Residual value of zinc fertiliser for production of wheat

2001 ◽  
Vol 41 (4) ◽  
pp. 541 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. F. Brennan
Keyword(s):  
Zinc Oxide ◽  
Grain Yield ◽  
Zinc Deficiency ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Zinc Concentration ◽  
Diammonium Phosphate ◽  
Grain Production ◽  
Single Superphosphate ◽  
Zinc Contamination ◽  
Zinc Fertiliser

Zinc deficiency is common on the sandy acidic soils in south Western Australia for grain production of wheat grown with diammonium phosphate containing low levels of zinc contamination. The effectiveness of zinc fertiliser (zinc oxide or zinc contamination of single superphosphate that were widely used for crops in south Western Australia) was measured in 1996 for grain production of wheat, for zinc applied once only to plots, either in 1996 (current zinc) or in a previous year (previous zinc) (1983, 1984, 1986, 1990, 1992). Relative to current zinc applied as zinc oxide with diammonium phosphate, the effectiveness of previous zinc for dry matter, zinc uptake (zinc concentration × yield) and grain production of wheat decreased relative to the effectiveness of current zinc, the decrease being larger with increasing time since application. Thirteen years after application, the decrease in the effectiveness was about half for dry matter and grain production where wheat was grown with diammonium phosphate. Both currently and previously applied zinc fertiliser increased wheat dry matter, zinc content of the dry matter and grain yields. Zinc applied as a zinc contaminant in single superphosphate in 1983 produced wheat grain yields on the maximum grain yield plateau (about 2.4 t/ha) achieved for the 5 amounts of zinc oxide applied in the current year (1996). The critical concentration of zinc in the youngest emerged leaf and grain for diagnosing zinc deficiency was 12 mg zinc/kg. However, when relating the zinc concentrations in the youngest emerged leaf to the grain yield (prognosis), a zinc concentration of 14 mg zinc/kg was determined.

Forage and grain yield of grazed or defoliated spring and winter cereals in a winter-dominant, low-rainfall environment

2015 ◽  
Vol 66 (4) ◽  
pp. 308 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alison. J. Frischke ◽  
James R. Hunt ◽  
Dannielle K. McMillan ◽  
Claire J. Browne
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Cereal Crops ◽  
Grain Production ◽  
Forage Production ◽  
Dual Purpose ◽  
Winter Cereals ◽  
Yield And Quality ◽  
Eastern Australia ◽  
Grain Yield And Quality

In the Mallee region of north-western Victoria, Australia, there is very little grazing of crops that are intended for grain production. The success of dual-purpose crops in other regions in south-eastern Australia with higher and more evenly distributed rainfall has driven interest in assessing the performance of dual-purpose cereals in the region. Five experiments were established in five consecutive years (2009–13) in the southern Mallee to measure the forage production and grain yield and quality response in wheat and barley to grazing by sheep or mechanical defoliation. The first three experiments focused on spring cultivars sown from late April to June, and the last two on winter cultivars planted from late February to early March. Cereal crops provided early and nutritious feed for livestock, with earlier sowing increasing the amount of dry matter available for winter grazing, and barley consistently produced more dry matter at the time of grazing or defoliation than wheat. However, the grain-production response of cereals to grazing or defoliation was variable and unpredictable. Effects on yield varied from –0.7 to +0.6 t/ha, with most site × year × cultivar combinations neutral (23) or negative (14), and few positive (2). Changes in grain protein were generally consistent with yield dilution effects. Defoliation increased the percentage of screenings (grains passing a 2-mm sieve) in three of five experiments. Given the risk of reduced grain yield and quality found in this study, and the importance of grain income in determining farm profitability in the region, it is unlikely that dual-purpose use of current cereal cultivars will become widespread under existing grazing management guidelines for dual-purpose crops (i.e. that cereal crops can be safely grazed once anchored, until Zadoks growth stage Z30, without grain yield penalty). It was demonstrated that early-sown winter wheat cultivars could produce more dry matter for grazing (0.4–0.5 t/ha) than later sown spring wheat and barley cultivars popular in the region (0.03–0.21 t/ha), and development of regionally adapted winter cultivars may facilitate adoption of dual-purpose cereals on mixed farms.

Effect of fertiliser phosphorus and nitrogen on the concentrations of oil and protein in grain and the grain yield of canola (Brassica napus L.) grown in south-western Australia

2007 ◽  
Vol 47 (8) ◽  
pp. 984 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. F. Brennan ◽  
M. D. A. Bolland
Keyword(s):  
Brassica Napus ◽  
Grain Yield ◽  
Western Australia ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Grain Production ◽  
Brassica Napus L ◽  
Single Superphosphate ◽  
P Deficiency ◽  
Soil P ◽  
Soil P Testing

The effect of fertiliser phosphorus (P) and nitrogen (N) on seed (grain) yield and concentration of oil and protein in grain of canola (oil-seed rape; Brassica napus L.) was measured in two field experiments undertaken at eight sites from 1993–2005 in south-western Australia, on soils deficient in P and N. Six rates of P (0–40 kg P/ha as single superphosphate) and four rates of N (0–138 kg N/ha as urea) were applied. Significant grain yield increases (responses) to applied P occurred in both experiments and these responses increased as rates of applied N increased. For grain production, the P × N interaction was significant in all eight years and locations of the two experiments. Application of P had no effect on concentration of oil and protein in grain. Application of N always decreased the concentration of oil and increased the concentration of protein in grain. For canola grain production in the region, responses to applied N always occur whereas responses to applied P are rare, but if soil P testing indicates likely P deficiency, both P and N fertiliser need to be applied.

Studies of grain production in Sorghum vulgare. II. Sites responsible for grain dry matter production during the post-anthesis period

1971 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
pp. 39 ◽  
Author(s):  
KS Fischer ◽  
GL Wilson
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Grain Yield ◽  
Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Unit Area ◽  
Flag Leaf ◽  
Grain Production ◽  
Sorghum Vulgare ◽  
The Third ◽  
Matter Production

The relative contributions of different photosynthetic sites to the filling of the grain in grain sorghum (Sorghum vulgare cv. Brolga) were estimated by measuring the 14C in the grain after exposing various leaves and the head to radioactive carbon dioxide. Methods for preventing photosynthesis were also used. Of the grain yield, 93% was due to assimilation by the head and upper four leaves. The head contribution of 18 % was due equally to direct assimilation of atmospheric carbon dioxide and to reassimilation of carbon dioxide released within the grain by respiration of material translocated from the leaves. The remaining 75 % was equally assimilated by the upper four leaves, the flag leaf being the most efficient contributor per unit area and the third uppermost leaf the least efficient. The percentage contributions to the grain by the flag leaf and fourth leaf, estimated from the decrease in grain yield when they were shaded, agreed closely with the estimates obtained by using 14CO2.

Zinc Nutrition of Jarrah (Eucalyptus marginata Donn ex Smith) Seedlings

1986 ◽  
Vol 34 (1) ◽  
pp. 41 ◽  
Author(s):  
IM Wallace ◽  
B Dell ◽  
JF Loneragan
Keyword(s):  
Zinc Deficiency ◽  
Shoot Apex ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Zinc Concentration ◽  
Eucalyptus Marginata ◽  
Plant Parts ◽  
Deficiency Symptoms ◽  
Phosphorus Accumulation ◽  
Young Leaves ◽  
Zinc Concentrations

The relationships of seven levels of zinc supply to dry matter and zinc concentration were assessed for jarrah (Eucalyptus marginata Donn ex Smith) seedlings grown for 84 days in a zinc-deficient sand in the glasshouse. Zinc deficiency symptoms appeared within 28 days of sowing as a change in leaf colour of young leaves from green to bronze. Later, red areas developed and these became necrotic in severe cases. These symptoms were accompanied by decreased shoot and root dry weights. Zinc concentrations in various plant parts were low and, with the exception of the shoot apex, showed little response to zinc supply. Concentrations at the shoot apex varied from 3�g/g in deficient plants to 12�g/g in plants with adequate zinc supply. We suggest that of the plant parts analysed, the shoot apex is the only one which may be useful in defining zinc status of jarrah seedlings. Critical zinc concentration for this tissue was between 10 and 12 �g/g dry matter. Phosphorus concentrations in all plant parts, except the shoot apex, increased to very high levels with increasing zinc deficiency. It is suggested that some zinc deficiency symptoms of jarrah seedlings, e.g. necrosis, may have resulted from phosphorus accumulation due to zinc deficiency.

Grain yield responses of faba bean (Vicia faba L.) to applications of fertiliser phosphorus and zinc.

2000 ◽  
Vol 40 (6) ◽  
pp. 849 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. D. A. Bolland ◽  
K. H. M. Siddique ◽  
R. F. Brennan
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Vicia Faba ◽  
Western Australia ◽  
Faba Bean ◽  
Grain Production ◽  
Alkaline Soils ◽  
Grain Yields ◽  
Vicia Faba L ◽  
Yield Responses ◽  
Zinc Fertiliser

Seed (grain) yield responses of faba bean (Vicia faba L. cv. Fiord) to applications of fertiliser phosphorus (0, 5, 10, 20 and 40 kg P/ha as triple superphosphate) and zinc (0, 0.5, 1 and 2 kg Zn/ha as zinc oxide) were measured in 3 field experiments conducted in 1997 and 1998 on neutral to alkaline soils in south-western Australia. Additions of fertiliser phosphorus significantly (P<0.001) increased grain yields by about 50 and 100% in 2 experiments, but in the third experiment differences in grain yield due to applications of fertiliser phosphorus were not significant (P>0.05). Increases in grain yields due to zinc fertiliser were small (<10%) and were only significant (P<0.05) in 1 experiment. This suggests the 3 sites chosen had adequate soil zinc for grain production of faba bean. In 1 experiment the increase in grain yield due to addition of phosphorus fertiliser was due to an increase in the number of pods per plant; numbers of seed per pod and mean seed weight were unaffected by additions of phosphorus and zinc fertiliser. Adding phosphorus and zinc fertiliser increased concentrations of both elements in grain, but had no effect on the concentrations of other nutrient elements (N, K, S, Ca, Mg, Na, Cu, Mn, Fe) measured in grain. These findings support results of a previous study in Western Australia indicating that phosphorus is the major nutrient element deficiency for grain production of faba bean in neutral to alkaline soils.

Effect of tillage and residue management on barley and canola growth and water use efficiency

1998 ◽  
Vol 78 (4) ◽  
pp. 649-656 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. H. Azooz ◽  
M. A. Arshad
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Sandy Loam ◽  
Barley Grain ◽  
Residue Management ◽  
Dry Matter Accumulation ◽  
Silt Loam ◽  
Grain Production ◽  
Loam Soil ◽  
Use Efficiency

Residue management and tillage are used to reduce the effect of water deficit or excess on crop production in northwestern Canada. This study was conducted on Donnelly silt loam and sandy loam soils (both Gray Luvisols) to evaluate the effects of conventional tillage (CT), no-tillage (NT) and modified NT (MNT, i.e., NT with 75-mm wide residue-free strip over the planting row) on barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) and canola (Brassica campestris L.) dry matter accumulation and grain production, water depletion and water use efficiency (WUE) in 1992 and 1993. Infiltration rates (Ic), soil water content, plant dry matter and grain yields were measured. The Ic of the two soils was greater than the rainfall rate (Rr) in both years, suggesting that there was no runoff. In 1992, a dry year, barley grain yields were significantly greater by 16% on the silt loam and by 17% on the sandy loam under MNT as compared with CT. The MNT increased barley grain yield by 3% compared with NT on the silt loam and increased canola grain yield by 12% on the sandy loam soil in 1993, which was a wet year. Dry matter accumulation and grain yield of barley in CT were adversely affected by a prolonged early dry period in 1992. Abundant rainfall slowed barley and canola growth and depressed yield in the NT in 1993. From seeding to harvest in 1992, WUE for barley grain production on the silt loam was greater by 21% in the NT and by 18% in the MNT as compared with the CT, which had a WUE of 5.25 kg ha−1 mm−1; it was greater by 19% in the NT and by 10% in the MNT compared with the CT on the sandy loam soil with a WUE of 5.07 kg ha−1 mm−1. In 1993, NT and MNT had lower WUE, which coincided with lower grain yield as compared with CT. Key words: Infiltration, water depletion, drying rate and drainage

Effect of the proportion of Species on the Yield and Quality of Forage Mixtures, and on the Yield of Barley in the Following Year

1986 ◽  
Vol 22 (4) ◽  
pp. 345-351 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. E. Osman ◽  
N. Nersoyan
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Barley Grain ◽  
Pure Stand ◽  
Grain Production ◽  
Forage Production ◽  
Yield And Quality ◽  
Herbage Quality ◽  
Forage Mixtures

SUMMARYMixtures of legumes and cereals in various proportions (seed ratios) were evaluated in Northern Syria for forage production and quality and for yield of barley grain in the following year. Both a vetch-cereal and pea-cereal mix were tested in proportions of 0:100, 33:66, 50:50, 66:33 and 100:0. The study was carried out between 1982 and 1985, covering two seasons for forage production and two for grain production. Dry matter yields of the mixtures exceeded the yield of either one or both components of the mixture grown as pure stands, depending on the rainfall. The maximum overall yield and quality of forage was recorded for the 66:33 legume-cereal combination. The greatest benefit to subsequent barley grain yield was realized when the legume was grown in a pure stand or formed a high proportion (66:33) of the mixture. Herbage quality was better in forages containing vetch than in those containing pea.

The grain yield of winter-grazed crops

1977 ◽  
Vol 17 (86) ◽  
pp. 452 ◽  
Author(s):  
PR Dann ◽  
A Axelsen ◽  
CBH Edwards
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Grain Production ◽  
Winter Rape ◽  
Dual Purpose ◽  
Grain Yields ◽  
One Year ◽  
Better Than

In six years of experiments various grazing treatments were applied to a range of crops and subsequent grain yields measured. Spring rapes, lupins and peas showed little potential for dual purpose grazing/grain use, generally producing less herbage and grain than wheat, oats, barley and rye. Winter rape performed as well as barley and wheat in one year. Oats and barley were overall better than wheat which was generally better than rye. Comparison of late-sown grain-only crops with early sown grazed ones indicated that with some crops in some years the dual-purpose enterprise was the more profitable. The experiments suggested that the most biologically profitable combination of herbage and grain production would be obtained by delaying grazing until about 4t of crop dry matter per ha were available in winter.

scholarly journals Agronomic traits in common bean are influenced by infestation and coexistence with volunteer maize

2020 ◽  
Vol 50 ◽  
Author(s):  
Adalin Cezar Moraes de Aguiar ◽  
Diecson Ruy Orsolin da Silva ◽  
Claudir José Basso ◽  
Bruna Dal’Pizol Novello ◽  
Álvaro André Alba da Silva
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Common Bean ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Agronomic Traits ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Infestation Level ◽  
Grain Production ◽  
Maize Seeds ◽  
Randomized Block Design ◽  
The Common

ABSTRACT Maize seeds lost during harvest may emerge and establish themselves during the cultivation of common bean, becoming a problematic weed in succession crops. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of the infestation level and interference period of volunteer maize on agronomic traits of common bean. The experiment was carried out in a randomized block design, with four replications, in a 2 x 8 factorial scheme consisting of two maize infestation levels (4 plants m-2 and 12 plants m-2) combined with eight coexistence periods between crop and weed (0, 7, 14, 21, 28, 35, 42 and 88 days after the emergence of the common bean). Variables related to the common bean vegetative growth (plant height, stem diameter, number of side branches and shoot dry matter) and to its grain production (number of pods per plant, grain yield and weight of 1,000 grains), as well as the period prior to interference, were assessed. The increase of the coexistence period and volunteer maize infestation level negatively affected the common bean growth and grain yield. The densities with 4 plants m-2 and 12 plants m-2 of volunteer maize reduced the common bean grain yield by 60 % and 84 %, respectively; while the periods prior to interference between crop and weed, for the respective infestation levels, were 15 and 8 days after the common bean emergence. In addition, the volunteer maize reduces the period prior to interference to very low values, indicating the need to anticipate the control of this weed.

The Critical Zinc Deficiency Level and Response to Zinc Application of Wheat on Typic Ustochrepts

1990 ◽  
Vol 26 (3) ◽  
pp. 303-306 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. L. Bansal ◽  
S. P. Singh ◽  
V. K. Nayyar
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Zinc Deficiency ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Field Trials ◽  
Zinc Fertilization ◽  
Zinc Application

SUMMARYField experiments at 26 sites, selected on the basis of their varying degrees of zinc deficiency, showed that the critical deficiency levels of zinc for wheat were 0.60 mg kg−1 in the soil and 19 μg g−1 dry matter in 45-day-old plants. Further field trials at nine locations with varying levels of zinc deficiency showed successive increases in the grain yield of wheat with increases in zinc application, emphasizing the need for zinc fertilization when wheat is grown on zinc-deficient soils.

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