Canola, narrow-leafed lupin and wheat differ in growth response to low–moderate sodium on a potassium-deficient sandy soil

2016 ◽  
Vol 67 (11) ◽  
pp. 1168 ◽  
Author(s):  
Qifu Ma ◽  
Richard Bell
Keyword(s):  
Seed Yield ◽  
Triticum Aestivum L ◽  
Interactive Effects ◽  
Growth And Yield ◽  
Brassica Napus L ◽  
High K ◽  
K Deficiency ◽  
Salt Affected Soils ◽  
K Concentration ◽  
Low K

Although soil salinity and potassium (K) deficiency are widespread in agricultural lands, there is a paucity of knowledge about the interactive effects of sodium (Na) and K on the growth and yield of major grain crops. In pot experiments, we examined salt tolerance of canola (Brassica napus L.), narrow-leafed lupin (Lupinus angustifolius L.) and wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), and crop K requirement under Na supply ranging from low to high. Plant growth and seed yield of all three crops were lower at 40 mg K/kg than at 100 mg K/kg soil. Although 100 mg Na/kg (4 dS/m in soil solution) had little effect on canola cv. Boomer and wheat cv. Wyalkatchem, the salt-treated narrow-leafed lupin cv. Mandelup died at 47 days after sowing, regardless of amount of soil K. In low-K soils, canola with 100 mg Na/kg and wheat with 50 mg Na/kg did not show K-deficiency symptoms and produced greater seed yield than plants with nil Na addition. At 100 mg K/kg, Na-induced reduction in growth and yield occurred only to plants with 200 mg Na/kg. However, at 160 mg K/kg, 200 mg Na/kg did not have an adverse effect. In canola and wheat, shoot K concentration increased and shoot Na concentration decreased with increasing amount of soil K; however, high soil K did not reduce shoot Na concentration in narrow-leafed lupin. The study showed that narrow-leafed lupin was very susceptible to salinity, whereas canola and wheat plants were relatively salt-tolerant. The stimulation of growth and yield in canola and wheat by low–moderate Na in low-K soils suggests partial K substitution by Na, and that adaptation of canola and wheat to salt-affected soils can be enhanced by high K supply.

Comparing the potassium requirements of canola and wheat

2007 ◽  
Vol 58 (4) ◽  
pp. 359 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. F. Brennan ◽  
M. D. A. Bolland
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Critical Concentration ◽  
Maximum Yield ◽  
Triticum Aestivum L ◽  
Limited Data ◽  
Brassica Napus L ◽  
Wheat Roots ◽  
K Deficiency ◽  
K Concentration ◽  
Yield Responses

Most sandy soils used for cropping in south-western Australia are now deficient in potassium (K) due to removal of K from soil in hay and grain, and profitable grain yield responses to applied fertiliser K are commonly obtained for spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and canola (oilseed rape, Brassica napus L.). However, there are only limited data comparing the K requirements of these 2 species in the region. In a glasshouse experiment we compared the K requirements of wheat (cv. Westonia), conventional canola cv. Outback (cultivars of canola not produced by classical breeding techniques to be tolerant of specific herbicides), triazine-tolerant (TT) canola cvv. Pinnacle and Surpass 501, and imidazolinone-tolerant (IT) canola cv. Surpass 603. The following measures were used: yield of 54-day-old dried shoots and seed (grain) without added K, applied K required to produce 90% of the maximum yield of shoots and grain, K required to attain a K concentration in shoots of 30 g/kg, and K required to achieve a K content in shoots (K concentration multiplied by yield) of 40 mg/pot. We also determined for each species and cultivar the concentration of K in dried shoots that was related to 90% of the maximum grain yield, to estimate critical concentration in shoots below which K deficiency was likely to reduce grain production. All 4 canola cultivars produced similar results. Both canola and wheat produced negligible shoot yields and no grain when no K was applied. For each species and cultivar the amount of applied K required to produce 90% of the maximum yield was similar for shoots and grain, and was ~121 mg K/pot for the 4 canola cultivars and 102 mg K/pot for wheat, so ~19% more K was required for canola than for wheat. For each amount of K applied, the concentration of K in shoots was greater for canola than for wheat. The amount of applied K required to attain a K concentration of 30 g K/kg in shoots was ~96 mg K/pot for canola and 142 mg K/pot for wheat, so ~48% more K was required by wheat than by canola. The amount of K applied required to achieve a K content of 40 mg K/pot in shoots was ~46 mg K/pot for canola and 53 mg K/pot for wheat, so ~13% more applied K was required by wheat than by canola. The data suggest that canola roots were better able to obtain K from soil than wheat roots, but wheat used the K taken up more effectively than canola to produce shoots and grain. The concentration of K in dried shoots of 54-day-old plants that was related to 90% of the maximum dried shoot yield or grain was ~32 g/kg for canola and ~23 g/kg for wheat.

scholarly journals THE EFFECT OF ENVIRONMENTAL POTASSIUM AND CALCIUM CONCENTRATIONS ON THE RECOVERY OF THE ACTION POTENTIAL AND RELATED FUNCTIONS OF NERVE

1947 ◽  
Vol 30 (6) ◽  
pp. 493-517 ◽  
Author(s):  
Helen Tredway Graham ◽  
H. A. Blair
Keyword(s):  
Critical Level ◽  
Specific Effect ◽  
The Other ◽  
Level Control ◽  
Definite Effect ◽  
High K ◽  
Low Levels ◽  
K Concentration ◽  
Low K ◽  
Frog Sciatic Nerve

1. When the Ringer's solution applied to isolated frog sciatic nerve contains K+ in concentrations greater than 2 x standard, the height of the spike and of the after-potential is decreased, as is the duration of the after-potential; recovery of height and of excitability following response is delayed; degree and duration of supernormal excitability are decreased; postcathodal depression and postanodal enhancement are increased and prolonged. 2. The nerve functions just listed in general all change in the opposite direction when exposed' to increased environmental [Ca++]. (4.5–20 x standard) or decreased [K+] (0.05–0.2 x standard). The effects of decreased [Ca++] (0.20–0.25 x standard) are indeterminate. 3. When [K+] and [Ca++] are both greater than 2 x standard, whatever the ratio between the concentrations the effects characteristic of high [K+] eventually predominate. However, these effects, except for those involving spike height, are preceded by effects characteristic of high [Ca++] when this cation is present in sufficient excess. 4. When [K+] and [Ca++] are reduced to equal low levels (0.1–0.2 x standard), effects characteristic of low [K+] and high [Ca++] are obtained. 5. The experimentally determined order of ability of the environments to produce changes characteristic of high K+ (which is the reverse of the order of their ability to produce changes characteristic of high [Ca++]), is not the order of their K+ or Ca++ concentrations, nor of the ratio between these concentrations (Table II). 6. The results may be explained by the assumption that the functions investigated are all to greater or less degree controlled by (1) the [K+]/[Ca++] ratio and (2) the K+ concentration, at least when this exceeds a critical level. Control by [K+] is more effective for spike height and its recovery after stimulation than for the other functions. The special rôle of K+ is attributed to an unknown specific effect of this ion which Ca++ is unable to oppose. It is suggested that this K+ effect in general becomes marked on the frog nerve functions investigated when the K+ concentration is somewhat above 2 x standard, while the [K+]/[Ca++] ratio must be changed by a factor of 4 or more before it exerts a definite effect on these functions. 7. In standard and in modified cationic environments, nerve functions vary in the ease with which they manifest changes characteristic of high [K+] or of high [Ca++]. 8. The after-potential functions are less completely controlled by the cationic environment than are the other functions investigated.

Solute is imported to elongating root cells of barley as a pressure driven-flow of solution

2004 ◽  
Vol 31 (4) ◽  
pp. 391 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nick Gould ◽  
Michael R. Thorpe ◽  
Peter E. H. Minchin ◽  
Jeremy Pritchard ◽  
Philip J. White
Keyword(s):  
Hydrostatic Pressure ◽  
Pressure Difference ◽  
Root Elongation ◽  
Root Cell ◽  
Root Cells ◽  
High K ◽  
K Concentration ◽  
Pressure Driven Flow ◽  
Low K ◽  
Pressure Driven

This work relates solute import to elongating root cells in barley to the water relations of the symplastic pathway under conditions of varied plant K+ status. K+ is a major constituent of phloem sieve element (SE) sap, and as an osmoticum, it is believed to have a role in maintaining SE hydrostatic pressure and thus sap flow from source to sink tissue. The hypothesis that the solute import to elongating root cells is linked to pressure driven flow from the sieve tube is examined.Plants were grown in solutions containing either 0.05 mM (low K) or 2.05 mM (high K) K+ concentration. Solute import to the root elongation zone was estimated from biomass accumulation over time accounting for respiration and root elongation rate. SE sap K+ concentration was measured using X-ray microanalyses and osmotic pressure by picolitre osmometry. SE hydrostatic pressure was measured directly with a pressure probe glued onto an excised aphid stylet. Elongating root cell hydrostatic pressure was measured using a cell pressure probe.The low-K plants had lower SE K+ concentration and SE hydrostatic pressure compared to the high-K plants, but the elongating root cell hydrostatic pressure was similar in both treatments, thus the pressure difference between the SE and elongating root cells was less in the low-K plants compared to the high-K plants.The solute import rate to elongating root cells was lower in the low K plants and the reduction could be accounted for as a pressure driven solute flux, with a reduction both in the pressure difference between root sieve elements and elongating cells, and in the sap concentration.

scholarly journals Plant low-K responses are partly due to Ca and the low-K biomarker putrescine does not protect from Ca side effects but acts as a metabolic regulator

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jing Cui ◽  
Marlene Davanture ◽  
Emmanuelle Lamade ◽  
Michel Zivy ◽  
Guillaume Tcherkez
Keyword(s):  
Primary Metabolism ◽  
Proteomics Analysis ◽  
High K ◽  
N Assimilation ◽  
K Deficiency ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Low K ◽  
K Response ◽  
K Fertilization ◽  
Made In

Effects of K deficiency have been investigated for several decades and recently, progress has been made in identifying metabolomics signatures thereby offering potential to monitor the K status of crops in the field. However, effects of low K conditions could also be due to the antagonism with other nutrients like calcium (Ca) and the well-known biomarker of K deficiency, putrescine, could be a response to Ca/K imbalance rather than K deficiency. We carried out experiments in sunflower grown at either low or high K, at high or low Ca, with or without putrescine added to the nutrient solution. Using metabolomics and proteomics analysis, we show that a significant part of the low-K response such as lower photosynthesis and N assimilation, is due to calcium and can be suppressed by low Ca conditions. Putrescine addition tends to restore photosynthesis and N assimilation but but aggravates the impact of low-K conditions on catabolism. We conclude that (i) effects of K deficiency can be partly alleviated by the use of low Ca and not only by K fertilization, and (ii) in addition to its role as a metabolite, putrescine participates in the regulation of the content in enzymes involved in carbon primary metabolism.

Differential regulation of CHIF mRNA by potassium intake and aldosterone

1997 ◽  
Vol 272 (5) ◽  
pp. F617-F623 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. Wald ◽  
M. M. Popovtzer ◽  
H. Garty
Keyword(s):  
Xenopus Oocytes ◽  
Transmembrane Protein ◽  
Distal Colon ◽  
Differential Regulation ◽  
Aldosterone Level ◽  
Potassium Intake ◽  
High K ◽  
K Deficiency ◽  
Low K ◽  
Intact Rats

The channel-inducing factor (CHIF) is an epithelial-specific transmembrane protein, which is induced by aldosterone in distal colon (but not in kidney) and can evoke K+ conductance in Xenopus oocytes. The current study examined the possibility that CHIF participates in maintaining K+ balance by assessing its regulation during variations in K+ intake. In adrenal-intact rats, high-K+ diet stimulated, whereas K+ deficiency downregulated, CHIF mRNA both in kidney and colon. The downregulation of CHIF observed in rats fed a low-K+ diet for different periods of time closely correlated with a decrease in plasma K+ but also with changes in aldosterone levels. To differentiate between the two, modulation of CHIF has been studied in adrenalectomized rats with and without corticosteroid supplementation. These experiments have demonstrated that a low-K+ intake suppresses CHIF mRNA, irrespective of aldosterone level. On the other hand, the upregulation evoked by a high-K+ load is apparent only in adrenal-intact rats. This is despite the fact that infusing rats with aldosterone and corticosterone does not increase the expression of this mRNA in kidney. These findings may suggest a role for CHIF in preserving K+ balance.

Distribution of Na and K in various regions of isolated rabbit atria

1960 ◽  
Vol 198 (6) ◽  
pp. 1223-1224 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. C. Holland
Keyword(s):  
Left Atrium ◽  
Active Transport ◽  
Right Atrium ◽  
Transport Mechanisms ◽  
High K ◽  
K Concentration ◽  
Low K ◽  
Atrial Cell ◽  
Rabbit Atria

The effects of varying the extracellular K concentration (K0), ouabain (10–6 m) and acetylcholine (10–5 m) on the Na and K content of the pacemaker region, right atrium, and left atrium have been investigated. The Na content is higher, and K content lower in pacemaker, as compared to atria. Increased K0 elevated K in atria, but had no effect on nodal K. Ouabain caused a net loss of K from atria, but had no effect on pacemaker K. At low K0 acetylcholine reduced K in all regions, while at high K0 this agent increased atrial cell K. It is concluded that ‘active transport’ mechanisms are absent or reduced in pacemaker tissue.

scholarly journals Interactive Effects of Elevated Ozone and Temperature on Growth and Yield of Soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.) under Field Conditions

Agronomy ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (11) ◽  
pp. 1803
Author(s):  
Kent Burkey ◽  
Ripley Tisdale ◽  
Richard Zobel ◽  
Samuel Ray ◽  
Walter Pursley
Keyword(s):  
Glycine Max ◽  
Seed Yield ◽  
Interactive Effects ◽  
Growth And Yield ◽  
Ozone Treatment ◽  
Exposure System ◽  
Elevated Ozone ◽  
Glycine Max L ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Yield Responses

Elevated ozone and rising temperature are both factors in climate change, but they are difficult to study in combination due to exposure system requirements. We developed and deployed an air exclusion exposure system to treat soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.) cultivar “Jake” with season-long combinations of sub-ambient ozone (18 ppb, 12 h mean), elevated ozone (66 ppb, 12 h mean), and elevated temperature (+3.5 °C daytime, +2.4 °C nighttime) in irrigated field plots. Warming caused a shift in biomass partitioning from reproductive tissues into stems and petioles at mid-season that resulted in a significant 25% reduction in final seed yield and a significant reduction in harvest index. The elevated ozone treatment delayed mid-season biomass production, and final seed yield was reduced by a non-significant 2%. However, there were significant underlying effects of elevated ozone on seed production. The non-significant impact of ozone on seed yield of cultivar “Jake” resulted from significant increases in pod number (+16%) and seed number (+18%) that were offset by a significant reduction in seed size (−16%). No evidence of significant warming–ozone interactions was found in biomass or seed yield responses. In general, significant impacts of the individual warming or ozone treatments were found to be additive.

Stubble management and microclimate, yield and water use efficiency of canola grown in the semiarid Canadian prairie

2006 ◽  
Vol 86 (1) ◽  
pp. 99-107 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. W. Cutforth ◽  
S. V. Angadi ◽  
B. G. McConkey
Keyword(s):  
Water Use Efficiency ◽  
Water Use ◽  
Seed Yield ◽  
Management Practices ◽  
Soil Surface ◽  
Triticum Aestivum L ◽  
Application Rate ◽  
Brassica Napus L ◽  
Canadian Prairie ◽  
Use Efficiency

Standing stubble traps snow and creates a favorable microclimate, which increases yields in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and pulses [chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.), field pea (Pisum sativum L.) and lentil (Lens culinaris L.)]. Generally, the taller the stubble the greater is the effect on microclimate and yield. A field study using farm-scale seeding and harvesting equipment was conducted over four seasons (1999 to 2002) to assess the effect of stubble management on the microclimate, water use and seed yield of argentine canola (Brassica napus L. ‘Arrow’) in the semiarid prairie surrounding Swift Current. Tall (30 cm), short (15 cm) and cultivated stubble treatments were deployed in fall and in spring. An additional tall stubble treatment with extra fertilizer N (application rate recommended for the Black soil zone in the subhumid prairie) was included to assess the role of fertilizer in canola response to stubble management practices. The differences in wind velocity, soil temperature and solar radiation reaching the soil surface indicated significant modification of the microclimate by tall compared with cultivated stubble. Yields were highest from the tall stubble receiving extra fertilizer. Further research is needed to determine optimum fertilizer rates to maximize canola yields in the semiarid prairie. For treatments receiving equivalent rates of fertilizer, tall stubble increased seed yield of canola by about 24% and water use efficiency (WUE) by about 19% compared with stubble cultivated in the fall. Comparing between stubble treatments deployed on fields that overwintered as tall stubble and which received equivalent rates of fertilizer, tall stubble increased canola yield by about 16% and WUE by about 11% compared with cultivated stubble. Crop water use was not affected by stubble management so the increased grain production was due to increased WUE. Key words: Stubble height, microclimate, canola, yield, water use efficiency

The effect of drilling date on the growth and yield of oil-seed rape (Brassica napus L.)

1987 ◽  
Vol 108 (1) ◽  
pp. 195-200 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. J. W. Lutman ◽  
Fiona L. Dixon
Keyword(s):  
Brassica Napus ◽  
Seed Yield ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Early Summer ◽  
Growth And Yield ◽  
Practical Significance ◽  
Brassica Napus L ◽  
Oil Seed ◽  
Oil Seed Rape ◽  
Autumn And Winter

SummaryThe effects of drilling date (18 August–22 September) on the growth and yield of oil-seed rape (Brassica napus) was studied in a series of five experiments over three seasons. Autumn and winter growth of the crop, as measured by dry weight of tops and leaf area, was severely reduced by delayed drilling, especially if it was later than 10 September. However, during the spring and early summer the differences in crop weight due to drilling date declined and in four of the five experiments there were no detectable differences in seed yield between early- and late-sown crops. The yield decline in the fifth trial was small. Measurements of components of yield showed that later-sown crops had fewer pods per plant and slightly smaller seeds but apparently more seeds per pod. The practical significance and reasons for the recovery of late drilled crops from early poorer growth are discussed.

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