scholarly journals Micronutrients limiting pasture production in Australia

2019 ◽  
Vol 70 (12) ◽  
pp. 1053 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. F. Brennan ◽  
B. Penrose ◽  
R. W. Bell
Keyword(s):  
Agricultural Soils ◽  
Animal Health ◽  
Farming Systems ◽  
Dairy Production ◽  
Micronutrient Deficiencies ◽  
Nutrient Inputs ◽  
Soil Tests ◽  
Pasture Production ◽  
Tropical Regions ◽  
Micronutrient Status

Low levels of plant-available micronutrients were an inherent feature of many agricultural soils in Australia, mostly due to the prevalence of highly weathered soil parent materials. The diagnosis and correction of the widespread deficiencies of micronutrients, especially copper (Cu), molybdenum (Mo) and zinc (Zn), were prerequisites for the development of productive, legume-based pastures in southern Australia. In subtropical and tropical regions, Mo deficiency commonly limited pasture-legume production. Soil treatments involving micronutrient fertiliser incorporated in soils, or applied as additives to superphosphate, were generally effective in alleviating micronutrient deficiencies. In the low-output dryland pasture systems, the annual removal of micronutrients in wool and meat is small compared with rates added in fertiliser. Hence, in general, the residues of soil-applied micronutrient fertilisers remain effective for many years, for example, up to 30 years for Cu. By contrast, shorter residual values occur for manganese (Mn) fertiliser on highly calcareous soils, and for Zn in high-output pasture systems such as intensive dairy production. In the last two decades since the recommendations for micronutrient management of pastures were developed, there have been many changes to farming systems, with likely implications for micronutrient status in pastures. First, increased cropping intensity and low prices for wool and meat have meant lower nutrient inputs to pastures or to the pasture phase of rotations with crops. However, when pastures have been rotated with crops, ongoing small additions of Cu, Zn and Mo have been common. In cropping phases of farming systems, lime application and no-till may have altered the chemical and positional availability of micronutrients in soils to pastures. However, there has been little study of the impacts of these farming-systems changes on micronutrient status of pastures or profitability of the production system. The intensification of dairy production systems may also have altered the demand for, and removal rates of, micronutrients. Soil tests are not very reliable for Mn or Mo deficiencies, and well-calibrated soil tests for boron, Cu and Zn have been developed only for limited areas of pasture production and for a limited range of species. There is limited use of plant tests for nutrient management of pastures. In conclusion, there is limited knowledge of the current micronutrient status of pastures and their effects on animal health. Pasture production would benefit from targeted investigation of micronutrients status of pasture soils, pasture plants and micronutrient-linked animal-health issues.

scholarly journals Effect of the rate of potassium chloride on dairy production in Taranaki

2005 ◽  
pp. 67-71
Author(s):  
J.D. Morton ◽  
C.J. Roach ◽  
A.H.C. Roberts
Keyword(s):  
Potassium Chloride ◽  
Nutritive Value ◽  
Animal Health ◽  
Target Range ◽  
Dairy Production ◽  
Pasture Production ◽  
Linear Effect ◽  
Soil Potassium ◽  
Grazed Pasture ◽  
Jersey Cows

Potassium chloride (KCl) was applied at 4 rates (0, 150, 450 and 1150 kg/ha) to pasture on closed 5 ha farmlets over 3 years, and pasture and animal production and animal health measured. Friesan, Jersey and Friesan x Jersey cows were stocked at 3.2/ha on an Egmont Allophanic soil near Hawera in South Taranaki. Average soil potassium quick test (QTK) levels were 7, 8, 10 and 12 respectively from 0, 150, 450 and 1150 kg KCl/ha. There was a small significant negative linear effect of rate of KCl application on annual pasture dry matter (DM) production averaged over three years (16864 - 18359 kg/ha). The average amount of silage conserved (1369 - 2112 kg DM/ha) was consistently greater at the highest rate of KCl. Increasing rate of KCl had no significant effect on the nutritive value of grazed pasture but resulted in increased K content of silage. There was no significant effect of KCl on milksolids (MS) production (1034 -1179 kg/ha/lactation) or reproductive performance. There was a trend for the incidence of clinical metabolic disorders (8-18%) to decrease with increasing rate of KCl but this was not significant because of the low number of cows in each herd. The results from this trial suggest that soil QTK levels above the target range for optimal pasture production of 7-10 on Allophanic soils are not associated with increased dairy production and have no adverse effect on animal health. Keywords: calcium, dairy cows, hypocalcaemia, hypomagnesaemia, magnesium, milksolids, pasture, potassium, potassium chloride

LIME AND DAIRY PRODUCTION

1982 ◽  
pp. 93-103
Author(s):  
N.A. Thomson
Keyword(s):  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Milk Production ◽  
Soil Ph ◽  
Dairy Production ◽  
Pasture Production ◽  
The Third ◽  
One Year ◽  
Plasma Magnesium

In a four year grazing trial with dairy cows the application of 5000 kg lime/ ha (applied in two applications of 2500 kg/ha in winter of the first two years) significantly increased annual pasture production in two of the four years and dairy production in one year. In three of the four years lime significantly increased pasture growth over summer/autumn with concurrent increases in milk production. In the last year of the trial lime had little effect on pasture growth but a relatively large increase in milkfat production resulted. A higher incidence of grass staggers was recorded on the limed farmlets in spring for each of the four years. In the second spring immediately following the second application of lime significant depressions in both pasture and plasma magnesium levels were recorded. By the third spring differences in plasma magnesium levels were negligible but small depressions in herbage magnesium resulting from lime continued to the end of the trial. Lime significantly raised soil pH, Ca and Mg levels but had no effect on either soil K or P. As pH levels of the unlimed paddocks were low (5.2-5.4) in each autumn and soil moisture levels were increased by liming, these factors may suggest possible causes for the seasonality of the pasture response to lime

Development of profitable milk production systems for northern Australia: a field assessment of the productivity of five potential farming systems using farmlets

2010 ◽  
Vol 50 (4) ◽  
pp. 246 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. G. Chataway ◽  
R. G. Walker ◽  
M. N. Callow
Keyword(s):  
Milk Production ◽  
Production Systems ◽  
Model Development ◽  
Farming Systems ◽  
Field Evaluation ◽  
Nutrient Inputs ◽  
Tropical Pastures ◽  
Mating Period ◽  
Learning Platform ◽  
Forage Base

Farmlets, each of 20 cows, were established to field test five milk production systems and provide a learning platform for farmers and researchers in a subtropical environment. The systems were developed through desktop modelling and industry consultation in response to the need for substantial increases in farm milk production following deregulation of the industry. Four of the systems were based on grazing and the continued use of existing farmland resource bases, whereas the fifth comprised a feedlot and associated forage base developed as a greenfield site. The field evaluation was conducted over 4 years under more adverse environmental conditions than anticipated with below average rainfall and restrictions on irrigation. For the grazed systems, mean annual milk yield per cow ranged from 6330 kg/year (1.9 cows/ha) for a herd based on rain-grown tropical pastures to 7617 kg/year (3.0 cows/ha) where animals were based on temperate and tropical irrigated forages. For the feedlot herd, production of 9460 kg/cow.year (4.3 cows/ha of forage base) was achieved. For all herds, the level of production achieved required annual inputs of concentrates of ~3 t DM/animal and purchased conserved fodder from 0.3 to 1.5 t DM/animal. This level of supplementary feeding made a major contribution to total farm nutrient inputs, contributing 50% or more of the nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium entering the farming system, and presents challenges to the management of manure and urine that results from the higher stocking rates enabled. Mean annual milk production for the five systems ranged from 88 to 105% of that predicted by the desktop modelling. This level of agreement for the grazed systems was achieved with minimal overall change in predicted feed inputs; however, the feedlot system required a substantial increase in inputs over those predicted. Reproductive performance for all systems was poorer than anticipated, particularly over the summer mating period. We conclude that the desktop model, developed as a rapid response to assist farmers modify their current farming systems, provided a reasonable prediction of inputs required and milk production. Further model development would need to consider more closely climate variability, the limitations summer temperatures place on reproductive success and the feed requirements of feedlot herds.

The impact of extreme climatic events on pasture-based dairy systems: a review

2017 ◽  
Vol 68 (12) ◽  
pp. 1158 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Chang-Fung-Martel ◽  
M. T. Harrison ◽  
R. Rawnsley ◽  
A. P. Smith ◽  
H. Meinke
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Heat Stress ◽  
Heat Waves ◽  
Animal Health ◽  
Adaptation Strategies ◽  
Pasture Production ◽  
Potential Productivity ◽  
Extreme Climatic Events ◽  
Dairy Systems ◽  
The Impact

Extreme climatic events such as heat waves, extreme rainfall and prolonged dry periods are a significant challenge to the productivity and profitability of dairy systems. Despite projections of more frequent extreme events, increasing temperatures and reduced precipitation, studies on the impact of these extreme climatic events on pasture-based dairy systems remain uncommon. The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change has estimated Australia to be one of the most negatively impacted regions with additional studies estimating Australian production losses of around 16% in the agricultural sector and 9–19% between the present and 2050 in the south-eastern dairy regions of Australia due to climate change. Here we review the literature on the impact of climate change on pasture-based dairy systems with particular focus on extreme climatic events. We provide an insight into current methods for assessing and quantifying heat stress highlighting the impacts on pastures and animals including the associated potential productivity losses and conclude by outlining potential adaptation strategies for improving the resilience of the whole-farm systems to climate change. Adapting milking routines, calving systems and the introduction of heat stress tolerant dairy cow breeds are some proposed strategies. Changes in pasture production would also include alternative pasture species better adapted to climate extremes such as heat waves and prolonged periods of water deficit. In order to develop effective adaptation strategies we also need to focus on issues such as water availability, animal health and associated energy costs.

scholarly journals Animal health constraints in dairy goats kept under smallholder farming systems in Kongwa and Mvomero Districts, Tanzania

2014 ◽  
Vol 6 (11) ◽  
pp. 268-279 ◽  
Author(s):  
Said Ngasa Shija Dismas ◽  
Jeremy Moses Kusiluka Lughano ◽  
Wilson Chenyambuga Sebastian ◽  
Shayo Deogratias ◽  
Paul Lekule Faustin
Keyword(s):  
Animal Health ◽  
Farming Systems ◽  
Dairy Goats ◽  
Smallholder Farming ◽  
Smallholder Farming Systems

scholarly journals The THE ECOLOGICAL QUALITY STATUS OF THE ORGANIC SHRIMP FARMING PONDS: USE OF A NEW BIOTIC INDICES

2018 ◽  
Vol 34 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Trần Thành Thái
Keyword(s):  
Farming Systems ◽  
Shrimp Farming ◽  
Food Sources ◽  
Biotic Index ◽  
Natural Food ◽  
Ecological Quality ◽  
Wet Season ◽  
Tropical Regions ◽  
Ecological Quality Status ◽  
Quality Status

In spite of the development and widespread dissemination of the model organic shrimp farming systems, the biological communities in the organic shrimp farming ponds have still very limited. Therefore, we conducted a field survey for macrobenthic communities (MC) of the Tam Giang‘s organic shrimp farming ponds (TGOSFP) located in Tam Giang commune, Nam Can district, Ca Mau province during three seasons in 2015 (March - dry, July - transfer and November - wet season). The results indicated that the MC have characterized by high density and slightly diversity that is a rich natural food sources for shrimp in the TGOSFP. Further more, the present study is a first attempt to use of new indices (AMBI - AZTI’s Marine Biotic Index) on MC for determining the ecological quality status of sediment (EcoQ) in the TGOSFP. The following results were also recorded with an undisturbed and slightly disturbed  EcoQ in the TGOSFP and the general EcoQ would likely be improved between three seasons. The success of AMBI for detecting EcoQ in Vietnam is specific to this study, but AMBI was likely to improved, in particular tropical regions.

scholarly journals An evaluation of two pastoral dairy production systems using automatic milking technology

2010 ◽  
pp. 109-116 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Jago ◽  
J. Burke
Keyword(s):  
Production Systems ◽  
Farming Systems ◽  
Dairy Production ◽  
Automatic Milking ◽  
Automatic Milking Systems ◽  
Pastoral Farming

The objective of this study was to evaluate the performance of two pastoral farming systems using automatic milking systems (AMS).

scholarly journals Nutrition and the psychoneuroimmunology of postpartum depression

2012 ◽  
Vol 25 (1) ◽  
pp. 180-192 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. R. Ellsworth-Bowers ◽  
E. J. Corwin
Keyword(s):  
Vitamin D ◽  
Postpartum Depression ◽  
B Vitamins ◽  
Trace Minerals ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Potential Contribution ◽  
Micronutrient Deficiencies ◽  
Vitamin Status ◽  
Micronutrient Status ◽  
B Vitamin

Postpartum depression (PPD) is a relatively common and often severe mood disorder that develops in women after childbirth. The aetiology of PPD is unclear, although there is emerging evidence to suggest a psychoneuroimmune connection. Additionally, deficiencies in n-3 PUFA, B vitamins, vitamin D and trace minerals have been implicated. This paper reviews evidence for a link between micronutrient status and PPD, analysing the potential contribution of each micronutrient to psychoneuroimmunological mechanisms of PPD. Articles related to PPD and women's levels of n-3 PUFA, B vitamins, vitamin D and the trace minerals Zn and Se were reviewed. Findings suggest that while n-3 PUFA levels have been shown to vary inversely with PPD and link with psychoneuroimmunology, there is mixed evidence regarding the ability of n-3 PUFA to prevent or treat PPD. B vitamin status is not clearly linked to PPD, even though it seems to vary inversely with depression in non-perinatal populations and may have an impact on immunity. Vitamin D and the trace minerals Zn and Se are linked to PPD and psychoneuroimmunology by intriguing, but small, studies. Overall, evidence suggests that certain micronutrient deficiencies contribute to the development of PPD, possibly through psychoneuroimmunological mechanisms. Developing a better understanding of these mechanisms is important for guiding future research, clinical practice and health education regarding PPD.

Breeding for Improving Human Nutrition and Grain Quality through Biofortification of Traditional Land Races and Improved Cultivars in Rice (Oryza sativa L.)

2017 ◽  
pp. 126-148
Author(s):  
P. Savitha ◽  
R. Usha Kumari
Keyword(s):  
Oryza Sativa ◽  
Tamil Nadu ◽  
Oryza Sativa L ◽  
Farming Systems ◽  
Total Production ◽  
Micronutrient Deficiencies ◽  
Rice Varieties ◽  
The Family ◽  
Iron And Zinc

Rice (Oryza sativa L.) which belongs to the family poaceae, is the life and the prince among cereals as this unique grain helps to sustain two thirds of the world's population. India have traditionally been used or rice cultivation due to availability of water and conductive soil (Nadesa panic). Rice was grown in 155.30 million hectares and around 600 million tonnes of rice harvested each year globally. About 114 countries produce rice with China and India supporting 50 per cent of total production. India stands first in area under cultivation (41.85 mha) and ranks second in production, where as China ranks first in production with just half of the area. India's production is 89.13 million tonnes with a productivity of 2130 kg/ha. Among the rice producing states of India, Tamil Nadu ranks sixth in production (6.53 million tonnes) and second in productivity of 3918 kg/ha with an area of 20.16 lakh ha (Season and Crop Report, 2012). Local farmers in such farming systems retain the traditional varieties based on their knowledge of the quality of the rice varieties and their adaptation to varying agro-ecological situations created by diverse seasons and land situations (Tapasi das & Ashesh Kumar Das, 2014). Among the major micronutrient deficiencies common in rice consuming countries, iron and zinc deficiencies (“hidden hunger”), affect over three billion people worldwide, mostly in developing countries (Welch & Graham, 2004).

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