scholarly journals Strategic tillage of a long-term, no-till soil has little impact on soil characteristics or crop growth over five years

2020 ◽  
Vol 71 (12) ◽  
pp. 945
Author(s):  
John Kirkegaard ◽  
Clive Kirkby ◽  
Albert Oates ◽  
Vince van der Rijt ◽  
Graeme Poile ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fine Fraction ◽  
Crop Growth ◽  
Total Carbon ◽  
Growth And Yield ◽  
Soil Conditions ◽  
Stubble Retention ◽  
No Till ◽  
C Stocks ◽  
The Impact

Strategic tillage describes the occasional use of tillage in an otherwise no-till system. The practice can provide a pragmatic solution to emerging agronomic issues in no-till systems but raises concerns about prolonged or irreversible soil damage. We investigated the impact of a single tillage event at a long-term no-till experiment under treatments with retained or annually autumn-burned crop residues. One half of each residue-treatment plot received a single pass of a rotary hoe (ST) 4 weeks before sowing in 2011, the first year of the experiment; the other half of each plot remained unchanged (NT). Soil physical, chemical and biological fertility in the surface layers (0–20 cm), as well as crop growth and yield were monitored for 5 years (2011–15). Following the ST treatment, soil bulk density and strength were initially reduced to the depth of cultivation (~15 cm) irrespective of residue treatment. Water-stable macroaggregates in the surface 0–5 cm were also reduced but recovered to pre-tillage levels within 1–2 years after ST treatment. Soil pH, total carbon (C), total nitrogen (N), and fine-fraction C and N were all initially stratified in the surface layer (0–5 cm) of the NT treatment but were redistributed more evenly throughout the 0–10 cm layer of the ST treatment and remained so throughout the 5-year period. With ST, there was an initial loss in total C stocks in the 0–10 cm layer of 2.2 t/ha, which recovered within 2 years; however, total C stocks remained lower in plots with stubble retained than with stubble burnt after 5 years. Soil Colwell P levels were not stratified and not influenced by tillage treatment, presumably because of the annual additions in the starter fertiliser at sowing. ST had no impact on crop establishment or grain yield in any year but increased the early biomass of wheat at Z30 compared with NT in the first 2 years. Annual stubble retention reduced the early growth of crops in all years, and yield of wheat in the first 3 years, consistent with long-term effects of retained stubble at the site, but there was no interaction between stubble retention and tillage treatments on soil conditions or crop growth. Crop yields of long-term, annually cultivated treatments were also similar to those of ST and NT treatments during the 5 years of the experiment. Overall, the minor short-term negative impacts on soil physical conditions, the persistent and arguably beneficial effects on soil chemistry and biology, and absence of impacts on crop production suggest that strategic tillage can be a valuable agronomic tool in sustainable production in this region.

scholarly journals Effect of 50 Years of No-Tillage, Stubble Retention, and Nitrogen Fertilization on Soil Respiration, Easily Extractable Glomalin, and Nitrogen Mineralization

Agronomy ◽  
2022 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 151
Author(s):  
Pramod Jha ◽  
Kuntal M. Hati ◽  
Ram C. Dalal ◽  
Yash P. Dang ◽  
Peter M. Kopittke ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Soil Respiration ◽  
N Mineralization ◽  
Positive Impact ◽  
N Fertilization ◽  
N Fertilizer ◽  
N Availability ◽  
Soil Microbial ◽  
Stubble Retention ◽  
No Till

In subtropical regions, we have an incomplete understanding of how long-term tillage, stubble, and nitrogen (N) fertilizer management affects soil biological functioning. We examined a subtropical site managed for 50 years using varying tillage (conventional till (CT) and no-till (NT)), stubble management (stubble burning (SB) and stubble retention (SR)), and N fertilization (0 (N0), 30 (N30), and 90 (N90) kg ha−1 y−1) to assess their impact on soil microbial respiration, easily extractable glomalin-related soil protein (EEGRSP), and N mineralization. A significant three-way tillage × stubble × N fertilizer interaction was observed for soil respiration, with NT+SB+N0 treatments generally releasing the highest amounts of CO2 over the incubation period (1135 mg/kg), and NT+SR+N0 treatments releasing the lowest (528 mg/kg). In contrast, a significant stubble × N interaction was observed for both EEGRSP and N mineralization, with the highest concentrations of both EEGRSP (2.66 ± 0.86 g kg−1) and N mineralization (30.7 mg/kg) observed in SR+N90 treatments. Furthermore, N mineralization was also positively correlated with EEGRSP (R2 = 0.76, p < 0.001), indicating that EEGRSP can potentially be used as an index of soil N availability. Overall, this study has shown that SR and N fertilization have a positive impact on soil biological functioning.

The impact of wheat stubble on evaporation from a sandy soil

2009 ◽  
Vol 60 (8) ◽  
pp. 730 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. R. Ward ◽  
K. Whisson ◽  
S. F. Micin ◽  
D. Zeelenberg ◽  
S. P. Milroy
Keyword(s):  
Soil Water ◽  
Sandy Soil ◽  
Water Storage ◽  
Soil Water Storage ◽  
Soil Conditions ◽  
Adjacent Area ◽  
Stubble Retention ◽  
Dry Conditions ◽  
Wheat Stubble ◽  
The Impact

In Mediterranean-type climates, dryland soil water storage and evaporation during the hot and dry summer are poorly understood, particularly for sandy-textured soils. Continued evaporation during summer, and any effects of crop stubble management, could have a significant impact on annual components of the water balance and crop yield. In this research, the effect of wheat stubble management on summer evaporation and soil water storage was investigated for a sandy soil in south-western Australia, during the summers of 2005–06 and 2006–07. Treatments comprised: retained standing stubble; retained flattened stubble; removed stubble; and removed stubble followed by burying the crowns with topsoil from an adjacent area. Under ‘dry’ conditions, evaporation continued at ~0.2 mm/day. In contrast to previous results for finer textured soil types, stubble retention did not decrease the rate of evaporation, but marginally (10–30%) increased evaporation on 7 out of 14 days when measurements were taken. Significant differences due to stubble management were observed in two successive summers, but only for relatively dry soil conditions. There were no significant differences observed for several days after irrigation or rainfall. Under dry conditions in the absence of rainfall, total decrease in water storage during a 90-day summer period could be ~20 mm, but differences attributable to stubble management are likely to be a few mm.

scholarly journals Effect of Cowpea severe mosaic virus on Crop Growth Characteristics and Yield of Cowpea

Plant Disease ◽  
2005 ◽  
Vol 89 (5) ◽  
pp. 515-520 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. M. Booker ◽  
P. Umaharan ◽  
C. R. McDavid
Keyword(s):  
Mosaic Virus ◽  
Leaf Area ◽  
Growth Phase ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Yield Loss ◽  
Crop Growth ◽  
Growth And Yield ◽  
Exponential Growth Phase ◽  
Area Index ◽  
The Impact

Field experiments were carried out in St. Augustine, Trinidad & Tobago, West Indies to determine the effects of time of inoculation of Cowpea severe mosaic virus (CPSMV) and cultivar on crop growth and yield in cowpea (Vigna unguiculata). Crop growth and yield loss were investigated through growth analysis and yield component analysis on three cultivars in two seasons (wet and dry). Time of inoculation had the most profound impact on yield. Inoculations during the early log phase (seedling stage), 12 days after seeding (DAS), consistently had the greatest impact (50 to 85% yield loss) compared with those inoculated during the exponential growth phase (24 DAS; 22 to 66% yield loss) or linear growth phase (35 DAS; 2 to 36% yield loss). The effects were particularly pronounced in the dry season and in the more determinate cultivar, H8-8-27. Reduction in maximum leaf area index, leaf area duration, or maximum vegetative dry matter explained reductions in yield. Yield reductions resulted primarily from reduced pod number per plant and, to a lesser extent, from reduced average pod dry weight. The results show that CPSMV control measures should be aimed at delaying infection by CPSMV to minimize the impact on cowpea yield.

scholarly journals Impact of soil erosion on production in cropping systems .I. Development and validation of a simulation model

Soil Research ◽  
1992 ◽  
Vol 30 (5) ◽  
pp. 757 ◽  
Author(s):  
M Littleboy ◽  
DM Silburn ◽  
DM Freebairn ◽  
DR Woodruff ◽  
GL Hammer ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Soil Erosion ◽  
Simulation Model ◽  
Crop Production ◽  
Climatic Variability ◽  
Crop Growth ◽  
Potential Range ◽  
Computer Simulation Model ◽  
Small Catchment ◽  
The Impact

A computer simulation model to analyse risks of soil erosion to long-term crop production is described. The model, called PERFECT, simulates interactions between soil type, climate, fallow management strategy and crop sequence. It contains six main modules; data input, water balance, crop growth, crop residue, erosion and model output. Modules are arranged in a framework that allows alternative modules to be used as required for the potential range of applications. The model contains dynamic crop growth models for wheat, sorghum and sunflower. Validation of PERFECT against small catchment and contour bay data collected throughout Queensland showed that PERFECT explained up to 84% of the variation in total available soil water, 89% of the variation in daily runoff, and up to 75% of the variation in grain yield. Average annual soil erosion was accurately predicted but daily erosion totals were less accurate due to the exclusion of rainfall intensity in erosion prediction. Variability in climate dominates agricultural production in the subtropical region of Australia. The validated model can be coupled with long-term climate and soils databases to simulate probabilities of production and erosion risks due to climatic variability. It provides a method to determine the impact of soil erosion on long-term productivity.

scholarly journals Seagrass Recovery Following Marine Heat Wave Influences Sediment Carbon Stocks

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lillian R. Aoki ◽  
Karen J. McGlathery ◽  
Patricia L. Wiberg ◽  
Matthew P. J. Oreska ◽  
Amelie C. Berger ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Heat Wave ◽  
Heat Waves ◽  
Central Area ◽  
Shoot Density ◽  
Seagrass Meadows ◽  
C Stocks ◽  
Sediment Carbon ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Marine Heat Wave

Worldwide, seagrass meadows accumulate significant stocks of organic carbon (C), known as “blue” carbon, which can remain buried for decades to centuries. However, when seagrass meadows are disturbed, these C stocks may be remineralized, leading to significant CO2 emissions. Increasing ocean temperatures, and increasing frequency and severity of heat waves, threaten seagrass meadows and their sediment blue C. To date, no study has directly measured the impact of seagrass declines from high temperatures on sediment C stocks. Here, we use a long-term record of sediment C stocks from a 7-km2, restored eelgrass (Zostera marina) meadow to show that seagrass dieback following a single marine heat wave (MHW) led to significant losses of sediment C. Patterns of sediment C loss and re-accumulation lagged patterns of seagrass recovery. Sediment C losses were concentrated within the central area of the meadow, where sites experienced extreme shoot density declines of 90% during the MHW and net losses of 20% of sediment C over the following 3 years. However, this effect was not uniform; outer meadow sites showed little evidence of shoot declines during the MHW and had net increases of 60% of sediment C over the following 3 years. Overall, sites with higher seagrass recovery maintained 1.7x as much C compared to sites with lower recovery. Our study demonstrates that while seagrass blue C is vulnerable to MHWs, localization of seagrass loss can prevent meadow-wide C losses. Long-term (decadal and beyond) stability of seagrass blue C depends on seagrass resilience to short-term disturbance events.

scholarly journals Long-term mineral fertilization impact on chemical and microbiological properties of soil and Miscanthus × giganteus yield

2014 ◽  
Vol 60 (No. 3) ◽  
pp. 117-122 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. Stępień ◽  
Górska EB ◽  
S. Pietkiewicz ◽  
Kalaji MH
Keyword(s):  
Heterotrophic Bacteria ◽  
Growth And Yield ◽  
Mineral Fertilization ◽  
Soil Microbial ◽  
Miscanthus Giganteus ◽  
Microbial Characteristics ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Properties Of Soil ◽  
Microbiological Properties

This experimental work was undertaken to assess the effect of various fertilization regimes (CaNPK, NPK, CaPK, CaPN, CaKN and Ca) and different soil properties on growth and yield of Miscanthus plants and to check the impact of this plant on soil microbial characteristics. Field experiment was set up in 2003 on a long-term fertilization experiment, which had been established since 1923. Miscanthus giganteus response to high soil acidity and deficiency of N, P and K was investigated. Some physico-chemical and microbiological properties of soil samples were estimated and microbial characteristics of soil were conducted to investigate the number of the following microorganisms: heterotrophic bacteria, microscopic fungi, and some diazotrophic bacteria. Obtained results showed that, the highest yield of Miscanthus was obtained from the field fertilized with the CaNPK; while the lowest one was found for plants grown without nitrogen (CaPK). The high acidity of soil and small amount of phosphorus did not affect the yields in the NPK and CaKN combinations as compared with CaNPK one. The experiments showed that Miscanthus giganteus responded positively to mineral fertilization, especially with nitrogen. The rhizosphere of Miscanthus plants provides a suitable environment for the growth and development of microorganisms, in contrast to the non-rhizosphere zone.

scholarly journals PREPARO DO SOLO, INOCULAÇÃO DE SEMENTES E DOSES DE NITROGÊNIO EM COBERTURA NO FEIJOEIRO COMUM DE INVERNO IRRIGADO

2011 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Orivaldo ARF ◽  
Marco Eustáquio de SÁ ◽  
Ricardo Antônio Ferreira RODRIGUES ◽  
Salatiér BUZETTI ◽  
Flávia Catiuci Robim da SILVA ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Common Bean ◽  
Soil Management ◽  
Growth And Yield ◽  
Soil Conditions ◽  
Winter Period ◽  
Rhizobium Tropici ◽  
Seed Inoculation ◽  
No Till ◽  
Bean Yield ◽  
Plant Efficiency

O feijão comum é uma planta exigente em nutrientes, principalmente em relação ao N. A adoção de um sistema de preparo que possibilite melhorar as condições do solo, associada ao fornecimento adequado de N pode ser de suma importância no sentido de aumentar a eficiência da planta na utilização dos recursos disponíveis. Assim propôs-se o estudo com o objetivo de avaliar o efeito de diferentes preparos do solo, inoculação de sementes com Rhizobium tropici e doses de N em cobertura no desenvolvimento e produtividade de grãos do feijão comum, cultivar Pérola, no período de inverno e irrigado. O experimento foi desenvolvido no município de Selvíria (MS) nos anos de 2006 e 2007. O delineamento estatístico foi blocos casualizados disposto em esquema fatorial 3 x 2 x 4, envolvendo três modalidades de preparo do solo (escarificador + grade niveladora, grade pesada + grade niveladora e plantio direto), inoculação ou não de sementes com estirpes de Rhizobium tropici (presença e ausência) e aplicação de N em cobertura aplicadas por ocasião da fase V4-5 (0, 60, 120 e 180 kg ha-1 ), com quatro repetições. Concluiu-se que o preparo do solo, com grade pesada, escarificador ou plantio direto e o uso de inoculação de sementes com Rhizobium tropici não alteram a produtividade de grãos da cultura e, a adubação nitrogenada em cobertura proporciona incremento na produtividade de grãos superior a 17% na dose de 180 kg de N ha-1 em relação ao tratamento testemunha. ABSTRACT Common bean is a demanding plant in nutrients, mainly in relation to nitrogen. The adoption of a management system that improves the soil conditions, associated to the appropriate nitrogen supply can be very important to increase the plant efficiency in the use of the available resources. This study aimed to evaluate different combinations of soil management, seed inoculation and nitrogen doses in the growth and yield of irrigated common bean plant in winter period. The experiment was conducted in Selvíria county (MS) in years of 2006 and 2007. A randomized completely blocks design in a factorial scheme 3 x 2 x 4, constituted by three soil management (chisel ploughing + leveling disk, heavy disk + leveling disk, and no till), seed inoculation with Rhizobium tropici ( with or without inoculation) and nitrogen doses at sidedressing on stage V4-5 (zero, 60, 120 and 180 kg ha-1), with four repetitions, was used. The soil management with chisel ploughing, heavy disk, or no till, and the use of seed inoculation with Rhizobium tropici does not interfere in the irrigated common bean yield; the nitrogen fertilization at sidedressing provides increment above 17% at dose of 180 kg ha-1 of nitrogen in relation to control.

scholarly journals Spatio-Temporal Consistency Evaluation of XCO2 Retrievals from GOSAT and OCO-2 Based on TCCON and Model Data for Joint Utilization in Carbon Cycle Research

Atmosphere ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (7) ◽  
pp. 354 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yawen Kong ◽  
Baozhang Chen ◽  
Simon Measho
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Cycle ◽  
Mole Fraction ◽  
Transport Model ◽  
Total Carbon ◽  
Temporal Consistency ◽  
Model Data ◽  
Sources And Sinks ◽  
Spatio Temporal ◽  
The Impact

The global carbon cycle research requires precise and sufficient observations of the column-averaged dry-air mole fraction of CO 2 (XCO 2 ) in addition to conventional surface mole fraction observations. In addition, assessing the consistency of multi-satellite data are crucial for joint utilization to better infer information about CO 2 sources and sinks. In this work, we evaluate the consistency of long-term XCO 2 retrievals from the Greenhouse Gases Observing Satellite (GOSAT), Orbiting Carbon Observatory 2 (OCO-2) in comparison with Total Carbon Column Observing Network (TCCON) and the 3D model of CO 2 mole fractions data from CarbonTracker 2017 (CT2017). We create a consistent joint dataset and compare it with the long-term model data to assess their abilities to characterize the carbon cycle climate. The results show that, although slight increasing differences are found between the GOSAT and TCCON XCO 2 in the northern temperate latitudes, the GOSAT and OCO-2 XCO 2 retrievals agree well in general, with a mean bias ± standard deviation of differences of 0.21 ± 1.3 ppm. The differences are almost within ±2 ppm and are independent of time, indicating that they are well calibrated. The differences between OCO-2 and CT2017 XCO 2 are much larger than those between GOSAT and CT XCO 2 , which can be attributed to the significantly different spatial representatives of OCO-2 and the CT-transport model 5 (TM5). The time series of the combined OCO-2/GOSAT dataset and the modeled XCO 2 agree well, and both can characterize significantly increasing atmospheric CO 2 under the impact of a large El Niño during 2015 and 2016. The trend calculated from the dataset using the seasonal Kendall (S-K) method indicates that atmospheric CO 2 is increasing by 2–2.6 ppm per year.

Soil conditions and yield of repeatedly grown apple orchard depending on long-term fertilizer application

2021 ◽  
Vol 1 (98) ◽  
pp. 34-47
Author(s):  
P. H. Kopytko ◽  
◽  
R. V. Yakovenko
Keyword(s):  
Soil Fertility ◽  
Organic Fertilizer ◽  
Humus Content ◽  
Mineral Fertilizer ◽  
Fertilizer Application ◽  
Mineral Fertilizers ◽  
Soil Conditions ◽  
Apple Trees ◽  
The Impact

The issue of scientifically sound fertilizer application in fruit plantations, which are long-term and re-grown in one place remains insufficiently studied. To solve this problem is possible only in long-term stationary studies, as the impact of different fertilizer systems on changes in soil properties and tree productivity for a long period of their use. The results of researches of long-term fertilizer influence on the main fertility indices of dark gray podzolic heavy loam soil and productivity of repeatedly grown apple trees of Idared varieties on seed and vegetative (M4) rootstocks and Calville snow on seedling rootstock are considered. During the 85-year period of growing the first and second generation of apple trees in the experimental garden, the organic fertilizer (40 t/ha of cattle manure), mineral fertilizer (N120P120K120) and their combination (20 t/ha of manure + N60P60K60) were applied in the old plantation every two years in autumn in plowing in rows at 18–20 cm, and in the new repetition: manure, phosphorus and potassium fertilizers as well, and nitrogen fertilizer in half doses annually in spring for cultivation or disk plowing to a depth of 12–15 cm. As a result of research it was found that organic fertilizer better than mineral fertilizers provided the formation of soil fertility (humus and mobile compounds and forms of nutrients, soil reaction) and yield capacity of experimental apple trees, which for all years of fruiting exceeded the total yield of Calville snow and Idared on seedling and vegetative rootstocks, respectively, by 34.8, 27.7 and 23.4 % compared with the yield of the control non-fertilized areas and 16.0, 15.8 and 13.2 % – on those fertilized with N120Р120К120. Similar parameters of soil fertility indicators are formed by the organo-mineral fertilizer system with systematic long-term application of half the norms of organic and mineral fertilizers of manure 20 t/ha together with N60P60K60. However, the mineral system (N120P120K120) significantly less increases the humus content and content of macronutrients available for plant nutrition and does not enrich the soil with trace elements, acidifies the reaction of the soil environment

Changes in Long-Term No-Till Corn Growth and Yield under Different Rates of Stover Mulch

2006 ◽  
Vol 98 (4) ◽  
pp. 1128-1136 ◽  
Author(s):  
Humberto Blanco-Canqui ◽  
R. Lal ◽  
W. M. Post ◽  
L. B. Owens
Keyword(s):  
Growth And Yield ◽  
No Till
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