Effect of elevated CO2 on Vigna radiata and two weed species: yield, physiology and crop–weed interaction

2018 ◽  
Vol 69 (6) ◽  
pp. 617 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jay Prakash Awasthi ◽  
Kamlesh Singh Paraste ◽  
Meenal Rathore ◽  
Mayank Varun ◽  
Disha Jaggi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Stomatal Conductance ◽  
Elevated Co2 ◽  
Vigna Radiata ◽  
Co2 Enrichment ◽  
Atmospheric Co2 ◽  
Green Gram ◽  
Weed Species ◽  
Test Species ◽  
Antioxidant Defence System ◽  
Species Specific

A field experiment was conducted in a free-air CO2 enrichment (FACE) facility to investigate the effect of elevated atmospheric CO2 on growth and physiology of green gram (Vigna radiata (L.) R.Wilczek) and associated weed species (Euphorbia geniculata Ortega and Commelina diffusa Burm.f.). Physiological and reproductive behaviour and interaction of the crop and two weed species under elevated CO2 was also studied. Plants were grown under ambient (390 ± 5 ppmv) and elevated (550 ± 50 ppmv) CO2. The results showed that growth, photosynthesis and carbonic anhydrase activity increased in all the test species. Stomatal conductance and transpiration decreased in V. radiata (5.1% and 30.5%, respectively) and C. diffusa (19% and 13.7%) but increased in E. geniculata (6.5% and 27.6%), suggesting a unique adaptive potential of E. geniculata at elevated CO2. Higher accumulation of reactive oxygen species (hydrogen peroxide and superoxide) was noticed at elevated CO2 in V. radiata than in E. geniculata and C. diffusa. Potential of E. geniculata to maintain redox homeostasis in its original state may provide an advantage over two other species in adaptation to climate change. Isoenzyme patterns of superoxide dismutase and stronger activity of antioxidant enzymes suggest species-specific differential regulation and induction of new isoforms under elevated CO2. Enrichment of atmospheric CO2 at a competitive density of weeds lowered the yield (12.12%) and quality of green gram seed, with diminished protein content (16.14% at ambient CO2 to 15.42% at elevated CO2) and enhanced carbohydrate content (3.11%). From the study, it may be concluded that a rise in atmospheric CO2 concentration affects plant performance in a species-specific manner. Among the three species, E. geniculata emerged as most responsive to elevated CO2, showing higher transpiration and stomatal conductance and a stronger antioxidant defence system in a higher CO2 atmosphere. At elevated CO2, weed–crop interaction altered in favour of weeds leading to considerable yield loss of green gram seed.

Canopy development and hydraulic function in Eucalyptus tereticornis grown in drought in CO2-enriched atmospheres

2007 ◽  
Vol 34 (12) ◽  
pp. 1137 ◽  
Author(s):  
Brian J. Atwell ◽  
Martin L. Henery ◽  
Gordon S. Rogers ◽  
Saman P. Seneweera ◽  
Marie Treadwell ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Elevated Co2 ◽  
Shoot Growth ◽  
Co2 Enrichment ◽  
Atmospheric Co2 ◽  
Shoot Biomass ◽  
Eucalyptus Tereticornis ◽  
Growth Responses ◽  
Ambient Conditions ◽  
Long Distance ◽  
Pipe Model

We report on the relationship between growth, partitioning of shoot biomass and hydraulic development of Eucalyptus tereticornis Sm. grown in glasshouses for six months. Close coordination of stem vascular capacity and shoot architecture is vital for survival of eucalypts, especially as developing trees are increasingly subjected to spasmodic droughts and rising atmospheric CO2 levels. Trees were exposed to constant soil moisture deficits in 45 L pots (30–50% below field capacity), while atmospheric CO2 was raised to 700 μL CO2 L–1 in matched glasshouses using a hierarchical, multi-factorial design. Enrichment with CO2 stimulated shoot growth rates for 12–15 weeks in well-watered trees but after six months of CO2 enrichment, shoot biomasses were not significantly heavier (30% stimulation) in ambient conditions. By contrast, constant drought arrested shoot growth after 20 weeks under ambient conditions, whereas elevated CO2 sustained growth in drought and ultimately doubled the shoot biomass relative to ambient conditions. These growth responses were achieved through an enhancement of lateral branching up to 8-fold due to CO2 enrichment. In spite of larger transpiring canopies, CO2 enrichment also improved the daytime water status of leaves of droughted trees. Stem xylem development was highly regulated, with vessels per unit area and cross sectional area of xylem vessels in stems correlated inversely across all treatments. Furthermore, vessel numbers related to the numbers of leaves on lateral branches, broadly supporting predictions arising from Pipe Model Theory that the area of conducting tissue should correlate with leaf area. Diminished water use of trees in drought coincided with a population of narrower xylem vessels, constraining hydraulic capacity of stems. Commensurate with the positive effects of elevated CO2 on growth, development and leaf water relations of droughted trees, the capacity for long-distance water transport also increased.

scholarly journals Differential suppression of rice weeds by allelopathic plant aqueous extracts

2013 ◽  
Vol 31 (1) ◽  
pp. 21-28 ◽  
Author(s):  
A Khaliq ◽  
A Matloob ◽  
M.B Khan ◽  
A Tanveer
Keyword(s):  
Seedling Growth ◽  
Weed Management ◽  
Biomass Accumulation ◽  
Cyperus Rotundus ◽  
Interactive Effects ◽  
Aqueous Extracts ◽  
Weed Species ◽  
Test Species ◽  
Chlorophyll Contents ◽  
Species Specific

Herbicidal potential of different plant aqueous extracts was evaluated against early seedling growth of rice weeds in pot studies. Plant aqueous extracts of sorghum (Sorghum bicolor), sunflower (Helianthus annuus), brassica (Brassica compestris), mulberry (Morris alba), eucalyptus (Eucalyptus camaldunensis), and winter cherry (Withania somnifera) at a spray volume of 18 L ha-1 each at the 2-4 leaf stage of rice weeds viz horse purslane (Trianthema portulacastrum) [broad-leaf], jungle rice (Echinochloa colona), and E. crus-galli (barnyard grass) [grasses] and purple nut sedge (Cyperus rotundus) and rice flat sedge (C. iria) [sedges]. The results showed significant interactive effects between plant aqueous extracts and the tested weed species for seedling growth attributes depicting that allelopathic inhibition was species-specific. Shoot and root length, lateral plant spread, biomass accumulation, and leaf chlorophyll contents in test species were all reduced by different extracts. The study suggested the suppressive potential of allelopathic plant aqueous extracts against rice weeds, and offered promise for their usefulness as a tool for weed management under field conditions.

scholarly journals Growth Efficiency of Greengram (Vigna radiata L. Wilczek) Under Elevated Carbondioxide Condition

2020 ◽  
pp. 58-73
Author(s):  
Tarique Aziz ◽  
Ranjan Das ◽  
Sangita Das
Keyword(s):  
Elevated Co2 ◽  
Growth Parameters ◽  
Genotypic Variation ◽  
Co2 Concentration ◽  
Atmospheric Co2 ◽  
Green Gram ◽  
C3 Plants ◽  
Nodule Formation ◽  
Total Biomass ◽  
Agricultural Crop

The CO2 concentration in the atmosphere is rising and anticipated to be doubled by the end of the current century. Agricultural crop production is one of the key sectors that might be affected by rising atmospheric CO2 through its effect on photosynthetic rates and thus productivity. It was reported that C3 plants respond to elevated CO2 by modification of morpho-physiological traits. The crop selected for the present study was Green gram (Vigna radiate L. Wilczek). Though it is an important crop, the availability of pulses has declined. So, a study of the plant responses to high atmospheric CO2 is important since it regulates productivity and quality. Moreover information about genotypic variation of crops under elevated CO2 is lacking in legumes. The general aim of the study is test whether Green gram can adapt to such a change and to explore mechanisms underlining the adaptive response. Six genotypes of green gram used in the study were SML1827, SML832, SML1831, PM1533, Pusa M-19-31, and Pant M-5. Three different levels of CO2 concentration namely 390ppm, 600 ppm and 750ppm under open top chambers along with an ambient concentration were maintained to assess the response of growth, physiological and yield parameters. The purpose of Open Top Chamber was to study the response of plants in high CO2 environment with precise control and regulation of desired CO2, temperature and humidity. The results obtained for this experiment showed that elevated CO2 has a positive effect on crop growth and development. Results indicated that 600ppm CO2 enhanced some growth parameters viz. leaf area, number of branches per plant, number of effective root nodules and total biomass of plant which ultimately influenced the yield. Under 750 ppm CO2, An opposite trend was recorded where yield was significantly reduced. Genotypes like Pant M-5, Pusa M-19-31 could be considered as better genotypes when grown under elevated levels of CO2 as they have better N acquisition capability because of greater nodule formation in addition to biomass accumulation. Therefore, such genotypes may be utilized as future breeding materials for adaptation to the changed climatic condition.

scholarly journals Ecosystem feedbacks from subarctic wetlands: vegetative and atmospheric CO<sub>2</sub> controls on greenhouse gas emissions

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Matthew J. Bridgman ◽  
Barry H. Lomax ◽  
Sofie Sjogersten
Keyword(s):  
Greenhouse Gas Emissions ◽  
Greenhouse Gas ◽  
Elevated Co2 ◽  
Atmospheric Co2 ◽  
Carbon Substrate ◽  
Total Biomass ◽  
Growth Responses ◽  
Gas Emissions ◽  
Ch4 Emissions ◽  
Species Specific

Abstract. Wetland vegetation provide strong controls on greenhouse gas fluxes but impacts of elevated atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2) levels on greenhouse gas emissions from wetlands are poorly understood. This study aims to investigate if elevated atmospheric CO2 enhance methane (CH4) emissions from subarctic wetlands and to determine if responses are comparable or species specific within the Cyperaceae, an important group of artic wetland plants. To achieve this we carried out a combined field and laboratory investigation to measure of CO2 and CH4 fluxes. The wetland was a CH4 source with comparable fluxes from areas with and without vegetation and across the different sedge communities. In contrast, the net ecosystem exchange of CO2 differed with sedge species. Within the laboratory experiment plants grown at double ambient (800 ppm) CO2, total biomass of Eriophorum vaginatum and Carex brunnescens increased, whereas the total biomass of E. angustifolium and C. acuta decreased, compared to the control (400 ppm CO2). These changes in biomass were associated with corresponding changes in CH4 flux. E. vaginatum and C. brunnescens mesocosms produced more CH4 when grown in 800 ppm atmospheric CO2 when compared to 400 ppm CO2 with E. angustifolium and C. acuta producing less. Additionally, redox potential and carbon substrate availability in the pore water differed among the plant treatments and in response to the elevated CO2 treatment. Together, this suggests species specific controls of CH4 emissions in response to elevated CO2, which facilitate differential plant growth responses and modification of the rhizosphere environments. Our study highlights species composition as an important control of greenhouse gas feedbacks in a CO2 rich future, which need to be considered in models aiming to predict how ecosystems respond to climate change.

scholarly journals Why is plant-growth response to elevated CO2 amplified when water is limiting, but reduced when nitrogen is limiting? A growth-optimisation hypothesis

2008 ◽  
Vol 35 (6) ◽  
pp. 521 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ross E. McMurtrie ◽  
Richard J. Norby ◽  
Belinda E. Medlyn ◽  
Roderick C. Dewar ◽  
David A. Pepper ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Stomatal Conductance ◽  
Elevated Co2 ◽  
Nitrogen Limitation ◽  
Growth Response ◽  
Nitrogen Concentration ◽  
N Uptake ◽  
Co2 Enrichment ◽  
Area Index ◽  
Oak Ridge ◽  
Leaf N

Experimental evidence indicates that the stomatal conductance and nitrogen concentration ([N]) of foliage decline under CO2 enrichment, and that the percentage growth response to elevated CO2 is amplified under water limitation, but reduced under nitrogen limitation. We advance simple explanations for these responses based on an optimisation hypothesis applied to a simple model of the annual carbon–nitrogen–water economy of trees growing at a CO2-enrichment experiment at Oak Ridge, Tennessee, USA. The model is shown to have an optimum for leaf [N], stomatal conductance and leaf area index (LAI), where annual plant productivity is maximised. The optimisation is represented in terms of a trade-off between LAI and stomatal conductance, constrained by water supply, and between LAI and leaf [N], constrained by N supply. At elevated CO2 the optimum shifts to reduced stomatal conductance and leaf [N] and enhanced LAI. The model is applied to years with contrasting rainfall and N uptake. The predicted growth response to elevated CO2 is greatest in a dry, high-N year and is reduced in a wet, low-N year. The underlying physiological explanation for this contrast in the effects of water versus nitrogen limitation is that leaf photosynthesis is more sensitive to CO2 concentration ([CO2]) at lower stomatal conductance and is less sensitive to [CO2] at lower leaf [N].

scholarly journals Soybean-BioCro: A semi-mechanistic model of soybean growth

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Megan L Matthews ◽  
Amy Marshall-Colón ◽  
Justin M McGrath ◽  
Edward B Lochocki ◽  
Stephen P Long
Keyword(s):  
Elevated Co2 ◽  
Mechanistic Model ◽  
Co2 Enrichment ◽  
Field Measurements ◽  
Atmospheric Co2 ◽  
Growth And Yield ◽  
Elevated Atmospheric Co2 ◽  
Crop Models ◽  
Growing Seasons ◽  
Or Gene

Abstract Soybean is a major global source of protein and oil. Understanding how soybean crops will respond to the changing climate and identifying the responsible molecular machinery, are important for facilitating bioengineering and breeding to meet the growing global food demand. The BioCro family of crop models are semi-mechanistic models scaling from biochemistry to whole crop growth and yield. BioCro was previously parameterized and proved effective for the biomass crops miscanthus, coppice willow, and Brazilian sugarcane. Here, we present Soybean-BioCro, the first food crop to be parameterized for BioCro. Two new module sets were incorporated into the BioCro framework describing the rate of soybean development and carbon partitioning and senescence. The model was parameterized using field measurements collected over the 2002 and 2005 growing seasons at the open air [CO2] enrichment (SoyFACE) facility under ambient atmospheric [CO2]. We demonstrate that Soybean-BioCro successfully predicted how elevated [CO2] impacted field-grown soybean growth without a need for re-parameterization, by predicting soybean growth under elevated atmospheric [CO2] during the 2002 and 2005 growing seasons, and under both ambient and elevated [CO2] for the 2004 and 2006 growing seasons. Soybean-BioCro provides a useful foundational framework for incorporating additional primary and secondary metabolic processes or gene regulatory mechanisms that can further aid our understanding of how future soybean growth will be impacted by climate change.

scholarly journals ALLELOPATHIC INFLUENCE OF SOME WEED RESIDUES ON GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENTAL CHANGES OF GREEN GRAM (VIGNA RADIATA (L.) WILCZEK)

2017 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 173-177
Author(s):  
Kavitha D ◽  
Prabhakaran J ◽  
Arumugam K
Keyword(s):  
Vigna Radiata ◽  
Higher Plants ◽  
Growth Promotion ◽  
Growth Parameters ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Inhibitory Effect ◽  
Green Gram ◽  
Inhibitory Effects ◽  
Weed Species ◽  
The Individual

The term allelopathy refers to the detrimental effects of higher plants of one species (the donor) on the germination, growth, or development of another species (the recipient). In the present studyallelopathic influence of weed species, Echinochloa colona (L.) Link, (Poaceae), Cleome viscosa L. (Capparidaceae) and Ammania baccifera L. (Lythraceae) on green gram (Vigna radiata (L.) Wilczek were investigated. The individual and combined residues of three weeds wereincorporated to the soil at the quantities of 0,1,2,3 and 4% (w/w) in the plots and the germination, seedling growth dry weight of green gram were assessed. The results showed that all the concentrations of combined weed residues exhibited higher degree of inhibitory effects than the individual weed residues in all the parameters employed in the study except at 1% of C. dactylon, where insignificant growth promotion observed. The percentage of inhibitory effects of weedresidues increases with increasing the magnitude of the residues. The degree of reduction percentage of all the growth parameters was concentration dependent.Among the three weeds, A. baccifera had more retarding effects on the growth of green gram and the order of inhibitory effect of three weed was A.baccifera, C. viscosa and E. colona.

Effects of water availability, nitrogen supply and atmospheric CO2 concentrations on plant nitrogen natural abundance values

2006 ◽  
Vol 33 (3) ◽  
pp. 219 ◽  
Author(s):  
William D. Stock ◽  
John R. Evans
Keyword(s):  
Stomatal Conductance ◽  
Water Supply ◽  
Elevated Co2 ◽  
Water Availability ◽  
Atmospheric Co2 ◽  
Co2 Concentrations ◽  
Atmospheric Co2 Concentrations ◽  
Cape Gooseberry ◽  
Foliar Δ15n ◽  
Leaf N

The relative effects of soil N, water supply and elevated atmospheric CO2 on foliar δ15N values were examined. Phalaris arundinacea L. (Holdfast) and Physalis peruviana L. (Cape Gooseberry) were grown for 80 d with three water availability treatments, two atmospheric CO2 concentrations and four N supply rates. Elevated CO2 increased total plant biomass and N for each treatment and decreased allocation to roots, leaf N concentrations and stomatal conductance. Leaves had less negative leaf δ13C values under low water supply associated with decreased stomatal conductance and increased leaf N concentration, which decreased the ratio of intercellular to ambient CO2 concentration. The δ15N value of the supplied nitrate (4.15‰) was similar to the value for Phalaris leaves (4.11‰), but Cape Gooseberry leaves were enriched (6.52‰). The effects of elevated CO2 on leaf δ15N values were small, with Phalaris showing no significant change, while Cape Gooseberry showed a significant (P < 0.05) decline of 0.42 ‰. Variation in δ15N values was unrelated to stomatal conductance, transpiration, differential use of N forms or denitrification. Plants with low foliar N concentrations tended to be depleted in 15N. We suggest that changes in N allocation alter foliar δ15N values under different CO2 and water treatments.

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