Temperature ◽  
Chinese Cabbage ◽  
Threshold Level ◽  
Storage Life ◽  
Fruit And Vegetables ◽  
Ethylene Concentration ◽  
Climacteric Fruit ◽  
Ethylene Action ◽  
Postharvest Life ◽  
Logarithmic Reduction

The storage life of a range of non-climacteric fruit and vegetables was assessed during storage at ambient temperature (20˚C) and low temperature (0–5˚C) and ventilation with air containing ethylene over the range <0.005–10 µL/L. The storage life of Chinese cabbage and orange was found to be linearly extended with a logarithmic reduction in ethylene concentration. Across 23 kinds of produce, there was about a 60% extension in postharvest life when stored in <0.005 µL/L compared with 0.1 µL/L, the commonly considered threshold level for ethylene action. It is suggested that the threshold level of ethylene action on non-climacteric produce is well below 0.005 µL/L and that the level of ethylene that accumulates around produce in all commercial situations is always much greater than 0.005 µL/L. Hence, any postharvest action that reduces the accumulation of ethylene around non-climacteric produce during marketing will result in an increase in postharvest life.

scholarly journals ECONOMIC COST-EFFECTIVENES OF ETHYLENE CONSUMPTION IN THE TECHNOLOGICAL PROCESS OF BANANA RIPENING

2021 ◽  
Vol 1 (24) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ivan Stojanović ◽  
Aleksandar Manić ◽  
Silvana Ilić
Keyword(s):  
Treatment Period ◽  
Technological Process ◽  
Economic Cost ◽  
Maturity Level ◽  
Ethylene Concentration ◽  
Ripening Process ◽  
Ethylene Consumption ◽  
Climacteric Fruit ◽  
Reduced Costs

Banana is a climacteric fruit that undergoes a ripening process in airtight chambers at a certain temperature, appropriate ethylene concentration, and the time it takes for the fruit to reach maturity level 4 on the ripening scale. For commercial purposes an ethylene concentration of 1000 ppm is used, and depending on other factors the concentration may vary. Through a research the best result has been achieved with an ethylene concentration of 900 ppm and the fruit exposure to 18C for a treatment period of 120 h. These parameters reduced costs by RSD 91.896,95 at annual level compared to the commercial concentration of ethylene, the quality of the fruit did not deteriorate greater efficiency in business has been achieved.

scholarly journals Ethephon-Induced Ethylene Enhances Protein Degradation in Source Leaves, but Its High Endogenous Level Inhibits the Development of Regenerative Organs in Brassica napus

Plants ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (10) ◽  
pp. 1993
Author(s):  
Bok-Rye Lee ◽  
Rashed Zaman ◽  
Van Hien La ◽  
Sang-Hyun Park ◽  
Tae-Hwan Kim
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acid ◽  
Brassica Napus ◽  
Protein Degradation ◽  
Amino Acid Transport ◽  
Amino Acid Transporter ◽  
Acid Transport ◽  
Nitrogen Remobilization ◽  
Ethylene Concentration ◽  
Mature Leaves ◽  
Ethylene Level

To investigate the regulatory role of ethylene in the source-sink relationship for nitrogen remobilization, short-term effects of treatment with different concentrations (0, 25, 50, and 75 ppm) of ethephon (2-chloroethylphosphonic acid, an ethylene inducing agent) for 10 days (EXP 1) and long-term effects at 20 days (Day 30) after treatment with 100 ppm for 10 days (EXP 2) on protein degradation and amino acid transport in foliar sprayed mature leaves of Brassica napus (cv. Mosa) were determined. In EXP 1, endogenous ethylene concentration gradually increased in response to the treated ethephon concentration, leading to the upregulation of senescence-associated gene 12 (SAG12) expression and downregulation of chlorophyll a/b-binding protein (CAB) expression. Further, the increase in ethylene concentration caused a reduction in protein, Rubisco, and amino acid contents in the mature leaves. However, the activity of protease and expression of amino acid transporter (AAP6), an amino acid transport gene, were not significantly affected or slightly suppressed between the treatments with 50 and 75 ppm. In EXP 2, the enhanced ethylene level reduced photosynthetic pigments, leading to an inhibition of flower development without any pod development. A significant increase in protease activity, confirmed using in-gel staining of protease, was also observed in the ethephon-treated mature leaves. Ethephon application enhanced the expression of four amino acid transporter genes (AAP1, AAP2, AAP4, and AAP6) and the phloem loading of amino acids. Significant correlations between ethylene level, induced by ethephon application, and the descriptive parameters of protein degradation and amino acid transport were revealed. These results indicated that an increase in ethylene upregulated nitrogen remobilization in the mature leaves (source), which was accompanied by an increase in proteolytic activity and amino acid transport, but had no benefit to pod (sink) development.

scholarly journals Aroma Production in Climacteric Fruit: A Comparison of Tomato, Apple, and Banana

HortScience ◽  
2004 ◽  
Vol 39 (4) ◽  
pp. 846B-846
Author(s):  
Sastry Jayanty ◽  
Mauricio Canoles ◽  
Alejandra Ferenczi ◽  
Jun Song ◽  
Randolph Beaudry*
Keyword(s):  
Metabolic Pathways ◽  
Tomato Fruit ◽  
Ethylene Synthesis ◽  
Lipoxygenase Pathway ◽  
Climacteric Fruit ◽  
Coa Transferase ◽  
Ester Formation ◽  
Precursor Synthesis ◽  
Aroma Production ◽  
Ethylene Action

Volatile aroma compounds produced by apple, banana, and tomato are produced throughout development, however, those associated with ripening and edible quality are dependent upon ethylene action. In apple and banana, characteristic aroma is, in large part, dependent upon the formation of volatile esters. In tomato, many of the characteristic aromas are dependent upon tissue disruption and result from aldehydes and alcohols following lipid degradation. For apple and banana, the enzyme alcohol acyl-CoA transferase (AAT, EC 2.3.1.84) is the enzyme responsible for the final reaction in the pathway for ester formation and catalyzes the union of an alcohol and the CoA derivative of fatty acids. In both tissues, AAT gene expression was detected prior to the onset of ester production. In apple, AAT expression was found to be closely tied with the onset of autocatalytic ethylene synthesis. In banana, ethylene synthesis peaked and began to decline well before ester synthesis began. However, the expression of AAT increased as ester production increased for both tissues. Tomato fruit, like apple and banana, produced characteristic aromas following the onset of the ethylene climacteric, suggesting changes in the activity of various components of the lipoxygenase pathway. In all three tissue types, there are continuous, significant shifts in the aroma profile as fruit ripen age, suggesting shifts in specific metabolic pathways associated with precursor synthesis or degradation.

scholarly journals Effect of 1-MCP on Apple Fruit Ripening and Volatile Production

HortScience ◽  
1997 ◽  
Vol 32 (3) ◽  
pp. 536D-536 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Song ◽  
M.S. Tian ◽  
D.R. Dilley ◽  
R.M. Beaudry
Keyword(s):  
Fruit Ripening ◽  
Ethylene Production ◽  
Quality Criterion ◽  
Apple Fruit ◽  
Climacteric Fruit ◽  
Aroma Production ◽  
Ethylene Action ◽  
Important Quality ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Volatile Production

Aroma production by apple fruit is an important quality criterion and has been found to be a fruit-ripening-related process. 1-Methylcyclopropene (1-MCP), an effective ethylene action inhibitor, was used to study the relationship between volatile biosynthesis, ethylene action, and fruit ripening in `Golden Delicious' apple fruit. Pre-climacteric fruit were treated with 1-MCP vapors at a concentration of 500 parts per billion (v/v) at 23°C. 1-MCP prevented the climacteric rise of ethylene production, respiration, and volatile production, while untreated fruits developed typical climacteric changes in ethylene production, respiration and volatile production. Applying ethylene at 15–20 parts per million for 24 hr 11 days after 1-MCP treatment could not overcome the effect of 1-MCP, suggesting that 1-MCP inhibited ethylene action irreversibly. Interestingly, when 1-MCP-treated tissue were fed butanol and butyric acid, they converted these compounds to their corresponding esters butylacetate and butylbutanoate. Thus precursor supply is apparently limiting and appears to be ethylene-dependent.

scholarly journals 535 The Potential Benefits of 1-Methylcyclopropene (1-MCP) for Regulating the Ripening and Extending the Storage Life of Avocados

HortScience ◽  
1999 ◽  
Vol 34 (3) ◽  
pp. 538B-538 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jiwon Jeong ◽  
Donald J. Huber ◽  
Steven A. Sargent
Keyword(s):  
Storage Life ◽  
Ethylene Evolution ◽  
Low Temperature Storage ◽  
Respiration Rates ◽  
Climacteric Fruit ◽  
Avocado Fruit ◽  
Powerful Means ◽  
Potential Benefits ◽  
Ethylene Action ◽  
Temperature Storage

Ethylene is integrally involved in the ripening of climacteric fruit. The ability to prevent ethylene action, or manipulate fruit sensitivity to ethylene, would provide a powerful means of extending postharvest storage life of these fruit, particularly for those that ripen rapidly and/or that are not tolerant of low-temperature storage. In this study, 1-methylcyclopropene (1-MCP), an inhibitor of ethylene action, was used to investigate ripening, respiration, and ethylene production in avocado fruit. `Monroe' avocados were treated with 1-MCP (Ethylbloc®) for 24 h at 20 °C. The fruit were subsequently stored at 13 or 20 °C. Some fruit were exposed to 100 ppm ethylene at 13 and 20 °C before or after MCP treatment. As evaluated by flesh firmness, respiration rate, and ethylene evolution, 1-MCP completely inhibited the ripening of avocado fruit stored at 13 and 20 °C and 85% relative humidity. Ethylene evolution and respiration rates were dramatically depressed, greater than 95% and 52%, respectively, by 1-MCP. Whereas firmness of control fruit decreased from over 100 N to 10 N in as few as 7 days, fruit treated with 1-MCP remained firm (>45 N) for periods of up to 3 weeks at 13 °C. Treatment of avocado fruit with 100 ppm ethylene at 20 °C for 12 h did not overcome the influence of MCP treatment. Similarly, treatment with ethylene before MCP exposure did not circumvent the effects of the cyclic olefin on ripening. Current studies are addressing the effects of MCP concentration and exposure time on avocado ripening.

The role of endogenous ethylene in the expansion of Helianthus annuus leaves

1997 ◽  
Vol 75 (3) ◽  
pp. 501-508 ◽  
Author(s):  
Siew Hwee Lee ◽  
David M. Reid
Keyword(s):  
Carboxylic Acid ◽  
Helianthus Annuus ◽  
Acid Treatment ◽  
Leaf Growth ◽  
Leaf Expansion ◽  
Silver Thiosulphate ◽  
Ethylene Concentration ◽  
Endogenous Ethylene ◽  
Ethylene Action

The possible role of ethylene in leaf expansion of the primary leaves of sunflower plants (Helianthus annuus) was studied. Our lowest application of ethephon promoted expansion of primary leaves. Higher concentrations of ethephon, and a range of concentrations of 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid, increased endogenous ethylene concentration and caused a reduction in the area of the primary leaves. The inhibition in leaf expansion induced by ethephon and 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid was reversed by pretreating the plants with an inhibitor of ethylene action, namely silver thiosulphate. Treating leaves with lower concentrations of aminoefhoxyvinylglycine reduced ethylene production and stimulated leaf expansion. This effect of aminoethoxyvinylglycine could be nullified by pretreating the plants with 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid. Treatment with silver thiosulphate enhanced leaf expansion. This indicates that endogenous ethylene normally plays a significant role in leaf expansion. Flooded and gravistimulated plants produced more ethylene and had smaller leaves. This could suggest that the increased ethylene is the main cause of the slowed leaf growth, however, only in some cases were we able to partially reverse the effect of flooding with silver thiosulphate. This indicates that there are probably many factors, in addition to increased ethylene, that inhibit leaf expansion in flooded and gravistimulated plants. Key words: ethylene, leaf expansion.

scholarly journals 1-Methylcyclopropene Inhibits Apple Ripening

1999 ◽  
Vol 124 (6) ◽  
pp. 690-695 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xuetong Fan ◽  
Sylvia M. Blankenship ◽  
James P. Mattheis
Keyword(s):  
North Carolina ◽  
Titratable Acidity ◽  
Washington State ◽  
Soluble Solids ◽  
Fruit Firmness ◽  
Fruit Storage ◽  
Beneficial Effects ◽  
Climacteric Fruit ◽  
Ethylene Action ◽  
Apple Ripening

An ethylene action inhibitor, MCP, was applied to preclimacteric and climacteric apple [Malus sylvestris L. (Mill.) var. domestica Borkh. Mansf.] fruit. Experiments were conducted in North Carolina and Washington State utilizing the following cultivars: Fuji, Gala, Ginger Gold, Jonagold, and Delicious. MCP inhibited loss of fruit firmness and titratable acidity when fruit were held in storage at 0 °C up to 6 months and when fruit were held at 20 to 24 °C for up to 60 days. For all cultivars except `Fuji', differences in firmness between treated and nontreated fruit exceeded 10 N after 6 months storage. These beneficial effects were seen in both preclimacteric and climacteric fruit. Ethylene production and respiration were reduced substantially by MCP treatment. MCP-treated fruit had soluble solids equal to or greater than those in nontreated fruit. Storage and shelf life were extended for all cultivars tested. Chemical name used: 1-methylcyclopropene (MCP).

scholarly journals Design and preliminary test of a fluidised bed photoreactor for ethylene oxidation on mesoporous mixed SiO2/TiO2 nanocomposites under UV-A illumination

2014 ◽  
Vol 45 (4) ◽  
pp. 146 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maria Lucia V. De Chiara ◽  
Maria Luisa Amodio ◽  
Francesco Scura ◽  
Luigina Spremulli ◽  
Giancarlo Colelli
Keyword(s):  
Photocatalytic Activity ◽  
Uv Light ◽  
Light Exposure ◽  
Preliminary Test ◽  
Ethylene Oxidation ◽  
Fluidised Bed ◽  
Ethylene Concentration ◽  
Postharvest Handling ◽  
Ethylene Action ◽  
Fresh Products

Ethylene (C<sub>2</sub>H<sub>4</sub>) is a plant hormone that has numerous effects on many horticultural and ornamental crops. It accelerates senescence, stimulates chlorophyll loss, enhances excessive softening, promotes discoloration and browning during storage of fresh produce. Among the techniques used to remove or inhibit ethylene action during postharvest handling of fresh products (potassium-based system, high temperature catalytic oxidation, inhibition of ethylene receptors), the use of titanium oxide (TiO<sub>2</sub>)-based materials with photocatalytic activity under ultraviolet (UV) light is one of the most promising. A fluidised-bed photoreactor (FBP) was designed to decompose ethylene in the storage room atmosphere, and the relative prototype was manufactured. Since TiO<sub>2</sub> powder alone is not suitable for use within a fluidised bed, preliminary tests to select the best support were performed. Alumina microspheres showed a good fluidisation behavior; its functionality was tested with different kind of support material and actual photocatalytic activity was tested using SiO<sub>2</sub>/TiO<sub>2</sub>-coated alumina microspheres. A reduction of approximately 72% of ethylene concentration in the tested 40 ppm ethylene gas mixture was observed after 4.5 h of 36W UV light exposure. FBP resulted to be suitable to avoid the detrimental presence of C<sub>2</sub>H<sub>4</sub> in the atmosphere surrounding fresh products within cold storage rooms.

scholarly journals Shelf life of custard apple treated with 1-methylciclopropene: an antagonist to the ethylene action

2003 ◽  
Vol 46 (1) ◽  
pp. 115-120 ◽  
Author(s):  
Guilherme Benassi ◽  
Guilherme Augusto Simões Francischini Correa ◽  
Ricardo Alfredo Kluge ◽  
Angelo Pedro Jacomino
Keyword(s):  
Room Temperature ◽  
Experimental Period ◽  
Soluble Solids ◽  
Soluble Solids Content ◽  
Annona Squamosa ◽  
Custard Apple ◽  
Ethylene Action ◽  
Ethylene Antagonist ◽  
Solids Content ◽  
Apple Fruits

Custard apple (Annona squamosa L.) presents very short storage life at room temperature, in part due to heavy losses in firmness. This process is associated with the production and action of the hormone ethylene. In order to retard the ripening evolution in custard apple, fruits were treated with the competitive ethylene antagonist 1-methycyclopropene (1-MCP) at concentrations of 0, 30, 90, 270 or 810 nL L-1 for 12 h at 25ºC and then stored at 25ºC for four days. The soluble solids content (SSC), firmness and percentage of ripe fruits (firmness < 0.5kg) were determined during the experimental period. There were no differences among treatments as to the SSC. Fruits treated with 810 nL L-1 of 1-MCP showed higher firmness than the control fruits. Both , non-treated or treated fruits with 30 or 90 nL L-1 ripened faster than fruits treated with 1-MCP at higher concentrations.

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