An evaluation of a no-tillage, unfertilised, direct-sown, wheat - rice cropping system in Korea

2001 ◽  
Vol 41 (1) ◽  
pp. 53 ◽  
Author(s):  
Y. S. Cho ◽  
B. Z. Lee ◽  
Z. R. Choe ◽  
S. E. Ockerby
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Time Course ◽  
Crop Yields ◽  
Cultural Practices ◽  
Organic Matter Content ◽  
Cropping System ◽  
Matter Content ◽  
Growth And Yield ◽  
No Tillage ◽  
Rice Growth

A no-tillage, direct-sown, unfertilised, wheat–rice relaying cropping system has major advantages over a conventional transplanted-rice system. For example, when rice is sown simultaneously with the wheat harvest, there are savings in labor and costs as a result of eliminating the tillage required to prepare the seedbed and for transplanting. A field experiment was conducted between 1996 and 1998 at Hadong, Korea. The experiment compared the soil microbial-N status, the soil physical and chemical characteristics, and rice growth and yield in a long-term conventional rice system with those in a no-tillage, unfertilised, direct-sown, wheat–rice, relay cropping system. The wheat–rice system was imposed for 2, 4 and 7 years to identify the time course of responses in the soil and crop. Agricultural chemicals including fertilisers were not applied in the wheat–rice cropping system. Rice crop yields after 2, 4 and 7 years of a direct-sown, wheat–rice cropping system were similar to those in the conventional rice system. Rice yields were high, ranging from 4.7 to 6.9 t/ha. Since 110 kg N/ha was applied to the conventional rice system, a large amount of N was mineralised during the wheat–rice system. The pattern of rice growth and yield formation, however, differed between the 2 systems. Rice in the wheat–rice system generally had more panicles, fewer spikelets per panicle and heavier grains. These responses reflected temporal changes in the N content and greenness of the rice leaf and were related to soluble N levels in the soil. Generally the soil was fertile with a high initial organic matter content. Organic matter increased by 30% during the 7 years of wheat–rice cropping. Other soil physical measures, bulk density and permeability to air and water, indicated that soil structure improved in response to wheat–rice cropping. Problems of pathogens and perennial weeds associated with new cultural practices in the wheat–rice cropping were minor; however, a higher rate of seeding was necessary to achieve satisfactory seedling establishment. Benefits to weed control and soil moisture conditions during crop establishment were derived from the increased level of crop mulch. The wheat–rice cropping system was found to be high yielding and sustainable over the 7-year period of experimentation.

scholarly journals Influence of straw incorporation-to-planting interval on soil physical properties and maize performance

2018 ◽  
Vol 32 (3) ◽  
pp. 341-347 ◽  
Author(s):  
Imtiaz A. Dahri ◽  
Ahmed A. Tagar ◽  
Jan Adamowski ◽  
Naimatullah Leghari ◽  
Ali R. Shah ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Soil Organic Matter ◽  
Soil Structure ◽  
Crop Yields ◽  
Seedling Emergence ◽  
Organic Matter Content ◽  
Soil Disturbance ◽  
Matter Content ◽  
Growth And Yield ◽  
Straw Incorporation

Abstract Long-term soil disturbance due to regular tillage destroys the soil structure, particularly by reducing the soil organic matter content. This, in turn, can lead to declining crop yields. This study assessed the influence of wheat (Triticum æstivum L.) straw incorporation and timing prior to seeding at 6 Mg ha−1 (S+), relative to no straw (S−), on maize (Zea mays L.) growth and yield parameters, as well as on soil characteristics. There were four intervals between straw incorporation and maize seeding, i.e. 60, 45, 30 and 15 days before sowing. Compared to the S− (control), soil dry bulk density increased (p ≤ 0.05) under all S+ treatments. A significantly greater proportion of undesirable small aggregates (<0.5 mm), and a lesser proportion of desirable medium sized (0.5-8.0mm) aggregates, occurred under S− treatment, as compared to $S_{60}^ +$ treatment. A similar, but less pronounced, trend was observed under $S_{45}^ +$ treatment. This trend was also evident for the $S_{30}^ +$ and $S_{15}^ +$ treatments. Generally, incorporation of straw 60 days prior to sowing led to achieving the best soil structure in terms of aggregation. Compared to S−, the soil organic matter showed a weakly significant (0.05 ≤ p ≤ 0.06) increase under straw amendment. Seedling emergence, plant height, cob length, the number of grain rows per plant, the number of grains per cob, as well as 1000 grain weight and yield were the highest under $S_{60}^ +$ , and the lowest under S−. The present study suggests that more research is necessary over longer time periods between straw incorporation and seeding on different crops, and in different soil types, in order to study the effects on soil properties, and on the growth and yield of crops.

Effect of crop rotations and fertilization on soil organic matter and some biochemical properties of a thick Black Chernozem

1991 ◽  
Vol 71 (3) ◽  
pp. 377-387 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. A. Campbell ◽  
R. P. Zentner ◽  
K. E. Bowren ◽  
L. Townley-Smith ◽  
M. Schnitzer
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Organic Matter ◽  
Soil Organic Matter ◽  
Crop Residues ◽  
Cultural Practices ◽  
Organic Matter Content ◽  
Biochemical Properties ◽  
Matter Content ◽  
Organic C ◽  
Cropping Frequency

The effects of crop rotation and various cultural practices on soil organic matter and some biochemical characteristics of a heavy-textured, Orthic Black Chernozem with a thick A horizon were determined after 31 yr at Melfort, Saskatchewan. Treatments investigated included: fertilization, cropping frequency, green manuring, and inclusion of grass-legume hay crops in predominantly spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) systems. The results showed that neither soil organic C nor N in the top 15 cm of soil, nor hydrolyzable amino acids, nor C mineralized in 14 d at 20 °C were influenced by fertilization. However, the relative molar distribution (RMD) of the amino acids reflected the influence of fertilization and the phase (Rot-yr) of the legume green manure rotation sampled. Some characteristics assessed increased marginally with increasing cropping frequency but differences were less marked than results obtained earlier in a heavy-textured Black Chernozem with a thin A horizon at Indian Head, Saskatchewan. The relationship between soil organic matter or C mineralization versus estimated crop residues, residue C, or residue N returned to the land over the 31-yr period, were not significant in the Melfort soil. This contrasts with our findings for the thin Black soil. We speculate that the lack of soil organic matter response in the Melfort soil was due to its very high organic matter content (about 64 t ha−1C and 6.5 t ha−1N in the top 15 cm). We also hypothesized that the amino acid RMD results, which differed from most of those reported in the literature, may be reflecting the more recent cropping history of the soil. This aspect requires further research into the composition and distribution of the humic materials in this soil. Key words: Amino acids, relative molar distribution, C respiration, green manures, fertilization

scholarly journals Physical properties of an Alfisol and no-till soybean yield

2012 ◽  
Vol 36 (1) ◽  
pp. 253-260 ◽  
Author(s):  
João Tavares Filho ◽  
Maria de Fátima Guimarães ◽  
Pierre Curmi ◽  
Daniel Tessier
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Bulk Density ◽  
Crop Rotation ◽  
Organic Matter Content ◽  
Soil Bulk Density ◽  
Matter Content ◽  
No Tillage ◽  
Soybean Yield ◽  
Annual Crops ◽  
No Till

It is known that any kind of soil management causes changes in the soil physical characteristics and can affect agricultural yield. The purpose of this study was to evaluate soil properties of an Alfisol and soybean yield under different management systems for no-tillage annual crops, no-tillage with chiseling and no-tillage crop rotation. The 11-year experiment was initiated in the 1998/99 growing season, on 100 x 30 m plots (11 % slope). Soil samples (5 per management system) were systematically collected (0-25 cm layer) in the summer growing season, to quantify soil organic matter, bulk density, macroporosity and flocculation, as well as soybean yield. The highest values for soil bulk density and organic matter content and the lowest for macroporosity were observed in the no-till system alone, whereas in the no-till system with quarterly chiseling the values for organic matter content were lowest, and no-tillage crop rotation resulted in the highest values for organic matter and macroporosity, and the lowest for soil bulk density. The average soybean yield was highest under no-till and trimestrial chiseling or crop rotation, and lowest for no-tillage annual crops no-tillage annual crops alone.

Mehlich 3 extractant for determination of available B, Cu, Fe, Mn, and Zn in cryic Alaskan soils

1992 ◽  
Vol 72 (4) ◽  
pp. 517-526 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. L. Walworth ◽  
M. T. Panciera ◽  
R. G. Gavlak
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Soil Ph ◽  
Crop Yields ◽  
Organic Matter Content ◽  
Field Trials ◽  
Matter Content ◽  
Hot Water ◽  
Tissue Samples ◽  
Southcentral Alaska

Field trials were conducted on three cryic soils in southcentral Alaska to determine the local suitability of the Mehlich 3 extractant. Mehlich 3 extractable B, Cu, Fe, Mn and Zn, DTPA-TEA extractable Cu, Fe, Mn and Zn, and hot water extractable B were measured on soils from factorial experiments with variable rates of B, Cu, Mn, and Zn. Additional soil samples from two B rate and liming studies in central Alaska were included in extractable B comparisons. Forage rape, broccoli, and potato tissue samples were collected from the factorial studies to determine relationships between soil- and plant-available micronutrients. Crop yields were not affected by micronutrient applications Neither Mehlich 3 nor DTPA-TEA extractant predicted plant-available Cu or Fe. Coefficients of determination between soil and plant tissue B were comparable for extraction by Mehlich 3 or hot water and ranged from 0.11 to 0.82 Neither the Mn nor Zn tests accounted for more than 39% of the observed tissue nutrient concentration variation. The inclusion of soil PH and organic matter slightly improved estimates of available B, Mn, and Zn. Mehlich 3 extractable Fe was poorly related to DTPA-TEA extractable Fe. Copper extracted with Mehlich 3 was related to that extracted with DTPA-TEA (r2 = 0.73); the inclusion of soil pH improved the relationship (r2 = 0.84). Mehlich 3 extractable Mn and Zn were closely related to DTPA-TEA extractable levels (r2 = 0.91 and 0.94, respectively). The correlation between Mehlich 3 and hot water B (r2 = 0.57) was significantly improved by including soil organic matter content (r2 = 0.71). Key words: Micronutrients, extractant, Mehlich 3, DTPA, hot water

scholarly journals Strategy of specification of management areas: rice grain yield as related to soil fertility

2013 ◽  
Vol 37 (1) ◽  
pp. 45-54 ◽  
Author(s):  
Flávio Carlos Dalchiavon ◽  
Morel de Passos e Carvalho ◽  
Rafael Montanari ◽  
Marcelo Andreotti
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Grain Yield ◽  
Agricultural Land ◽  
Crop Yields ◽  
Upland Rice ◽  
Organic Matter Content ◽  
Matter Content ◽  
Test Plant ◽  
Rice Grain ◽  
Mato Grosso

It is well-known nowadays that soil variability can influence crop yields. Therefore, to determine specific areas of soil management, we studied the Pearson and spatial correlations of rice grain yield with organic matter content and pH of an Oxisol (Typic Acrustox) under no- tillage, in the 2009/10 growing season, in Selvíria, State of Mato Grosso do Sul, in the Brazilian Cerrado (longitude 51º24' 21'' W, latitude 20º20' 56'' S). The upland rice cultivar IAC 202 was used as test plant. A geostatistical grid was installed for soil and plant data collection, with 120 sampling points in an area of 3.0 ha with a homogeneous slope of 0.055 m m-1. The properties rice grain yield and organic matter content, pH and potential acidity and aluminum content were analyzed in the 0-0.10 and 0.10-0.20 m soil layers. Spatially, two specific areas of agricultural land management were discriminated, differing in the value of organic matter and rice grain yield, respectively with fertilization at variable rates in the second zone, a substantial increase in agricultural productivity can be obtained. The organic matter content was confirmed as a good indicator of soil quality, when spatially correlated with rice grain yield.

scholarly journals Soil chemical attributes restricting grain yield in Oxisols under no-tillage system

2018 ◽  
Vol 53 (11) ◽  
pp. 1203-1212
Author(s):  
Geomar Mateus Corassa ◽  
Antônio Luís Santi ◽  
Vanderlei Rodrigues da Silva ◽  
Felipe Arthur Baron ◽  
Geovane Boschmann Reimche ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Grain Yield ◽  
Organic Matter Content ◽  
Matter Content ◽  
Soil Sampling ◽  
High Yield ◽  
No Tillage ◽  
Yield Data ◽  
Tillage System ◽  
Chemical Attributes

Abstract: The objective of this work was to identify soil chemical attributes restricting grain yield in Oxisols under the no-tillage system, using directed soil sampling. High, medium, and low yield zones were defined in two agricultural fields using historical yield data of several crops. The yield zones were defined based on the harvest maps of the following crops: corn in 2008/2009, white oat in 2009, and corn in 2012/2013 in field I, with 117.70 ha; and corn in 2009/2010, soybean in 2010/2011, and wheat in 2012 in field II, with 107.30 ha. Soil sampling points were georeferenced in each yield zone, where samples were collected at eight soil depths, spaced 0.05 m apart, totaling 80 variables. Low yields were associated with low cation exchange capacity, low phosphorus and organic matter contents, and high clay content. In both studied fields, the highest organic matter content in the subsurface layers was the main indicator of high yield. Soil sampling considering yield zones is an efficient strategy to identify chemical attributes restricting grain yield and also allows guiding more precise site-specific interventions.

scholarly journals Greenhouse gas and ammonia emissions from soil: the effect of organic matter and fertilisation method

2018 ◽  
Vol 11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Leonardo Verdi ◽  
Marco Mancini ◽  
Mirjana Ljubojevic ◽  
Simone Orlandini ◽  
Anna Dalla Marta
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Soil Organic Matter ◽  
Greenhouse Gas ◽  
Liquid Fraction ◽  
Organic Matter Content ◽  
Cropping System ◽  
Matter Content ◽  
N2o Emissions ◽  
Municipal Solid Wastes ◽  
Gas Emissions

Greenhouse gas emissions (GHGs) into the atmosphere derived from the use of fertilisers is a serious issue for the sustainability of agricultural systems, also considering that the growing global demand for food requires an increasingly productive agriculture. Emissions dynamics are very variable and are determined by many factors and their reciprocal interactions. Among driving factors, soil type (mineral, organic and microbiological composition), fertilisation method, climate, and the cropping system. In the present experiment, the combined effect of soil organic matter (SOM) and fertilisation method on the emissions of GHGs and ammonia (NH3) was investigated. Liquid fraction of digestate from pig slurries, compost from organic fraction of municipal solid wastes, and urea were applied on bare soil with two levels of organic matter (OM1: 1.3% and OM2: 4.3%). Emissions were directly monitored by a static chamber system and a portable gas analyser. Results show that soil organic matter as well as the composition of the fertilisers affect greenhouse gasses emissions. Emissions of methane (CH4) produced by digestate and compost during experimental period were higher in correspondence of lower organic matter content (0.58 – 0.49 kg CH4 C/ha/ day and 0.37 – 0.32 kg CH4 C/ha/day for digestate and compost respectively), contrary to what was observed for urea. For all fertilisers, carbon dioxide (CO2) and nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions were higher in correspondence of higher organic matter level. In particular, CO2 emissions were 11.05%, 67.48% and 82.84% higher in OM2 than OM1 for digestate, urea and compost respectively. Likewise, N2O emissions were 87.45%, 68.97% and 92.11% higher in OM2 than OM1 for digestate, urea and compost respectively. The obtained results show that the content of organic matter in soils plays a key role on the emissions of GHGs, generally enhancing the levels of gas emissions.

EFFETS DU SOUS-SOLAGE ET DU LABOUR PROFOND SUR LES PROPRIETES PHYSIQUES DU SOL ET LE RENDEMENT DE LA LUZERNE ET DU MAIS SUR LOAM SABLEUX CHALOUPE

1980 ◽  
Vol 60 (2) ◽  
pp. 345-353
Author(s):  
D. COTE ◽  
G. DUPUIS
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Soil Texture ◽  
Crop Yields ◽  
Organic Matter Content ◽  
Fine Sand ◽  
Matter Content ◽  
Corn Silage ◽  
Propriétés Physiques ◽  
Deep Plowing ◽  
Resistance To Penetration

Following deep plowing and subsoiling treatment in 1971, alfalfa and corn silage were grown continuously during a 5-yr period on Chaloupe soils which have an indurated layer at 40 cm or deeper. These soils were formed from laminated particles of very fine sand and loam of recent sedimentary origin. Measurements taken in 1972 and 1975 included bulk density, resistance to penetration, permeability, organic matter content and soil texture. Subsoiling did not significantly change soil physical properties; only a slice of soilless than 10 cm wide at depth 50 cm and deeper on each side of and in the furrow made by the ripper showed modifications, without affecting crop yields. Deep plowing, however, in turning the soil by 120° to 150° resulted in redistribution of the organic matter and the soil texture down the profile, a diminution in resistance to penetration in the subsoil. But it did not change the porosity or the permeability of the lower layers. Physical modifications brought by deep plowing were still persistent after more than a 3-yr period. Improvement in physical and hydrodynamic soil properties following deep plowing did not have any beneficial effect on corn and alfalfa yields.

HEAVY METAL SPECIATION IN BOTTOM SEDIMENTS OF THE VYSHNEVOLOTSKY RESERVOIR

2018 ◽  
pp. 46-54
Author(s):  
O. A. Lipatnikova
Keyword(s):  
Heavy Metal ◽  
Organic Matter ◽  
Bottom Sediments ◽  
Metal Speciation ◽  
Organic Matter Content ◽  
Water Reservoir ◽  
Matter Content ◽  
Heavy Metal Speciation ◽  
Mobile Forms ◽  
Manganese Hydroxides

The study of heavy metal speciation in bottom sediments of the Vyshnevolotsky water reservoir is presented in this paper. Sequential selective procedure was used to determine the heavy metal speciation in bottom sediments and thermodynamic calculation — to determine ones in interstitial water. It has been shown that Mn are mainly presented in exchangeable and carbonate forms; for Fe, Zn, Pb и Co the forms are related to iron and manganese hydroxides is played an important role; and Cu and Ni are mainly associated with organic matter. In interstitial waters the main forms of heavy metal speciation are free ions for Zn, Ni, Co and Cd, carbonate complexes for Pb, fulvate complexes for Cu. Effects of particle size and organic matter content in sediments on distribution of mobile and potentially mobile forms of toxic elements have been revealed.

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