Warmer nights during early stages affect wheat development without grain yield penalty

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Víctor D. Giménez ◽  
Daniel J. Miralles ◽  
Guillermo A. García ◽  
Román A. Serrago
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Early Stages ◽  
Wheat Development ◽  
Yield Penalty

scholarly journals Stress-induced expression of IPT gene in transgenic wheat reduces grain yield penalty under drought

2021 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ailin Beznec ◽  
Paula Faccio ◽  
Daniel J. Miralles ◽  
Leonor G. Abeledo ◽  
Cecilia Decima Oneto ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Bread Wheat ◽  
Transcriptional Control ◽  
Field Conditions ◽  
Wild Type ◽  
Ipt Gene ◽  
Receptor Like Kinase ◽  
Biomass Components ◽  
Yield Penalty ◽  
Wild Type Control

Abstract Background The heterologous expression of isopentenyl transferase (IPT) under the transcriptional control of the senescence-associated receptor-like kinase (SARK) promoter delayed cellular senescence and, through it, increased drought tolerance in plants. To evaluate the effect of pSARK::IPT expression in bread wheat, six independent transgenic events were obtained through the biolistic method and evaluated transgene expression, phenology, grain yield and physiological biomass components in plants grown under both drought and well-irrigating conditions. Experiments were performed at different levels: (i) pots and (ii) microplots inside a biosafety greenhouse, as well as under (iii) field conditions. Results Two transgenic events, called TR1 and TR4, outperformed the wild-type control under drought conditions. Transgenic plants showed higher yield under both greenhouse and field conditions, which was positively correlated to grain number (given by more spikes and grains per spike) than wild type. Interestingly, this yield advantage of the transgenic events was observed under both drought and well-watered conditions. Conclusions The results obtained allow us to conclude that the SARK promoter-regulated expression of the IPT gene in bread wheat not only reduced the yield penalty produced by water stress but also led to improved productivity under well-watered conditions.

Genotypic variation in osmotic adjustment in grain sorghum. II. Relation with some growth attributes

1991 ◽  
Vol 42 (5) ◽  
pp. 759 ◽  
Author(s):  
T Tangpremsri ◽  
S Fukai ◽  
KS Fischer ◽  
RG Henzell
Keyword(s):  
Water Stress ◽  
Grain Yield ◽  
Osmotic Adjustment ◽  
Osmotic Potential ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Genotypic Variation ◽  
Grain Filling ◽  
Stages Of Growth ◽  
Early Stages ◽  
Positive Effect

Two sets containing large numbers (23 and 47 entries) of sorghum genotypes were grown in the glasshouse to examine the effect of osmotic adjustment on water extraction, dry matter growth and grain yield. Water stress was developed in two periods, one before and one after anthesis. The results were similar in the two experiments despite a large difference in the genetic background of the plant material. Since osmotic potential did not differ significantly among genotypes before water stress was induced, osmotic potential obtained under stress was used directly to indicate the genotype's ability to adjust osmotically. Osmotic adjustment was positively associated with green leaf area retention during grain filling and to root length density at 70 cm depth. Genotypes with high osmotic adjustment used more water during the second drying period. As a result, total dry matter was well related to osmotic adjustment during grain filling, but grain yield was negatively associated with osmotic adjustment in one experiment and not significantly related in the other. When comparison was made for lines which had similar leaf water potential during early stages of growth but which differed in osmotic adjustment during grain filling, there was still a positive effect of osmotic adjustment on total dry matter. This suggests that the positive effect was not caused by large plants extracting more water during early stages of growth, but was due to the difference in line's ability to extract water during grain filling.

scholarly journals Population Dynamics Between Fusarium pseudograminearum and Bipolaris sorokiniana in Wheat Stems Using Real-Time qPCR

Plant Disease ◽  
2011 ◽  
Vol 95 (9) ◽  
pp. 1089-1098 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ernesto A. Moya-Elizondo ◽  
Barry J. Jacobsen ◽  
Andrew C. Hogg ◽  
Alan T. Dyer
Keyword(s):  
Population Dynamics ◽  
Grain Yield ◽  
Real Time ◽  
Quantitative Polymerase Chain Reaction ◽  
Bipolaris Sorokiniana ◽  
Field Trials ◽  
Crown Rot ◽  
Fusarium Pseudograminearum ◽  
Wheat Development ◽  
Pathogen Populations

Fusarium pseudograminearum and Bipolaris sorokiniana are causal agents of Fusarium crown rot and common root rot, respectively, of wheat and cause significant losses worldwide. Understanding the population dynamics between these two pathogens at late stages of wheat development is needed. The effect of F. pseudograminearum and B. sorokiniana inocula applied singly or in mixtures at seeding to spring wheat ‘Hank’ was measured using seedling stand, grain yield, and pathogen populations in the first internode at heading, milk, and harvest stage of wheat development using real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction. High and low rates of F. pseudograminearum inoculum reduced B. sorokiniana populations in field trials but B. sorokiniana inoculations did not affect F. pseudograminearum populations. Populations of both pathogens increased from heading until harvest, with F. pseudograminearum colonizing lower internodes earlier than B. sorokiniana. Neither pathogen prevented infection by the other in the first internode of wheat stems. Inoculations increased incidence of infection and co-infection relative to natural settings observed for both pathogens. At the seedling stage, both fungi, individually or combined, reduced the seedling stands when compared with a noninoculated control for the three location–years. Grain yield and F. pseudograminearum populations were inversely correlated, while B. sorokiniana populations were not correlated with yield.

WATER SAVING, WATER PRODUCTIVITY AND YIELD OUTPUTS OF FINE-GRAIN RICE CULTIVARS UNDER CONVENTIONAL AND WATER-SAVING RICE PRODUCTION SYSTEMS

2015 ◽  
Vol 51 (4) ◽  
pp. 567-581 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. JABRAN ◽  
E. ULLAH ◽  
M. HUSSAIN ◽  
M. FAROOQ ◽  
N. HAIDER ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Production Systems ◽  
Water Productivity ◽  
Water Saving ◽  
Rice Cultivars ◽  
Economic Returns ◽  
Wetting And Drying ◽  
Fine Grain ◽  
Weed Infestation ◽  
Yield Penalty

SUMMARYIn this study, we compared the weed emergence, water input, water saving, water productivity, panicle sterility, yield outputs and economic returns of transplanting with alternate wetting and drying (TRAWD) and dry direct seeding (DSR) with transplanting under continuous flooding (TRCF) using three fine-grain rice cultivars: Super Basmati; Basmati 2000; and Shaheen Basmati. Higher weed infestation was recorded in DSR than in TRCF and TRAWD. Raising rice as TRAWD and DSR had considerable water savings but a lower grain yield than TRCF. High panicle sterility was primarily responsible for low grain yield in TRAWD and DSR systems. Nonetheless, water productivity was better in DSR and TRAWD than TRCF. Shaheen Basmati in the DSR system and Basmati 2000 in TRCF fetched the highest economic returns during 2008 and 2009, respectively. In conclusion, fine-grain rice cultivars can be grown in water-saving production systems (e.g. TRAWD and DSR); however, these water-saving production systems might incur a yield penalty.

Competition between wheat and canarygrass biotypes and their response to herbicides

Weed Science ◽  
1999 ◽  
Vol 47 (1) ◽  
pp. 55-61 ◽  
Author(s):  
Catherine G. Afentouli ◽  
Ilias G. Eleftherohorinos
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Grain Yield ◽  
Competitive Ability ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Wheat Yield ◽  
Wheat Grain ◽  
Weed Species ◽  
Stages Of Growth ◽  
Early Stages ◽  
Herbicide Control

Field experiments were conducted in Thessaloniki, Greece, from 1991 to 1994 to study the competition of littleseed canarygrass and short-spiked canarygrass biotypes in wheat and to evaluate their response to diclofop, fenoxaprop, tralkoxydim, and CGA-184927. Competitive ability of all canarygrass biotypes was similar, though species differed in panicle numbers. All littleseed canarygrass biotypes showed faster growth rate than the short-spiked canarygrass biotypes. Wheat grain yield decreased as canarygrass density increased. For example, 152 and 304 canarygrass plants m–2reduced wheat yield 32 and 42%, respectively. None of the canarygrass biotypes at any density had any effect on grain yield of wheat when cold and dry weather prevailed during the early stages of growth. CGA-184927 and tralkoxydim were more effective herbicides against all short-spiked canarygrass biotypes than fenoxaprop and diclofop. CGA-184927 and fenoxaprop provided > 98% control of all littleseed canarygrass biotypes; control with tralkoxydim was < 80%; and diclofop gave 82 to 96% control of this weed species. Herbicide control of canarygrass increased wheat yield relative to the weedy control, and only diclofop was phytotoxic to wheat.

scholarly journals Maize Response to Nitrogen: Timing, Leaf Variables and Grain Yield

2016 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 85 ◽  
Author(s):  
Adilson Nunes da Silva ◽  
Evandro Luiz Schoninger ◽  
Paulo Cesar Ocheuze Trivelin ◽  
Durval Dourado-Neto ◽  
Victor Meriguetti Pinto ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Nitrogen Fertilization ◽  
N Uptake ◽  
Total Biomass ◽  
Carotenoid Pigment ◽  
Nitrogen Application ◽  
Maize Crop ◽  
N Content ◽  
Development Stages ◽  
Early Stages

<p>The main factors determining plant growth and productivity are decisive to be understood since they<strong> </strong>contribute to maximize plant nitrogen use efficiency. Thus, more reviews related to the correlation between the real content of chlorophyll and real carotenoids with the values obtained by chlorophyll (SPAD) in the early development stages of the maize are important to be obtained. The relation between the maize crop responses to the nitrogen fertilization at different development stages is of fundamental importance as well. The primary objective of this study was to investigate the responses of maize to the nitrogen application, urea fertilizer (<sup>15</sup>N), in side-dress at different development stages. The secondary objective was verifying the correlation between chlorophylls and carotenoids with SPAD index and these with total biomass (BM), harvest index (HI), grain yield (GY) and grain N content in response to the nitrogen side-dress at different development stages. The nitrogen fertilization was carried out in plots, with the application of 30 kg ha<sup>-1</sup> of N at planting and 140 kg ha<sup>-1</sup> N as side-dress at vegetative stages V4, V6, V8, V10, and V12, without incorporation into the soil, and control treatment consisted of non-nitrogen side-dress application was also utilized. The 2011/2012 season presented higher precipitation than 2012/2013. Maize crop responded similarly for GY to the nitrogen application in side-dress in both seasons, however, the nitrogen application in the early stages caused higher values for leaf variables, leaf pigments, and SPAD. Higher amount of nitrogen in all parts of the plants was observed in the 2011/2012 season than in 2012/2013, influenced by the adequate weather conditions at the nitrogen application moment. Grain N content from <sup>15</sup>N fertilizer and N uptake and efficiency were greater for early N applications. SPAD values correlated positively with most pigment variables at V16 in both seasons, thus proving that SPAD was an efficient instrument of indirect evaluation of chlorophylls and carotenoids in maize leaves at early stages. Chlorophyll b at V16 was positively correlated (P &lt; 0.05) with grain N content, GY, and BM, and total chlorophyll at V16 was positively correlated with GY and grain N content. However the chlorophylls a and total, evaluated at V14, were negatively correlated with GY. So, measurement of real chlorophyll and carotenoid pigment contents should be done after V14 stage when studies aim to evaluate crop nutritional conditions and prescribe future grain production practices.</p>

Evaluating genetic contribution to mitigation of barley grain yield penalty caused by soil waterlogging

Authorea ◽  
2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ke Liu ◽  
Matthew Harrison ◽  
Ahmed Ibrahim ◽  
S M Nuruzzaman Manik ◽  
Peter Johnson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Barley Grain ◽  
Genetic Contribution ◽  
Soil Waterlogging ◽  
Yield Penalty

Spherulitic crystal growth in the prodissoconch larval of Crassostrea virginica

1983 ◽  
Vol 41 ◽  
pp. 518-519
Author(s):  
George G. Cocks ◽  
Louis Leibovitz ◽  
DoSuk D. Lee
Keyword(s):  
Crystal Structure ◽  
Crassostrea Virginica ◽  
Crystal Orientation ◽  
Developmental Changes ◽  
Gastrula Stage ◽  
Orthorhombic Crystal ◽  
Orthorhombic Crystal Structure ◽  
Stages Of Growth ◽  
Early Stages ◽  
Initial Deposition

Our understanding of the structure and the formation of inorganic minerals in the bivalve shells has been considerably advanced by the use of electron microscope. However, very little is known about the ultrastructure of valves in the larval stage of the oysters. The present study examines the developmental changes which occur between the time of conception to the early stages of Dissoconch in the Crassostrea virginica(Gmelin), focusing on the initial deposition of inorganic crystals by the oysters.The spawning was induced by elevating the temperature of the seawater where the adult oysters were conditioned. The eggs and sperm were collected separately, then immediately mixed for the fertilizations to occur. Fertilized animals were kept in the incubator where various stages of development were stopped and observed. The detailed analysis of the early stages of growth showed that CaCO3 crystals(aragonite), with orthorhombic crystal structure, are deposited as early as gastrula stage(Figuresla-b). The next stage in development, the prodissoconch, revealed that the crystal orientation is in the form of spherulites.

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