No longer a west-side story – pesticide resistance discovered in the eastern range of a major Australian crop pest, Halotydeus destructor (Acari: Penthaleidae)

2018 ◽  
Vol 69 (2) ◽  
pp. 216 ◽  
Author(s):  
James L. Maino ◽  
Matthew Binns ◽  
Paul Umina
Keyword(s):  
Western Australia ◽  
Organophosphorus Pesticides ◽  
South Australia ◽  
Resistance Testing ◽  
Halotydeus Destructor ◽  
West Side Story ◽  
Redlegged Earth Mite ◽  
Important Pest ◽  
Control Failure ◽  
Upper South

The redlegged earth mite, Halotydeus destructor (Tucker) (Acari: Penthaleidae), is an important pest of pastures, broad-acre crops, and vegetables across southern Australia. Populations of H. destructor in Western Australia have been known to be resistant to pyrethroid and organophosphorus pesticides since 2006 and 2014, respectively. Resistant populations are currently widespread across Western Australia’s southern growing region but have, until now, remained undetected in the large south-eastern Australian range of H. destructor, despite ongoing resistance screening since 2006. Following reports of a field control failure in the Upper South East district in South Australia in 2016, resistance testing determined this South Australian population was resistant to pyrethroid and organophosphorus pesticides. The levels of resistance discovered were similar to resistant H. destructor populations in Western Australia, which are associated with chemical control failures. This work confirms for the first-time that pesticide resistant populations of H. destructor are no longer isolated to Western Australia.

Controlling redlegged earth mite, Halotydeus destructor (Acari: Penthaleidae), with a spring spray in legume pastures

2015 ◽  
Vol 66 (9) ◽  
pp. 938 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. J. Ridsdill-Smith ◽  
C. C. Pavri
Keyword(s):  
Seed Yield ◽  
South Australia ◽  
Subterranean Clover ◽  
Early Summer ◽  
Eastern Region ◽  
The West ◽  
Halotydeus Destructor ◽  
South Wales ◽  
Redlegged Earth Mite ◽  
Clover Seed

The use of a TIMERITE® spring spray to control redlegged earth mite (RLEM), Halotydeus destructor (Tucker) (Acari: Penthaleidae), in annual pastures was evaluated on farms across Australia. RLEM populations in autumn in the treatments sprayed in spring 1998 and 1999 were 97% lower in 1999 and 97% in 2000 in the western region (Western Australia), and 93% lower in 1999 and 93% in 2000 in the eastern region (Victoria, New South Wales and South Australia). At sites in the west, control of RLEM resulted in significant increases in subterranean clover seed yield in 1999 and in clover seedling numbers in autumn 1999 and 2000. Penthaleus major (blue oat mite) populations in autumn were 60% lower in sprayed treatments, but Sminthurus viridis (lucerne flea) populations were not affected. Differences in weather between the west (where there is a hot, dry summer) and the east (where temperature and rainfall regimes are more variable in spring and early summer) seem to cause greater RLEM control and greater benefits in subterranean clover seed yield and seedling numbers with a spring spray in the west.

Tolerance of cryptic species of blue oat mites (Penthaleus spp.) and the redlegged earth mite (Halotydeus destructor) to pesticides

1999 ◽  
Vol 39 (5) ◽  
pp. 621 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. A. Umina ◽  
A. A. Hoffmann
Keyword(s):  
Cryptic Species ◽  
Control Strategies ◽  
Single Species ◽  
The Other ◽  
Control Problems ◽  
Halotydeus Destructor ◽  
Pest Outbreaks ◽  
Redlegged Earth Mite ◽  
Control Failure ◽  
Control Failures

Blue oat mites (Penthaleus spp.) and redlegged earth mites (Halotydeus destructor) are major pests of crops and pastures in southern Australia. Management of these mites has been complicated by the recent discovery of 3 cryptic parthenogenic species of Penthaleus, whereas prior research had assumed a single species. The response of the 3 Penthaleus species and H. destructor to commonly used pesticides (omethoate, methidathion, bifenthrin and endosulfan) was compared. Penthaleus falcatus was more tolerant of all pesticides than the other species, whereas H. destructor tended to be the most susceptible. The response of P. major was similar to that of an undescribed cryptic species (Penthaleus sp. x). Mites were sampled from 7 sites where control failures had been reported. Three of these failures were due to P. falcatus despite the fact that this species is relatively uncommon. This suggests that the high tolerance levels of P. falcatus relative to the other species may lead to control problems. Nevertheless, samples of P. falcatus from the control failure sites did not exhibit a higher level of tolerance than those from an unsprayed site. Clones of both P. falcatus and P. major differed in tolerance levels, suggesting some potential for the evolution of increased tolerance levels in mite populations. The results highlight the importance of determining species composition when devising control strategies for mite pest outbreaks.

Revision of the Australian and South African species of Halotydeus (Acarina: Penthaleidae)

1996 ◽  
Vol 86 (4) ◽  
pp. 441-450 ◽  
Author(s):  
T.K. Qin ◽  
R.B. Halliday
Keyword(s):  
New Species ◽  
South African ◽  
Native Vegetation ◽  
Key To Species ◽  
African Species ◽  
Halotydeus Destructor ◽  
Australian Species ◽  
Economic Significance ◽  
Redlegged Earth Mite ◽  
Important Pest

AbstractThe present paper revises the Australian and South African species of Halotydeus Berlese. The redlegged earth mite H. destructor(Tucker) is redescribed, and four new species are described (H. anthropus, H. bakerae, H. castellusand H. spectatus). A key to species is provided. Halotydeus destructor is an important pest of leguminous pasture and other crop plants, but the three Australian species (H. bakerae, H. castellus and H. spectatus)occur in native vegetation and are not believed to be of any economic significance. The pest status of the South African species H. anthropus has not yet been determined.

Mission Tracks in the Bush

2019 ◽  
Vol 3 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 103-124
Author(s):  
Gemma Tulud Cruz
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Western Australia ◽  
South Australia ◽  
Nation Building ◽  
Cultural Encounters ◽  
History Of

Christian missionaries played an important role in the Australian nation building that started in the nineteenth century. This essay explores the multifaceted and complex cultural encounters in the context of two aboriginal missions in Australia in the nineteenth century. More specifically, the essay explores the New Norcia mission in Western Australia in 1846-1900 and the Lutheran mission in South Australia in 1838-1853. The essay begins with an overview of the history of the two missions followed by a discussion of the key faces of the cultural encounters that occurred in the course of the missions. This is followed by theological reflections on the encounters in dialogue with contemporary theology, particularly the works of Robert Schreiter.

In A Fix: Fixed-Term Parliaments in the Australian States

2013 ◽  
Vol 41 (2) ◽  
pp. 265-298
Author(s):  
Peter Congdon
Keyword(s):  
Western Australia ◽  
Prime Minister ◽  
New South ◽  
New South Wales ◽  
South Australia ◽  
Constitutional Amendments ◽  
South Wales

Constitutional systems of Westminster heritage are increasingly moving towards fixed-term parliaments to, amongst other things, prevent the Premier or Prime Minister opportunistically calling a ‘snap election’. Amongst the Australian states, qualified fixed-term parliaments currently exist in New South Wales, South Australia and Victoria. Queensland, Tasmania and Western Australia have also deliberated over whether to establish similar fixed-term parliaments. However, manner and form provisions in those states' constitutions entrench the Parliament's duration, Governor's Office and dissolution power. In Western Australia and Queensland, unlike Tasmania, such provisions are doubly entrenched. This article considers whether these entrenching provisions present legal obstacles to constitutional amendments establishing fixed-term parliaments in those two states. This involves examining whether laws fixing parliamentary terms fall within section 6 of the Australia Acts 1986 (Cth) & (UK). The article concludes by examining recent amendments to the Electoral Act 1907 (WA) designed to enable fixed election dates in Western Australia without requiring a successful referendum.

Admissibility of confession evidence: Principles of hearsay and the rule of voluntariness

2021 ◽  
pp. 136571272110022
Author(s):  
Jennifer Porter
Keyword(s):  
Western Australia ◽  
Common Law ◽  
South Australia ◽  
Judicial Discretion ◽  
Trial Judge ◽  
Important Policy ◽  
Oral Testimony ◽  
The Common ◽  
The Law ◽  
Confession Evidence

The common law test of voluntariness has come to be associated with important policy rationales including the privilege against self-incrimination. However, when the test originated more than a century ago, it was a test concerned specifically with the truthfulness of confession evidence; which evidence was at that time adduced in the form of indirect oral testimony, that is, as hearsay. Given that, a century later, confession evidence is now mostly adduced in the form of an audiovisual recording that can be observed directly by the trial judge, rather than as indirect oral testimony, there may be capacity for a different emphasis regarding the question of admissibility. This article considers the law currently operating in Western Australia, Queensland and South Australia to see whether or not, in the form of an audiovisual recording, the exercise of judicial discretion as to the question of the admissibility of confession evidence might be supported if the common law test of voluntariness was not a strict test of exclusion.

Podospora excentrica. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. W. Minter
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
South America ◽  
Atlantic Ocean ◽  
Geographical Distribution ◽  
Western Australia ◽  
New South ◽  
Conservation Status ◽  
New South Wales ◽  
South Australia ◽  
South Wales

Abstract A description is provided for Podospora excentrica. Some information on its associated organisms and substrata, dispersal and transmission, habitats and conservation status is given, along with details of its geographical distribution (South America (Venezuela), Atlantic Ocean (Portugal (Madeira)), Australasia (Australia (New South Wales, South Australia, Victoria, Western Australia)), New Zealand, Europe (Belgium, Denmark, Germany, Ireland, Italy, Netherlands, Spain, Sweden, UK)).

scholarly journals Strategies for control of the redlegged earth mite in Australia

2008 ◽  
Vol 48 (12) ◽  
pp. 1506 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. J. Ridsdill-Smith ◽  
A. A. Hoffmann ◽  
G. P. Mangano ◽  
J. M. Gower ◽  
C. C. Pavri ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Control Strategies ◽  
Field Trials ◽  
Effective Control ◽  
Synthetic Pyrethroids ◽  
Halotydeus Destructor ◽  
Mite Control ◽  
Redlegged Earth Mite ◽  
Single Well ◽  
Plant Seedlings ◽  
Control Package

The redlegged earth mite, Halotydeus destructor, continues to be an intractable pest causing damage to most crop and pasture species in southern Australia. H. destructor feed on all stages of plants, but particularly damage seedlings in autumn. Research has aimed to develop new controls based on a better understanding of the biology and ecology of this pest. Chemicals remain the key tool to control H. destructor, despite the recent appearance of resistance to synthetic pyrethroids. A control package, Timerite, has been developed by which a single well-timed spray in spring can prevent H. destructor from developing diapause eggs. Field trials show this strategy provides effective control of H. destructor the following autumn, and protects plant seedlings, although mite populations build up again during winter. Non-chemical control strategies include grazing, the use of tolerant plants such as cereals, resistant legume cultivars and avoiding rotations where favourable host plants are available in the year before growing susceptible crops such as canola. Natural enemies can assist in mite control, and their numbers can be enhanced by methods including increasing landscape features like shelterbelts. Interspecific competition can occur between H. destructor and other pest mites, but the extent to which these interactions influence the structure of pest communities under different management regimes remains to be investigated.

Phytoplasma australiense. [Distribution map].

2001 ◽  
Author(s):  
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
Geographical Distribution ◽  
Western Australia ◽  
Carica Papaya ◽  
New South ◽  
South Australia ◽  
Distribution Map ◽  
South Wales ◽  
New Distribution ◽  
Vitis Spp

Abstract A new distribution map is provided for Phytoplasma australiense [Candidatus] R.E. Davis et al. Bacteria: Phytoplasmas Hosts: Grapevine (Vitis spp.), pawpaw (Carica papaya) and Phormium tenax. Information is given on the geographical distribution in OCEANIA, Australia, New South Wales, Queensland, South Australia, Victoria, Western Australia, New Zealand.

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