scholarly journals Control of net form of net blotch in barley from seed- and foliar-applied fungicides

2019 ◽  
Vol 70 (1) ◽  
pp. 55 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mark S. McLean ◽  
Grant J. Hollaway
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Grain Quality ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Stem Elongation ◽  
Flag Leaf ◽  
Net Blotch ◽  
Complete Control ◽  
Yield And Quality ◽  
Grain Yield And Quality ◽  
Foliar Fungicide

Net form of net blotch (NFNB), caused by Pyrenophora teres f. teres, is a major foliar disease of barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) worldwide that can cause grain yield and quality loss in susceptible varieties. Seed- and foliar-applied fungicides were evaluated in six field experiments infected with NFNB during 5 years, for suppression of NFNB severity and protection of grain yield and quality. Suppression of NFNB severity varied between treatments and experiments. Grain yield and quality improvements were recorded in two experiments. Foliar fungicide applications at stem elongation (Zadoks growth stage Z31) and flag leaf emergence (Z39) or ear emergence (Z55) significantly reduced NFNB severity, increased grain yield by up to 23%, and improved grain-quality measurements of retention, screenings and weight. The seed-applied fungicide fluxapyroxad provided significant reductions in NFNB severity, improvements in grain yield of up to 20%, and improved grain quality. Where NFNB was severe, none of the seed or foliar fungicide application strategies provided complete control of NFNB, indicating that more than two applications were necessary when conditions were favourable for disease development in susceptible varieties.

Inoculum pressure and the development of stem rust epidemics in barley

1991 ◽  
Vol 42 (5) ◽  
pp. 769 ◽  
Author(s):  
R Dill-Macky ◽  
RG Rees ◽  
GJ Platz
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Initial Inoculum ◽  
Barley Cultivars ◽  
Yield And Quality ◽  
Rust Severity ◽  
Grain Yield And Quality ◽  
Moderately Resistant ◽  
Different Levels ◽  
Inoculum Pressure

The effects of inoculum pressure on the development of epidemics of Puccinia graminis tritici in two barley cultivars with different levels of resistance were examined in two field experiments. Treatments were established by inoculation of foci within plots and/or the strategic use of fungicides. Additional 'rust-free' treatments were maintained to provide comparisons of grain yield and quality. Relationships between rust severity, rust incidence and grain yield and quality were also examined. Initial inoculum levels were important in determining disease severity and incidence for individual epidemics; however, severe epidemics developed under most 'rusted' treatments of the susceptible cultivar Galleon and reduced grain yield by up to 58%. Epidemics under corresponding treatments of the moderately resistant cultivar Grimmett were less severe, and the value of the resistance was evident with yield losses not exceeding 12%. Yield reductions were usually associated with reduced grain size and weight.

scholarly journals Are early foliar fungicide applications on durum wheat grown in southeast Saskatchewan beneficial in increasing grain productivity?

2014 ◽  
Vol 94 (5) ◽  
pp. 891-903 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. R. Fernandez ◽  
W. E. May ◽  
S. Chalmers ◽  
M. E. Savard ◽  
A. K. Singh
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Durum Wheat ◽  
Stem Elongation ◽  
Flag Leaf ◽  
Kernel Weight ◽  
Growth Stages ◽  
Head Blight ◽  
Leaf Emergence ◽  
Grain Productivity ◽  
Foliar Fungicide

Fernandez, M. R., May, W. E., Chalmers, S., Savard, M. E. and Singh, A. K. 2014. Are early foliar fungicide applications on durum wheat grown in southeast Saskatchewan beneficial in increasing grain productivity? Can. J. Plant. Sci. 94: 891–903. Producers have expressed interest in applying fungicides early in the development of durum wheat to reduce disease severity and increase grain yield. To address this issue, a field trial was conducted in southeast Saskatchewan (2004–2006) to determine the impacts of single and double foliar fungicide (tebuconazole) applications at various growth stages on leaf spotting, Fusarium head blight/Fusarium-damaged kernels, deoxynivalenol concentration, dark kernel discolouration, and grain traits of durum wheat. In most cases, application at stem elongation was not effective in reducing Fusarium diseases, or improving yield and grain characteristics. Application at flag leaf emergence was more effective, but for the most part, application at anthesis resulted in the most consistent reduction in disease levels, and improvement in test weight. Double fungicide applications (stem elongation or flag leaf emergence, and anthesis) were not more effective in disease control than a single application at anthesis. Grain yield did not differ significantly among any of the treatments. In contrast to Fusarium diseases and leaf spotting, fungicide applications at stem elongation and/or flag leaf emergence resulted in increased kernel weight and percentage dark kernel discolouration, which was significant in 2005 (10.53–10.60% total kernel discolouration in the stem and flag leaf treatments vs. 6.13% for the untreated control). In one or more years, kernel weight was negatively associated with Fusarium disease variables and leaf spotting, but positively associated with kernel discolouration. We conclude that under variable environmental conditions in Saskatchewan, early preventative fungicide use on durum wheat should not be recommended as a strategy to improve productivity, and might even result in increases in dark kernel discolouration and grain downgrading.

scholarly journals Chlormequat chloride and ethephon affect growth and yield formation of conventional, naked and dwarf oat

2001 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. 165-174 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. PELTONEN-SAINIO ◽  
A. RAJALA
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Stem Elongation ◽  
Flag Leaf ◽  
Plant Production ◽  
Growth And Yield ◽  
Main Shoot ◽  
Chlormequat Chloride ◽  
Growing Conditions ◽  
Yield Formation

Department of Plant Production, PO Box 27, FIN-00014 University of Helsinki, Finland. Current address: MTT Agrifood Research Finland, Plant Production Research, FIN-31600 Jokioinen, Finland. e-mail: [email protected] Plant growth regulators (PGRs) are not usually applied to oat (Avena sativa L.) crops. This study was designed to test whether the antigibberellin chlormequat chloride (CCC) and ethylene-releasing ethephon sprayed on to oat foliage represent potential agents for manipulation of yield formation under northern growing conditions. Effects of these PGRs on yield components and tiller growth and productivity were examined in detail. This study included a long-strawed landrace, a modern standard height cultivar, two naked (A. sativa ssp. nuda L.) and two dwarf oats. Field experiments were conducted at Viikki Experimental Farm, University of Helsinki, in 1995 and 1996. Chlormequat chloride was sprayed at the two-node stage and ethephon when the flag leaf ligule was just visible on the main shoot. Various traits characterizing growth and yield formation were assessed. Chlormequat chloride increased grain yield by 0% to 13% depending on cultivar and year, while ethephon most often decreased it by up to 17%. No lodging occurred and the recorded increase in grain yield of CCC treated plants was not therefore due to prevention of lodging. However, CCC treatment resulted in more panicles per square meter and in 1995 tillers contributed more to grain yield. Ethephon treated plants had less grains per main shoot panicle, lower panicle filling rate (PFR) and parallel decreased harvest index (HI). Stem elongation of dwarf oat was enhanced by CCC, in contrast to that of conventional and naked cultivars.;

scholarly journals Field performance on grain yield and quality and genetic diversity of overwintering cultivated rice (Oryza sativa L.) in southwest China

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Yongshu Liang ◽  
Wenbin Nan ◽  
Xiaojian Qin ◽  
Hanma Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Diversity ◽  
Grain Yield ◽  
Grain Quality ◽  
Grain Shape ◽  
Rice Variety ◽  
Field Performance ◽  
Cultivated Rice ◽  
Yield And Quality ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Grain Yield And Quality

AbstractUnderstanding the field performance on grain yield and quality and the genetic diversity of overwintering (OW) cultivated rice (Oryza sativa L.) across main crop (MC) and ratooning crop (RC) is the premise to make strategies for the future OW rice variety improvement in rice production. The present field experiments were conducted in RC of 2016, in MC of both 2017 and 2018, and RC in 2019 to identify genotypes OW rice that perform stable in terms of grain yield and quality across different climate conditions. The grain yield plant-1 (GYP) and its components in six genotypes of OW rice exhibited significant difference across the 4 years (P ≤ 0.05), the maximum GYP in OW6 rice was harvested (60.28 g) in MC of 2017, but the minimum GYP in OW1 rice was harvested (33.01 g) in MC of 2018. Within six genotypes of OW rice, four grain shape traits displayed a relative small significant difference, four grain quality traits exhibited a relative small significant difference except for chalkiness rate (CR), there 226 pairs of significant PCC values between GYP and its components were calculated in all tested rice and varied from six in OW6 to eleven in OW1, there 130 pairs of significant PCC values among the four grain shape traits were calculated and ranged from twenty-one in OW1, 3, 5 to twenty-three in OW2, there 118 pairs of significant PCC values among the four grain quality traits were calculated and ranged from seventeen in OW2 to twenty-three in OW1. The numbers, directions, and size of PCC values for the grain yield and quality characters in all tested rice displayed a series of irregular variations. Six genotypes of OW rice were apparently distinguished by employing 196 pairs of simple-sequence repeats (SSRs) markers and exhibited abundant genetic diversity at the DNA level. Data from this study provide an extensive archive for the future exploration and innovation of overwintering cultivated rice variety.

scholarly journals Changes in oat grain yield and quality with increased adaptability of cultivars

2020 ◽  
Vol 181 (2) ◽  
pp. 42-49
Author(s):  
P. N. Nikolaev ◽  
O. A. Yusova ◽  
I. V. Safonova ◽  
N. I. Aniskov
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Grain Quality ◽  
Climatic Factors ◽  
Forest Steppe ◽  
Naked Oat ◽  
Hull Content ◽  
Yield And Quality ◽  
Spring Cereals ◽  
Oat Cultivars ◽  
Grain Yield And Quality

Background. Among spring cereals, oat is one of the main grain crops in Siberia. The aim of this study was to determine how the parameters of adaptability in oat cultivars are correlated with yield and basic indicators of grain quality.Material and methods. The studies were carried out from 2011 to 2019 in the southern forest steppe of Western Siberia. The content of protein, crude fat and starch in grain, and its hull content were measured according to B. V. Pleshkov and N. S. Berkutova. Mathematical processing was performed following the guidelines by B. A. Dospekhov, S. A. Eberhart and W. A. Russell.Results. There was a significant variation in grain yield and grain quality (CV > 20%) in oat cultivars due to a high contribution from the conditions of the year (26.7...80.9%) as well as a strong direct (r = 0,607...0.825) or strong reverse (r = –0.660...–0.994) conjugation with climatic factors. As the protein content in grain increased, starch, oil (r = 0.960...0.962) and hull content (r = 0.442) increased as well. Naked oat cultivars manifested higher grain quality (4.6% protein, 17.6% starch, and 2.2% crude fat) and reduced yield (–1.45 t/ha) compared with hulled oat cultivars.Conclusion. Increased plasticity (bi) and stability (σ2d) of oat cultivars contributed to higher yields (rbi = 0.943;rσ2d = 0.344) but reduced grain quality indicators (rbi = –0.697…–0.812;rσ2d = –0.270…–0.300). Hull content in plastic cultivars decreased (rbi = –0.201).

scholarly journals Mixed-cropping systems of different rice cultivars have grain yield and quality advantages over mono-cropping systems

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Meijuan Li ◽  
Jiaen Zhang ◽  
Shiwei Liu ◽  
Umair Ashraf ◽  
Shuqing Qiu
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Grain Quality ◽  
Cropping Systems ◽  
T Test ◽  
Mixed Cropping ◽  
Rice Cultivars ◽  
Growing Seasons ◽  
Yield And Quality ◽  
Grain Yield And Quality ◽  
Paired T Test

AbstractMixed-cropping system is a centuries-old cropping technique that is still widely practiced in the farmers’ field over the globe. Increased plant diversity enhances farmland biodiversity, which would improve grain yield and quality; however, the impacts of growing different rice cultivars simultaneously were rarely investigated. In present study, five popular rice cultivars were selected and ten mixture combinations were made according to the growth period, plant height, grain yield and quality, and pest and disease resistance. Seedlings of the five cultivars and ten mixture combinations (mixed-sowing of the seeds in an equal ratio, then mixed-transplanting and finally mixed-harvesting) were grown in plastic pots under greenhouse during the early and late growing seasons in 2016. Results showed that, compared with the corresponding mono-cropping systems, almost all combinations of the mixed-cropping systems have advantages in yield related traits and grain quality. Compared with the mono-cropping systems in the early and late growing seasons in 2016, mixed-cropping systems increased the number of spikelets per panicle, seed-setting rate, and grain weight per pot and harvest index by 19.52% and 5.77%, 8.53% and 4.41%, 8.31% and 4.61%, and 10.26% and 6.98%, respectively (paired t-test). In addition, mixed-cropping systems reduced chalky rice rate and chalkiness degree by 33.12% and 43.42% and by 30.11% and 48.13% in the early and late growing seasons, respectively (paired t-test). These results may be due to enhanced SPAD indexes and photosynthetic rates at physiology maturity in mixed-cropping systems. In general, it was found that mixed-cropping with different rice cultivars have potential for increasing grain yield and improving grain quality.

scholarly journals Responses of wheat grain yield and quality to seed rate

2002 ◽  
Vol 138 (3) ◽  
pp. 317-331 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. J. GOODING ◽  
A. PINYOSINWAT ◽  
R. H. ELLIS
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Specific Weight ◽  
Economic Consequences ◽  
Yield Response ◽  
Seed Rate ◽  
Yield And Quality ◽  
Use Efficiency ◽  
Grain Yield And Quality

Four field experiments were conducted to investigate the effects of seed rate on yield and quality of wheat. Despite some small and inconsistent effects of seed rate on radiation-use efficiency and harvest index, the responses of PAR interception, above-ground biomass and grain yield generally followed similar asymptotic increases as seed rate increased. In one experiment, when nitrogen fertilizer was withheld, biomass and grain yields did not respond to increases in seed rate despite increases in PAR interception. In one experiment, grain yield followed a parabolic response to seed rate with apparent reductions in yield at very high seed rates. Plants compensated for low population densities by increased production and survival of tillers and, to a lesser extent, increased grain numbers per ear. Net tiller production continued until the main stems flowered or later. Effects of seed rate on grain specific weight and thousand grain weight were small and inconsistent. Hagberg falling number increased linearly with seed rate in three experiments, associated with quicker maturation of the crop. Grain protein concentration declined with increase in sowing rate according to linear divided by linear or linear plus exponential models depending on whether the grain yield response was asymptotic or parabolic. Discolouration of the grain with blackpoint increased with seed rate in the most susceptible cultivar, namely Hereward. The economic consequences of these effects on yield and quality are discussed.

Production practices for improved grain yield and quality of soft wheats in Western Australia

1997 ◽  
Vol 37 (2) ◽  
pp. 173 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. K. Anderson ◽  
D. Sawkins
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Western Australia ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
The Other ◽  
Grain Protein ◽  
Sowing Time ◽  
Seed Rate ◽  
Yield And Quality ◽  
Club Head ◽  
Grain Yield And Quality

Summary. The aim of our experiments was to determine whether the soft-grained, club-head wheats used for the Australian Soft grade (cvv. Tincurrin and Corrigin), required different management to maximise grain yield and quality than the standard-head wheats used for other grades. Two series of field experiments were conducted in the 300–500 mm rainfall zone in the southern wheatbelt of Western Australia between latitudes 32 and 34°S from 1989 to 1993. Agronomic variables examined in the experiments included sowing time, nitrogen (N) fertiliser and seed rate. Grain yield, grain protein concentration, hectolitre weight and small grain sievings (below a 2 mm slotted screen) were measured on the grain samples. It was concluded that the optimum time for sowing the soft wheats, both of which are of mid-season maturity, was May. Small grain sievings and grain proteins of the soft wheats exceeded the receival standards for the grade when sown outside this period and were more sensitive to earlier or later sowings in this regard than the other wheats. The soft wheats had smaller kernels and were more likely than other cultivars to produce grain samples with high levels of sievings associated with sowing at inappropriate times and the use of N fertiliser. They had consistently 1–1.5% lower grain protein concentrations than the other cultivars used in the experiments. Hectolitre weights seldom fell below the receival standard of 74 kg/hL for any of the grain samples. Increasing seed rate did not increase the level of sievings at all sites. Although sievings were affected by sowing time, N fertiliser and cultivar, there were large influences associated with site factors that also caused excessive sievings. Fertile sites where the crop did not respond to N fertiliser and sites where the crop was infected by leaf rust were associated with high levels of sievings. Standard-head wheats were less susceptible to dockages, but lower yielding than the club-head, soft wheats. Seed rates for the soft wheats should be chosen to maximise yield rather than to attempt to avoid price dockages at receival.

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