scholarly journals Pearl millet growth and biochemical alterations determined by mycorrhizal inoculation, water availability and atmospheric CO2 concentration

2015 ◽  
Vol 66 (8) ◽  
pp. 831 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eliseu G. Fabbrin ◽  
Yolanda Gogorcena ◽  
Átila F. Mogor ◽  
Idoia Garmendia ◽  
Nieves Goicoechea
Keyword(s):  
Water Content ◽  
Pearl Millet ◽  
Elevated Co2 ◽  
Biomass Production ◽  
Water Regime ◽  
Soluble Sugars ◽  
Co2 Concentration ◽  
Atmospheric Co2 ◽  
Mycorrhizal Inoculation

Pearl millet (Pennisetum glaucum L.) is an important fodder and is a potential feedstock for fuel ethanol production in dry areas. Our objectives were to assess the effect of elevated CO2 and/or reduced irrigation on biomass production and levels of sugars and proteins in leaves of pearl millet and to test whether mycorrhizal inoculation could modulate the effects of these abiotic factors on growth and metabolism. Results showed that mycorrhizal inoculation and water regime most influenced biomass of shoots and roots; however, their individual effects were dependent on the atmospheric CO2 concentration. At ambient CO2, mycorrhizal inoculation helped to alleviate effects of water deficit on pearl millet without significant decreases in biomass production, which contrasted with the low biomass of mycorrhizal plants under restricted irrigation and elevated CO2. Mycorrhizal inoculation enhanced water content in shoots, whereas reduced irrigation decreased water content in roots. The triple interaction between CO2, arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) and water regime significantly affected the total amount of soluble sugars and determined the predominant soluble sugars in leaves. Under optimal irrigation, elevated CO2 increased the proportion of hexoses in pearl millet that was not inoculated with AMF, thus improving the quality of this plant material for bioethanol production. By contrast, elevated CO2 decreased the levels of proteins in leaves, thus limiting the quality of pearl millet as fodder and primary source for cattle feed.

Durum wheat quality traits affected by mycorrhizal inoculation, water availability and atmospheric CO2 concentration

2016 ◽  
Vol 67 (2) ◽  
pp. 147 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. Goicoechea ◽  
M. M. Bettoni ◽  
T. Fuertes-Mendizábal ◽  
C. González-Murua ◽  
I. Aranjuelo
Keyword(s):  
Durum Wheat ◽  
Mycorrhizal Fungi ◽  
Water Regime ◽  
Grain Quality ◽  
Co2 Concentration ◽  
Quality Parameters ◽  
Atmospheric Co2 ◽  
Simultaneous Application ◽  
Atmospheric Co2 Concentration ◽  
Mycorrhizal Inoculation

Predicted reduced precipitation, enhanced evaporative demand and increasing CO2 in the atmosphere will strongly influence wheat production. The association of wheat with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) improves growth under stressful conditions. Our objective was to test the influence of mycorrhizal inoculation on yield, and accumulation of macro- and micro-nutrients and gliadins in grains of durum wheat (Triticum durum Desf.) plants grown under different CO2 concentrations and water regimes. The main factors of the experimental design were mycorrhizal inoculation (inoculated or non-inoculated plants); atmospheric CO2 concentration (ambient, ACO2, or elevated, ECO2); and water regime (optimal or restricted water regime). At ACO2, the simultaneous application of AMF and water deficit decreased the number of seeds per spike without affecting the biomass of grains, and grains accumulated higher contents of copper, iron, manganese, zinc and gliadins. The opposite effect was observed with ECO2 where, regardless of mycorrhizal and water treatment factors, a general depletion of contents of micro- and macro-nutrients and gliadins was detected. Whereas mycorrhizal inoculation together with drought applied to plants cultivated at ACO2 improved wheat grain quality parameters, under ECO2, mycorrhization did not ameliorate grain quality parameters detected in plants that produced the largest grain dry matter values.

The impact of elevated atmospheric CO2 and nitrate supply on growth, biomass allocation, nitrogen partitioning and N2 fixation of Acacia melanoxylon

1999 ◽  
Vol 26 (8) ◽  
pp. 737 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marcus Schortemeyer ◽  
Owen K. Atkin ◽  
Nola McFarlane ◽  
John R. Evans
Keyword(s):  
Elevated Co2 ◽  
N2 Fixation ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Co2 Concentration ◽  
Dry Mass ◽  
Nitrogen Partitioning ◽  
Atmospheric Co2 ◽  
Acacia Melanoxylon ◽  
Nitrate Supply ◽  
The Impact

The interactive effects of nitrate supply and atmospheric CO2 concentration on growth, N2 fixation, dry matter and nitrogen partitioning in the leguminous tree Acacia melanoxylon R.Br. were studied. Seedlings were grown hydroponically in controlled-environment cabinets for 5 weeks at seven 15N-labelled nitrate levels, ranging from 3 to 6400 mmol m–3. Plants were exposed to ambient (~350 µmol mol–1) or elevated (~700 µmol mol–1) atmospheric CO2 for 6 weeks. Total plant dry mass increased strongly with nitrate supply. The proportion of nitrogen derived from air decreased with increasing nitrate supply. Plants grown under either ambient or elevated CO2 fixed the same amount of nitrogen per unit nodule dry mass (16.6 mmol N per g nodule dry mass) regardless of the nitrogen treatment. CO2 concentration had no effect on the relative contribution of N2 fixation to the nitrogen yield of plants. Plants grown with ≥50 mmol m–3 N and elevated CO2 had approximately twice the dry mass of those grown with ambient CO2 after 42 days. The rates of net CO2 assimilation under growth conditions were higher per unit leaf area for plants grown under elevated CO2. Elevated CO2 also decreased specific foliage area, due to an increase in foliage thickness and density. Dry matter partitioning between plant organs was affected by ontogeny and nitrogen status of the plants, but not by CO2 concentration. In contrast, plants grown under elevated CO2 partitioned more of their nitrogen to roots. This could be attributed to reduced nitrogen concentrations in foliage grown under elevated CO2.

scholarly journals Response of water fluxes and biomass production to climate change in permanent grassland soil ecosystems

2021 ◽  
Vol 25 (12) ◽  
pp. 6087-6106
Author(s):  
Veronika Forstner ◽  
Jannis Groh ◽  
Matevz Vremec ◽  
Markus Herndl ◽  
Harry Vereecken ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Elevated Temperature ◽  
Biomass Production ◽  
Aboveground Biomass ◽  
Co2 Concentration ◽  
Atmospheric Co2 ◽  
Actual Evapotranspiration ◽  
Water Fluxes ◽  
Permanent Grassland ◽  
Experimental Approaches

Abstract. Effects of climate change on the ecosystem productivity and water fluxes have been studied in various types of experiments. However, it is still largely unknown whether and how the experimental approach itself affects the results of such studies. We employed two contrasting experimental approaches, using high-precision weighable monolithic lysimeters, over a period of 4 years to identify and compare the responses of water fluxes and aboveground biomass to climate change in permanent grassland. The first, manipulative, approach is based on controlled increases of atmospheric CO2 concentration and surface temperature. The second, observational, approach uses data from a space-for-time substitution along a gradient of climatic conditions. The Budyko framework was used to identify if the soil ecosystem is energy limited or water limited. Elevated temperature reduced the amount of non-rainfall water, particularly during the growing season in both approaches. In energy-limited grassland ecosystems, elevated temperature increased the actual evapotranspiration and decreased aboveground biomass. As a consequence, elevated temperature led to decreasing seepage rates in energy-limited systems. Under water-limited conditions in dry periods, elevated temperature aggravated water stress and, thus, resulted in reduced actual evapotranspiration. The already small seepage rates of the drier soils remained almost unaffected under these conditions compared to soils under wetter conditions. Elevated atmospheric CO2 reduced both actual evapotranspiration and aboveground biomass in the manipulative experiment and, therefore, led to a clear increase and change in seasonality of seepage. As expected, the aboveground biomass productivity and ecosystem efficiency indicators of the water-limited ecosystems were negatively correlated with an increase in aridity, while the trend was unclear for the energy-limited ecosystems. In both experimental approaches, the responses of soil water fluxes and biomass production mainly depend on the ecosystems' status with respect to energy or water limitation. To thoroughly understand the ecosystem response to climate change and be able to identify tipping points, experiments need to embrace sufficiently extreme boundary conditions and explore responses to individual and multiple drivers, such as temperature, CO2 concentration, and precipitation, including non-rainfall water. In this regard, manipulative and observational climate change experiments complement one another and, thus, should be combined in the investigation of climate change effects on grassland.

Effects of elevated CO2 concentration and nitrogen addition on the chemical compositions, construction cost, and payback time of subtropical trees in Cd-contaminated mesocosm soil

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiaowei Zang ◽  
Xianzhen Luo ◽  
Enqing Hou ◽  
Guihua Zhang ◽  
Xiaofeng Zhang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Elevated Co2 ◽  
Photosynthetic Rate ◽  
Tree Species ◽  
Co2 Concentration ◽  
Atmospheric Co2 ◽  
Physiological Characteristics ◽  
Chemical Compositions ◽  
N Addition ◽  
Payback Time

Abstract Rising atmospheric CO2 concentration ([CO2]) and nitrogen (N) deposition are changing plant growth, physiological characteristics, and chemical compositions; however, few studies have explored such impacts in a heavy-metal-contaminated environment. In this study, we conducted an open-top chamber experiment to explore the impacts of two years of elevated atmospheric [CO2] and N addition on the growth, physiological characteristics, and chemical compositions of five subtropical tree species in a cadmium (Cd)-contaminated environment. Results showed that N addition significantly increased concentration of leaf N and protein in five tree species, and also decreased payback time (PBT) and leaf C:N ratios and increased tree relative height growth rate (RGR-H) and basal diameter growth rate (RGR-B) in Liquidambar formosana and Syzygium hainanense. Elevated [CO2] increased leaf maximum photosynthetic rate (Amax) and concentration of total non-structural carbohydrates (TNC) and shortened PBT to offset the negative effect of Cd contamination on RGR-B in A. auriculiformis. The combined effects of elevated [CO2] and N addition did not exceed their separate effects on RGR-H and RGR-B in Castanopsis hystrix and Cinnamomum camphora. N addition significantly increased the concentration of leaf Cd by 162.1% and 338.0%, and plant Cd bio-concentration factor (BCF) by 464% and 861% in C. hystrix, and C. camphora, respectively, compared to Cd addition. Among the five tree species, the decreases in PBT and the increases in Amax, RGR-B, and concentrations of leaf protein in response to N and Cd addition under elevated [CO2] were average higher 86.7% in A. auriculiformis than other species, suggesting that the mitigation of the negative effects of Cd pollution by elevated [CO2] and N addition among five species was species-specific. Overall, we concluded that N addition and elevated [CO2] reduced Cd toxicity, and increased the growth rate in A. auriculiformis, S. hainanense and L. formosana, while maintained the growth rate in C. hystrix, and C. camphora by differently increasing photosynthetic rate, altering the leaf chemical compositions, and shortening PBT.

scholarly journals Simulating Long-Term Development of Greenhouse Gas Emissions, Plant Biomass, and Soil Moisture of a Temperate Grassland Ecosystem under Elevated Atmospheric CO2

Agronomy ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 50
Author(s):  
Ralf Liebermann ◽  
Lutz Breuer ◽  
Tobias Houska ◽  
David Kraus ◽  
Gerald Moser ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Greenhouse Gas Emissions ◽  
Greenhouse Gas ◽  
Elevated Co2 ◽  
Biomass Production ◽  
Atmospheric Co2 ◽  
N2o Emissions ◽  
Gas Emissions ◽  
Co2 Concentrations

The rising atmospheric CO2 concentrations have effects on the worldwide ecosystems such as an increase in biomass production as well as changing soil processes and conditions. Since this affects the ecosystem’s net balance of greenhouse gas emissions, reliable projections about the CO2 impact are required. Deterministic models can capture the interrelated biological, hydrological, and biogeochemical processes under changing CO2 concentrations if long-term observations for model testing are provided. We used 13 years of data on above-ground biomass production, soil moisture, and emissions of CO2 and N2O from the Free Air Carbon dioxide Enrichment (FACE) grassland experiment in Giessen, Germany. Then, the LandscapeDNDC ecosystem model was calibrated with data measured under current CO2 concentrations and validated under elevated CO2. Depending on the hydrological conditions, different CO2 effects were observed and captured well for all ecosystem variables but N2O emissions. Confidence intervals of ensemble simulations covered up to 96% of measured biomass and CO2 emission values, while soil water content was well simulated in terms of annual cycle and location-specific CO2 effects. N2O emissions under elevated CO2 could not be reproduced, presumably due to a rarely considered mineralization process of organic nitrogen, which is not yet included in LandscapeDNDC.

Carbon Di Oxide Fertilization: Effects on Plant Productivity

2017 ◽  
Vol 3 (02) ◽  
pp. 73-77
Author(s):  
Supriya Tiwari ◽  
N. K. Dubey
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Elevated Co2 ◽  
Co2 Concentration ◽  
Plant Productivity ◽  
C4 Plants ◽  
Atmospheric Co2 ◽  
Growth And Yield ◽  
Co2 Fertilization ◽  
Co2 Concentrations ◽  
Fertilization Effect

Increasing Carbon dioxide (CO2) is an important component of global climate change that has drawn the attention of environmentalists worldwide in the last few decades. Besides acting as an important greenhouse gas, it also produces a stimulatory effect, its instantaneous impact being a significant increase in the plant productivity. Atmospheric CO2 levels have linearly increased from approximately 280 parts per million (ppm) during pre-industrial times to the current level of more than 390 ppm. In past few years, anthropogenic activities led to a rapid increase in global CO2 concentration. Current Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) projection indicates that atmospheric CO2 concentration will increase over this century, reaching 730-1020 ppm by 2100. An increase in global temperature, ranging from 1.1 to 6.4oC depending on global emission scenarios, will accompany the rise in atmospheric CO2. As CO2 acts as a limiting factor in photosynthesis, the immediate effect of increasing atmospheric CO2 is improved plant productivity, a feature commonly termed as “CO2 fertilization”. Variability in crop responses to the elevated CO2 made the agricultural productivity and food security vulnerable to the climate change. Several studies have shown significant CO2 fertilization effect on crop growth and yield. An increase of 30 % in plant growth and yield has been reported when CO2 concentration has been doubled from 330 to 660 ppm. However, the fertilization effect of elevated CO2 is not very much effective in case of C4 plants which already contain a CO2 concentration mechanism, owing to their specific leaf 2 anatomy called kranz anatomy. As a result, yield increments observed in C4plants are comparatively lower than the C3 plants under similar elevated CO2 concentrations. This review discusses the trends and the causes of increasing CO2 concentration in the atmosphere, its effects on the crop productivity and the discrepancies in the response of C3 and C4 plants to increasing CO2 concentrations.

Responses of woody Cerrado species to rising atmospheric CO2 concentration and water stress: gains and losses

2016 ◽  
Vol 43 (12) ◽  
pp. 1183 ◽  
Author(s):  
João Paulo Souza ◽  
Nayara M. J. Melo ◽  
Eduardo G. Pereira ◽  
Alessandro D. Halfeld ◽  
Ingrid N. Gomes ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Stress ◽  
Elevated Co2 ◽  
Global Climate ◽  
Net Photosynthesis ◽  
Co2 Concentration ◽  
Atmospheric Co2 ◽  
Ecosystem Functions ◽  
Total Biomass ◽  
High Co2 ◽  
Atmospheric Co2 Concentration

The rise in atmospheric CO2 concentration ([CO2]) has been accompanied by changes in other environmental factors of global climate change, such as drought. Tracking the early growth of plants under changing conditions can determine their ecophysiological adjustments and the consequences for ecosystem functions. This study investigated long-term ecophysiological responses in three woody Cerrado species: Hymenaea stigonocarpa Mart. ex Hayne, Solanum lycocarpum A. St.-Hil. and Tabebuia aurea (Silva Manso) Benth. and Hook. f. ex S. Moore, grown under ambient and elevated [CO2]. Plants were grown for 515 days at ambient (430 mg dm–3) or elevated [CO2] (700 mg dm–3). Some plants were also subjected to water stress to investigate the synergy between atmospheric [CO2] and soil water availability, and its effect on plant growth. All three species showed an increase in maximum net photosynthesis (PN) and chlorophyll index under high [CO2]. Transpiration decreased in some species under high [CO2] despite daily watering and a corresponding increase in water use efficiency was observed. Plants grown under elevated [CO2] and watered daily had greater leaf area and total biomass production than plants under water stress and ambient [CO2]. The high chlorophyll and PN in cerrado plants grown under elevated [CO2] are an investment in light use and capture and higher Rubisco carboxylation rate, respectively. The elevated [CO2] had a positive influence on biomass accumulation in the cerrado species we studied, as predicted for plants under high [CO2]. So, even with water stress, Cerrado species under elevated [CO2] had better growth.

Does atmospheric CO2 concentration influence soil nitrifying bacteria and their activity?

Soil Research ◽  
2008 ◽  
Vol 46 (7) ◽  
pp. 617 ◽  
Author(s):  
Saman Bowatte ◽  
R. Andrew Carran ◽  
Paul C. D. Newton ◽  
Phil Theobald
Keyword(s):  
Principal Component Analysis ◽  
Community Composition ◽  
Elevated Co2 ◽  
Principal Component ◽  
Co2 Concentration ◽  
Component Analysis ◽  
Atmospheric Co2 ◽  
Soil Nitrification ◽  
Nitrification Activity ◽  
Atmospheric Co2 Concentration

Ammonia oxidising bacteria (AOB) are important soil microorganisms that carry out the first step in nitrification, the oxidation of ammonia to nitrite. In this paper we investigated the impact of long-term elevated CO2 on soil nitrification and soil AOB community composition. Soil samples were taken from Hakanoa natural CO2 springs, Kamo, Northland, New Zealand. This site has been exposed to elevated CO2 for several decades. Soils were collected from different points near to CO2-emitting vents where the CO2 concentration at canopy height had been characterised. Nitrification activity was measured using a short-term nitrification assay, and AOB community composition was characterised using polymerase chain reaction and denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE). A principal component analysis of the DGGE banding pattern was carried out to identify the effect of CO2 on AOB community composition. Soil nitrification activity was markedly decreased with increasing CO2. The variation in DGGE banding patterns revealed differences in the composition of the soil AOB community that were related to CO2 concentration. Principal component analysis showed that the changes in community composition and nitrifying activity were linked and that these changes were related to atmospheric CO2 concentration.

scholarly journals Elevated CO2 Concentration Alters Photosynthetic Performances under Fluctuating Light in Arabidopsis thaliana

Cells ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (9) ◽  
pp. 2329
Author(s):  
Shun-Ling Tan ◽  
Xing Huang ◽  
Wei-Qi Li ◽  
Shi-Bao Zhang ◽  
Wei Huang
Keyword(s):  
Arabidopsis Thaliana ◽  
Elevated Co2 ◽  
Co2 Concentration ◽  
Atmospheric Co2 ◽  
Photochemical Quenching ◽  
Elevated Atmospheric Co2 ◽  
Actinic Light ◽  
Fluctuating Light ◽  
Photosynthetic Performances ◽  
Atmospheric Co2 Concentrations

In view of the current and expected future rise in atmospheric CO2 concentrations, we examined the effect of elevated CO2 on photoinhibition of photosystem I (PSI) under fluctuating light in Arabidopsis thaliana. At 400 ppm CO2, PSI showed a transient over-reduction within the first 30 s after transition from dark to actinic light. Under the same CO2 conditions, PSI was highly reduced after a transition from low to high light for 20 s. However, such PSI over-reduction greatly decreased when measured in 800 ppm CO2, indicating that elevated atmospheric CO2 facilitates the rapid oxidation of PSI under fluctuating light. Furthermore, after fluctuating light treatment, residual PSI activity was significantly higher in 800 ppm CO2 than in 400 ppm CO2, suggesting that elevated atmospheric CO2 mitigates PSI photoinhibition under fluctuating light. We further demonstrate that elevated CO2 does not affect PSI activity under fluctuating light via changes in non-photochemical quenching or cyclic electron transport, but rather from a rapid electron sink driven by CO2 fixation. Therefore, elevated CO2 mitigates PSI photoinhibition under fluctuating light at the acceptor rather than the donor side. Taken together, these observations indicate that elevated atmospheric CO2 can have large effects on thylakoid reactions under fluctuating light.

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