Lucerne yield, water productivity and persistence under variable and restricted irrigation strategies

2016 ◽  
Vol 67 (5) ◽  
pp. 563 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. E. Rogers ◽  
A. R. Lawson ◽  
K. B. Kelly
Keyword(s):  
Water Supply ◽  
Deficit Irrigation ◽  
Plant Density ◽  
Water Productivity ◽  
Irrigation Management ◽  
Full Irrigation ◽  
Irrigation Regime ◽  
Total Water ◽  
Forage Species ◽  
Irrigation Treatments

Lucerne (Medicago sativa L.) has the potential to be grown widely under water-limiting conditions in the dairy region of northern Victoria and southern New South Wales, Australia, possibly because of its greater water productivity and because irrigation management of lucerne can be more flexible compared with other forage species. A large-scale field experiment was conducted at Tatura in northern Victoria, over 5 years to determine the effects of limiting (deficit) and non-limiting irrigation management on the dry matter (DM) production, water productivity (irrigation and total water productivity) and stand density (or persistence) of lucerne. Nine irrigation treatments were imposed that included full irrigation, partial irrigation and no irrigation in either a single, or over consecutive, irrigation seasons. In the fifth year of the experiment, all plots received the full irrigation treatment to examine plant recovery from the previous irrigation treatments. In any one year, there was a linear relationship between DM production and total water supply (irrigation plus rainfall plus changes in soil water) such that DM production decreased as the total water supply – due to deficit irrigation – decreased. Over the 5 years, annual DM production ranged from 1.4 to 17.7 t DM ha–1 with the highest production occurring in plots that received full irrigation. Irrigation water productivity was inversely related to the amount of water used and was higher in the treatments that had only been partially irrigated for that year compared with the treatments that had been fully watered for that year. Total water productivity values were significantly lower only in the treatments that had not been irrigated for that year, and there was little difference between the treatments that were only partially watered during the year and the fully watered treatments (range 9.1–12.2 kg DM ha–1 mm–1 for Year 4). There was no significant reduction in plant density or plant persistence in those plots where deficit irrigation had been imposed. However, the high irrigation regime and poor drainage in the fully irrigated border-check plots significantly reduced plant density and allowed weed infestation in the fifth year of the experiment. These results suggest that, although lucerne DM production is directly related to total water use and may be significantly reduced in the irrigation regions of south-eastern Australia in seasons when water is restricted, the lucerne stand is able to fully recover once a full irrigation regime is resumed. This makes lucerne an ideal forage species for situations when water is limiting.

scholarly journals Deficit Irrigation Strategies for the Western U.S.

2020 ◽  
Vol 63 (6) ◽  
pp. 1813-1825
Author(s):  
Thomas J. Trout ◽  
Terry A. Howell ◽  
Marshall J. English ◽  
Derrel L. Martin
Keyword(s):  
Water Supply ◽  
Irrigation Water ◽  
Water Allocation ◽  
Deficit Irrigation ◽  
Water Productivity ◽  
Irrigation Management ◽  
Production Costs ◽  
List Type ◽  
Net Income ◽  
Water Supplies

HighlightsDeficit irrigation may maximize net income when irrigation water supplies are limited or expensive.Water production functions are used with economic parameters to maximize net income with deficit irrigation.Net income may be insensitive to the amount of deficit irrigation if production costs are appropriate for anticipated yield.Deficit irrigation increases risk.Abstract. Competition for, regulation of, and depletion of water supplies in the western U.S. has resulted in reduced water available for irrigating crops. When the water supply is expensive or inadequate to meet full crop water requirements, deficit irrigation (DI) may maximize net income (NI) by reducing use of expensive water or irrigating more land with limited irrigation supplies. Managed DI entails rational planning and strategic water allocation to maximize NI when water supplies are constrained. Biophysical and economic relationships were used to develop NI models for DI and determine water allocation strategies that maximize NI under three types of water supply constraints. The analyses determined that potential benefits of DI are greatest when water is expensive, irrigation efficiency is low, the water supply is flexible, and rainfed production is not economically viable. When production costs are appropriate for anticipated yields, NI is less sensitive to DI planning decisions. Deficit irrigation will become more important as irrigation water supplies continue to decline in the future. Net income analysis can assist growers in making rational DI decisions. Keywords: Deficit irrigation, Economic analysis, Irrigation management, Net income, Optimization, Water productivity.

scholarly journals Simulating the Response of Red Bean Yield to Deficit Irrigation and Plant Densities by Applying the Rbean Model

2017 ◽  
Vol 11 (8) ◽  
pp. 19
Author(s):  
Maryam Asemanrafat ◽  
Tooraj Honar ◽  
AR Sepaskhah
Keyword(s):  
Deficit Irrigation ◽  
Plant Density ◽  
Crop Yields ◽  
Potential Evapotranspiration ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Water Productivity ◽  
Irrigation Management ◽  
Plant Densities ◽  
Bean Yield ◽  
Red Bean

The Rbean Model was simulated for deficit irrigation conditions and plant density by using experimental data collected over two consecutive years regarding the cultivation of red bean in the Badjgah region of Shiraz, Iran. A split plot arrangement was conducted in a complete randomized block design during two years. The foremost variable was four levels of irrigation including 60 (I4), 80 (I3), 100 (I2), and 120% (I1) of the potential evapotranspiration under surface irrigation. A second variable was the spacing of 5 cm (S1), 10 cm (S2) and 15 cm (S3) between the plants within each row, and the distance of 30 cm between the rows. The experiment layout was conducted in three replications. Results of the first and second growing seasons of red bean (phaseolus vulgaris L. cv. Akhtar) were used for the calibration and validation of the Rbean model, respectively. According to the NRMSE and the d value indices, the Rbean model presented a very good to fair estimation of actual evapotranspiration, soil water content, canopy cover, dry matter, crop yields and water productivity (WP). The advantage of this model is its simplicity and easy calibration in a range of climatic conditions for the cultivation of bean crop. The prediction of bean yield by this model can be used for a better irrigation management under different plant densities.

Biomass, fruit yield, water productivity and quality response of processing tomato to plant density and deficit irrigation under a semi-arid Mediterranean climate

2015 ◽  
Vol 66 (2) ◽  
pp. 224 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cristina Patanè ◽  
Alessandro Saita
Keyword(s):  
Deficit Irrigation ◽  
Plant Density ◽  
Water Productivity ◽  
Fruit Yield ◽  
Full Irrigation ◽  
Yield Losses ◽  
Processing Tomato ◽  
High Plant Density ◽  
Dry Biomass ◽  
Semi Arid

A 2-year study was conducted to examine the impact of deficit irrigation on dry biomass, water-use efficiency (WUE), fruit yield and quality in open-field processing tomato at high plant density in a semi-arid environment. Three irrigation treatments (nil; and 100% (full) and 50% (deficit) restoration of crop evapotranspiration (ETc), respectively) and two plant densities (2.5 (P1) and 5.0 (P2) plants m–2) were studied. Dry biomass and fruit yield per plant were lower in P2 than in P1, but at high plant density the crop compensated for biomass and yield decrease at the plant level. Fruit yield in P2 was greater than that in P1, by 36% in 2004 and 33% in 2005. Water limitation improved quality traits compared with full irrigation. Deficit irrigation, especially in P2, enhanced WUE and allowed a water saving of >45% relative to full irrigation, while keeping high levels of fruit quality. The yield response factor, Ky, which correlates relative fruit yield losses to relative ETc reduction, was higher (0.63) than Kss (0.44), which correlates relative total dry biomass losses to relative ETc reduction, revealing a greater crop sensitivity to soil-water deficit in terms of fruit yield than dry biomass. Therefore, Ky may of use in identifying the plant density at which water productivity is maximised or yield losses are minimised.

scholarly journals Maize Seedling Establishment, Grain Yield and Crop Water Productivity Response to Seed Priming and Irrigation Management in a Mediterranean Arid Environment

Agronomy ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 756
Author(s):  
AbdAllah M. El-Sanatawy ◽  
Ahmed S. M. El-Kholy ◽  
Mohamed M. A. Ali ◽  
Mohamed F. Awad ◽  
Elsayed Mansour
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Deficit Irrigation ◽  
Water Productivity ◽  
Irrigation Management ◽  
Seed Priming ◽  
Severe Drought ◽  
Arid Environments ◽  
Crop Water ◽  
Crop Water Productivity ◽  
Irrigation Regimes

Water shortage is a major environmental stress that destructively impacts maize production, particularly in arid regions. Therefore, improving irrigation management and increasing productivity per unit of water applied are needed, especially under the rising temperature and precipitation fluctuations induced by climate change. Laboratory and field trials were carried out in the present study, which were aimed at assessing the possibility of promoting maize germination, growth, grain yield and crop water productivity (CWP) using seed priming under different irrigation regimes. Two seed priming treatments, i.e., hydro-priming and hardening versus unprimed seeds, were applied under four irrigation regimes, i.e., 120, 100, 80 and 60% of estimated crop evapotranspiration (ETc). The obtained results indicated that increasing irrigation water from 100% up to 120% ETc did not significantly increase grain yield or contributing traits, while it decreased CWP. Deficit irrigation of 80 and 60% ETc gradually decreased grain yield and all attributed traits. Seed priming significantly ameliorated seedlings’ vigor as indicated by earlier germination, higher germination percentage, longer roots and shoots, and heavier fresh and dry weight than unprimed seeds with the superiority of hardening treatment. Additionally, under field conditions, seed priming significantly increased grain yield, yield contributing traits and CWP compared with unprimed treatment. Interestingly, the results reflect the role of seed priming, particularly hardening, in mitigating negative impacts of drought stress and enhancing maize growth, grain yield and attributed traits as well as CWP under deficit irrigation conditions. This was demonstrated by a significant increase in grain yield and CWP under moderate drought and severe drought conditions compared with unprimed treatment. These results highlight that efficient irrigation management and seed priming can increase maize yield and water productivity in arid environments.

scholarly journals Luxury transpiration of winter wheat and its responses to deficit irrigation in North China Plain

2018 ◽  
Vol 64 (No. 8) ◽  
pp. 361-366 ◽  
Author(s):  
Liang Yueping ◽  
Gao Yang ◽  
Wang Guangshuai ◽  
Si Zhuanyun ◽  
Shen Xiaojun ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Winter Wheat ◽  
Water Conservation ◽  
Deficit Irrigation ◽  
North China Plain ◽  
North China ◽  
Water Productivity ◽  
Experimental Period ◽  
Water Shortage ◽  
Full Irrigation ◽  
Daily Transpiration

Reducing crop luxury transpiration is an important step in improving water productivity; water shortage regions are potential hotspots for studying physiological water conservation. This study investigated the amount of luxury transpiration in winter wheat and its responses to different irrigation treatments in North China Plain. The results showed that luxury transpiration existed and increased with growth of winter wheat and after rainfall. In each sampling day, the amount of luxury transpiration under full irrigation was significantly higher than that under deficit irrigation. The average amount of luxury transpiration was 258.87 g/m<sup>2</sup> under full irrigation, and 125.18 g/m<sup>2</sup> under deficit irrigation during the experimental period. Although the amount of luxury transpiration was 2.09-fold higher under full irrigation than that in deficit irrigation, the water loss ratio due to luxury transpiration in deficit irrigation (8.13%) was significantly higher than that in full irrigation (6.75%). Furthermore, the ratio between luxury transpiration amount and crop daily transpiration was revealed in all sampling dates. Therefore, deficit irrigation should be generalized in the water shortage area, because it can save irrigation water and reduce the amount of luxury transpiration. Full irrigation should be carried out in the water abundant region mainly for higher production.

scholarly journals Yield Responses of a Mature Olive Orchard to Water Deficits

2003 ◽  
Vol 128 (3) ◽  
pp. 425-431 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alfonso Moriana ◽  
Francisco Orgaz ◽  
Miguel Pastor ◽  
Elias Fereres
Keyword(s):  
Deficit Irrigation ◽  
Irrigation Treatment ◽  
Oil Production ◽  
Yield Response ◽  
Stem Water Potential ◽  
Full Irrigation ◽  
Yield Data ◽  
Water Deficits ◽  
Irrigation Treatments ◽  
Yield Responses

Irrigation is one of the most important means of increasing olive oil production but little information exists on the responses of olive to variable water supply. Five different irrigation strategies, full irrigation, rain fed, and three deficit irrigation treatments were compared from 1996 to 1999, in Cordoba, southern Spain, to characterize the response of a mature olive (Olea europaea L. `Picual') orchard to irrigation. Crop evapotranspiration (ETc) varied from less than 500 mm in the rain fed to ≈900 mm under full irrigation. The deficit irrigation treatments had ETc values that ranged from 60% to 80% of full ETc depending on the year and treatment. Water relations, and oil content and trunk growth measurements allowed for the interpretation of yield responses to water deficits. In a deficit irrigation treatment that concentrated all its ETc deficit in the summer, stem water potential (Ψx) decreased to -7 MPa but recovered quickly in the fall, while in the treatment that applied the same ET deficit progressively, Ψx was never below -3.8 MPa. Minimum Ψx in the rain fed treatment reached -8 MPa. Yield (Y) responses as a function of ETc were calculated for biennial yield data, given the alternate bearing habit of the olive; the equation are: Y = -16.84 + 0.063 ET -0.035 × 10-3 ET2, and Y = -2.78 + 0.011 ET - 0.006 × 10-3 ET2, for fruit and oil production respectively, with responses to ET deficits being similar for sustained and regulated deficit irrigation. The yield response to a deficit treatment that was fully irrigated during the bearing year and rain fed in the nonbearing year, was less favorable than that observed in the other two deficit treatments.

scholarly journals Effect of cropping strategies on the irrigation water productivity of durum wheat

2012 ◽  
Vol 59 (No. 1) ◽  
pp. 29-36
Author(s):  
Khaledian MR ◽  
Mailhol JC ◽  
P. Ruelle ◽  
C. Dejean
Keyword(s):  
Durum Wheat ◽  
Irrigation Water ◽  
Harvest Index ◽  
Plant Density ◽  
Water Productivity ◽  
Irrigation Management ◽  
Sowing Date ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Climatic Series ◽  
Irrigation Water Productivity

The importance of irrigation for durum wheat is often questionable because of possible spring rainfalls in the south-east of France. The cropping strategies i.e. plant density (PD), sowing date and irrigation management were analysed for improving irrigation water productivity (IWP). An experiment was carried out to calibrate and validate the PILOTE model. An adaptation of the potential harvest index to PD was implemented in PILOTE. The latter satisfactorily simulates different model outputs with coefficients of efficiency greater than 0.97. The model was employed for simulating the impact of cropping strategies on IWP for a long climatic series. According to model simulations, the necessity of irrigation is questionable under our conditions. IWP was notably lower under high PD than under low PD for the same sowing date. Under low PD and without irrigation it would be possible to obtain yield similar to that obtained under high PD with irrigation.

scholarly journals Evaluation of FAOAqua Crop model for wheat under different irrigation regimes

2016 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 473-480 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Sarangi ◽  
K. K. Bandyopadhyay ◽  
A. Samal ◽  
A. Pathan
Keyword(s):  
Prediction Error ◽  
Deficit Irrigation ◽  
Biomass Yield ◽  
Water Productivity ◽  
Irrigation Treatment ◽  
Wheat Crop ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Irrigation Regimes ◽  
Aquacrop Model ◽  
Irrigation Treatments

The experiment was conducted at the research farm of the Water Technology Centre, IARI, New Delhi during rabi seasons of 2010-11and 2011-12. Irrigation treatments include irrigation applied at 50% deficit (W1) and 25 % deficit (W2) and full irrigation (W3) under recommended fertilization levels with split doses of N-fertilizer. Fullirrigation treatment was based on irrigations to meet the soil moisture deficit up to the field capacity (FC) level and deficit irrigation treatments of 25% and 50% were imposed with respect to the full irrigation.The model was calibrated with experiment generated data sets of rabi 2010-11 and validated using the data set of rabi 2011-12. It was observed that the validated model performed well for grain yield prediction with absolute prediction error of 2.9%, 0.91% and 7.85% for full, 25% deficit and 50% deficit irrigation levels, respectively. Also, for prediction of biomass yield the prediction error ranged from 11.81% to 28.96% for all three irrigation treatments. Moreover, the validated model was observed to predict the water productivity with absolute prediction errors of 43.57%, 13.87% and 12.8% for full, 25% deficit and 50% deficit irrigation treatment levels, respectively. Nonetheless, it was observed from this study that the AquaCrop model can be used to simulate the grain and biomass yield for wheat crop with acceptable accuracy under different irrigation regimes in a semi-arid enviroment.

scholarly journals Irrigation management techniques with anaerobic baffled reactor effluent: effect on rice growth, yield and water productivity

2019 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 88-100 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. I. Busari ◽  
A. Senzanje ◽  
A. O. Odindo ◽  
C. A. Buckley
Keyword(s):  
Block Design ◽  
Water Productivity ◽  
Irrigation Management ◽  
Growth Yield ◽  
Growth And Yield ◽  
Irrigation Amount ◽  
Area Index ◽  
Anaerobic Baffled Reactor ◽  
Management Techniques ◽  
Irrigation Treatments

Abstract The study evaluated the effect of irrigation management techniques using anaerobic baffled reactor (ABR) effluent on the growth and yield of rice. It was hypothesized that irrigation techniques with ABR effluent have a significant effect on the growth, yield of rice, water productivity (WP) and water balance (WB). The experimental setup was a randomized complete block design for 2017 and 2018 cropping seasons, three treatments each with three replications. The treatments were alternating wetting and drying (AWD), continuous flooding irrigation (CFI) and wetting without flooding (WWF). The effect of irrigation management techniques was significant (P &lt; 0.05) for the 2017 season but insignificant (P &gt; 0.05) in 2018 on the yield. The effect of irrigation treatments on WP was significant (P &lt; 0.05). The effects were not significant (P &gt; 0.05) on the plant height, leave area index (LAI) and number of tillers per plant. However, the effect was significant (P &lt; 0.05) on the number of panicles per plant. The effects of irrigation treatments were significant (P &lt; 0.05) on number of irrigation, amount of irrigation, total water use and daily field WB. In conclusion, the result proved the acceptability of the hypothesis. AWD irrigation with ABR effluent should be encouraged among rice farmers.

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