The effects of submergence on anatomical, morphological and biomass allocation responses of tropical grasses Chloris gayana and Panicum coloratum at seedling stage

2012 ◽  
Vol 63 (12) ◽  
pp. 1145 ◽  
Author(s):  
José A. Imaz ◽  
Daniel O. Giménez ◽  
Agustín A. Grimoldi ◽  
Gustavo G. Striker
Keyword(s):  
Biomass Allocation ◽  
Seedling Recruitment ◽  
Morphological Changes ◽  
Biomass Accumulation ◽  
Seedling Stage ◽  
Tropical Grasses ◽  
Panicum Coloratum ◽  
Root Aerenchyma ◽  
Chloris Gayana ◽  
Water Response

Submergence is a major factor affecting seedling recruitment in lowland grassland ecosystems. Our aim was to evaluate the tolerance to increasing flooding intensity of the seedlings of tropical grasses Chloris gayana K. and Panicum coloratum L., whose use as a forage species is increasing in humid grasslands. For this purpose, 2-week-old seedlings of C. gayana and P. coloratum were subjected to control, partial submergence (PS) and complete submergence (CS) in clear water for 14 days and allowed to grow for a subsequent 12-day period to assess their recovery. The following responses were assessed: generation of root aerenchyma, morphological changes and emergence from water, biomass allocation in relation to plant size, and biomass accumulation. Results showed that constitutive root aerenchyma was high in both species. Under PS and CS, root aerenchyma increased by up to 50–55% in C. gayana and up to 40–48% in P. coloratum. Under PS, the increase in seedling height for both species was the same as for controls. Under CS, C. gayana further increased its height and emerged more quickly from water; P. coloratum was not able to increase its height, and therefore the seedlings always remained underwater. The escape-from-water response of C. gayana was associated with preferential biomass allocation towards shoots and with a marked lengthening of leaf blades. By contrast, there was no change in allocation in P. coloratum, and its leaves were shorter under CS. The final biomass of C. gayana under CS was similar to that under PS, and equivalent to 54% of its controls. In P. coloratum, biomass under PS and CS were 64 and 21% of its controls (respectively), which indicates that injury caused by CS persisted during the post-submergence period. In conclusion, both species are tolerant to PS at the seedling stage. However, when flood depth increases by submerging the seedlings, C. gayana is able to escape from water while P. coloratum is not, thus strongly affecting its recovery. Therefore, C. gayana appears to be a more promising species for cultivation in lowland grasslands prone to flooding of unpredictable intensity.

scholarly journals Experimental studies on seed production tropical grasses in Kenya. 6. The effect of harvest date on seed yield in varieties of Setaria sphacelata, Chloris gayana and Panicum coloratum.

1973 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
pp. 3-11
Author(s):  
J.G. Boonman
Keyword(s):  
Seed Production ◽  
Seed Yield ◽  
Experimental Studies ◽  
The Other ◽  
Harvest Date ◽  
Tropical Grasses ◽  
Panicum Coloratum ◽  
Setaria Sphacelata ◽  
Chloris Gayana ◽  
Late Abstract

Setaria sphacelata cv. Nandi I and Nandi III, Chloris gayana cv. Mbarara, Masaba and Pokot, and Panicum coloratum cv. Solai were grown for seed and harvested on a range of dates beginning 3-4 weeks after initial head emergence (defined as 5-10 heads/m2). Harvesting date was not very critical, and harvesting could normally be spread over 1-2 weeks. The interval between initial heading and optimum harvest date was normally 6-7 weeks. In most crops considerable shedding of spikelets (up to 30-50% in P. coloratum, rather less in the other 2 species) could be tolerated before yield of pure germinating seed fell with delay in harvesting. It was suggested that most of the spikelets which were shed early were empty. Cultivars which headed early produced nearly twice as much seed as those which headed late. (Abstract retrieved from CAB Abstracts by CABI’s permission)

Ability to recover overrides the negative effects of flooding on growth of tropical grasses Chloris gayana and Panicum coloratum

2015 ◽  
Vol 66 (1) ◽  
pp. 100 ◽  
Author(s):  
José A. Imaz ◽  
Daniel O. Giménez ◽  
Agustín A. Grimoldi ◽  
Gustavo G. Striker
Keyword(s):  
Recovery Period ◽  
Growth Period ◽  
Early Spring ◽  
Early Summer ◽  
Late Winter ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Tropical Grasses ◽  
Panicum Coloratum ◽  
Flooding Event ◽  
Chloris Gayana

This study assessed the flooding tolerance of the tropical grasses Chloris gayana Kunth and Panicum coloratum L. at different times of the year: (i) late winter flooding for 50 days (WF), (ii) early spring flooding (SF) for 20 days, and (iii) long-term flooding covering both periods (WF + SF, 70 days). A growth period under well-watered conditions was allowed after each flooding event to assess recovery of plant species. Plants were harvested after each flooding event and at the end of the recovery period. Panicum coloratum had higher tolerance to WF than C. gayana. Treatment WF did not affect biomass in P. coloratum, whereas it reduced biomass of flooded plants by 38% in C. gayana. Treatment SF did not differentiate the species for tolerance; both registered moderate reduction in their growth (20–30%). Under WF + SF, C. gayana showed additional reduction in its growth over that observed when subjected separately to either WF or SF, whereas P. coloratum did not. Both species displayed remarkably fast recovery from flooding when temperatures rose during early summer, attaining biomass equivalent to that of non-flooded plants 1 month after water subsided. Therefore, although P. coloratum appears slightly more tolerant during flooding than C. gayana, both species are promising for introduction in temperate lowland grasslands.

scholarly journals Effects of deferred forage as winter cover on spring growth of the tropical grasses Chloris gayana and Panicum coloratum

2016 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 29 ◽  
Author(s):  
José A. Imaz ◽  
Victor Merani ◽  
Daniel dos Santos ◽  
Marcelo Benvenutti ◽  
Daniel O. Giménez ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Tropical Grasses ◽  
Panicum Coloratum ◽  
Chloris Gayana ◽  
Winter Cover

Consequences of Some One-Off Events and Exclosure on a Red Grass (Bothriochloa Macra)-Wallaby Grass (Danthonia Eriantha) Pasture in the Central West of Nsw.

1997 ◽  
Vol 19 (2) ◽  
pp. 206 ◽  
Author(s):  
WS Semple ◽  
TB Koen ◽  
D Waterhouse
Keyword(s):  
Soil Erosion ◽  
Seedling Recruitment ◽  
Unexpected Result ◽  
Native Grasses ◽  
Exotic Grasses ◽  
Chloris Gayana ◽  
Exotic Grass ◽  
Chloris Gayana Kunth ◽  
Dominant Grasses ◽  
Herbicide Glyphosate

The effects of exotic grass introduction and cultivation, herbicide (glyphosate), burning or nil treatments on an exclosed red grass (Bothriochloa macra (Steud.) S.T. Blake) - wallaby grass (Danthonia eriantha Lindl.) pasture in the Central West of NSW were monitored for 3� years. The exotic grasses (Chloris gayana Kunth cv. Pioneer and Erogrostis curvula (Schrad.) Nees cv. Consol) established only in the cultivated plots but soil erosion also occurred in this treatment. Danthonia eriantha was killed by the glyphosate and cultivation treatments and had not re-established after 3� years. Cultivation also killed B. macra plants but limited recruitment subsequently occurred. Burning had little effect on the survival of either of the dominant native grasses. Seedling recruitment of the two dominant grasses was apparently minimal. However, where plants were not killed by the treatments, they expanded to fill some of the gaps created and D. eriantha appeared to be more competitive than B. macra. An unexpected result was the synchronised ripening of the Bothriochloa seedheads in the first summer following either burning or glyphosate application.

Effects of environment and plant factors on foliar freezing resistance in tropical grasses. II.* Comparison of frost resistance between cultivars of Cenchrus ciliaris, Chloris gayana and Setaria anceps

1978 ◽  
Vol 29 (2) ◽  
pp. 261 ◽  
Author(s):  
DA Ivory ◽  
PC Whiteman
Keyword(s):  
Frost Resistance ◽  
Cenchrus Ciliaris ◽  
Freezing Resistance ◽  
Tropical Grasses ◽  
Chloris Gayana ◽  
Freezing Temperatures ◽  
Intermediate Degree

The variability in foliar freezing resistance within and between five Cenchrus ciliaris, four Setaria anceps and six Chloris gayana ecotypes was examined in the laboratory over a sequence of freezing temperatures between –1.0° and –6.25°C. C. gayana and S. anceps ecotypes were generally more frost-resistant than C. ciliaris ecotypes. No significant differences in frost susceptibility were found in C. ciliaris, whilst S. anceps exhibited the greatest variability and C. gayana showed an intermediate degree of variability. The range of freezing temperatures which caused 50% foliage death (LT50) in C. ciliaris was –1.8° to –2.1°, in C. gayana –2.6° to –3.5° and in S. anceps –2.1° to –4.3°. ____________________ * Part I, Aust. J. Agric. Res., 29: 243 (1978).

scholarly journals Regrowth potential of shoot and of roots of Rhodes grass (Chloris gayana Kunth) after defoliation.

1980 ◽  
Vol 28 (3) ◽  
pp. 185-198
Author(s):  
A. Dovrat ◽  
E. Dayan ◽  
H. van Keulen
Keyword(s):  
Developmental Stage ◽  
Shoot Growth ◽  
Stem Elongation ◽  
Rhodes Grass ◽  
Tropical Grasses ◽  
Constant Rate ◽  
Pot Trials ◽  
Chloris Gayana ◽  
Initial Root ◽  
Chloris Gayana Kunth

In field and pot trials the effect of different lengths of pre-cutting periods and of cutting intervals on regrowth of shoot and of root were studied in Rhodes grass cv. Katambora. The initial regrowth of the sward after a long (28 days) pre-cutting period was slower than after a short (7 days) pre-cutting period. The reduction of the residual LAI following the extension of the pre-cutting period was associated with reduction in the number of tillers capable of regrowth after defoliation. Root wt. decreased drastically following cutting when the initial root wt. was high (long pre-cutting period), but little when the initial root wt. was small (short pre-cutting period). The decrease in root wt. lasted c. 1 wk after which it increased at a more or less constant rate proportional to the increase of shoot wt. irrespective of the length of the pre-cutting period. The lack of the capability of tillers to regrow after cutting was closely related with developmental stage of tillers. Since tillers of subtropical and tropical grasses have a tendency for early stem elongation, it was concluded that the relatively small number of sites available for regrowth in these grasses is the major deterrent for quick shoot growth of the sward after defoliation. (Abstract retrieved from CAB Abstracts by CABI’s permission)

scholarly journals Biomass Accumulation and Allocation, Photosynthesis, and Carbohydrate Status of New Guinea Impatiens, Geranium, and Petunia Cuttings Are Affected by Photosynthetic Daily Light Integral during Root Development

2015 ◽  
Vol 140 (6) ◽  
pp. 542-549 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christopher J. Currey ◽  
Roberto G. Lopez
Keyword(s):  
Biomass Allocation ◽  
Root Development ◽  
Biomass Accumulation ◽  
New Guinea ◽  
Starch Accumulation ◽  
Gross Photosynthesis ◽  
Daily Light Integral ◽  
The Impact ◽  
New Guinea Impatiens ◽  
Light Integral

During the propagation of herbaceous stem-tip cuttings, the photosynthetic daily light integral (DLI) inside greenhouses can be low (≈1–4 mol·m−2·d−1) during the winter and early spring when propagation typically occurs. The mechanisms by which cuttings adapt biomass allocation patterns, gas exchange, and starch accumulation in response to the photosynthetic DLI are not clearly understood. Our objectives were to quantify the impact of DLI on growth, photosynthesis, and carbohydrate concentration during the root development phase of cutting propagation. Petunia (Petunia ×hybrida ‘Suncatcher Midnight Blue’), geranium (Pelargonium ×hortorum ‘Fantasia Dark Red’), and new guinea impatiens (Impatiens hawkeri ‘Celebration Pink’) cuttings were propagated in a glass-glazed greenhouse with 23 °C air and substrate temperature set points. After callusing (≈5 mol·m−2·d−1 for 7 days), cuttings of each species were placed under either no shade or one of the two different fixed-woven shade cloths providing ≈38% or 86% shade with 16 hours of supplemental light for 14 days, resulting in DLIs of 13.0‒14.2, 5.5‒6.0, and 2.0‒2.4 mol·m−2·d−1, respectively. Leaf, stem, and root biomass accumulation increased linearly with DLI by up to 122% (geranium), 118% (petunia), and 211% (new guinea impatiens), as DLI increased by ≈11‒12 mol·m−2·d−1, while relative biomass allocation into roots increased under increasing DLI. Compared with cuttings rooted under low DLIs (2.0‒2.4 mol·m−2·d−1), cuttings of all three species generally had greater maximum gross photosynthesis under high DLIs (13.0‒14.2 mol·m−2·d−1) starting 5 or 8 days after transfer. Starch concentration increased with DLI by up to 946% (impatiens) during propagation. Taken together, the increased growth of cuttings appears to be a result of increased carbohydrate availability from elevated photosynthesis and/or photosynthetic capacity.

Differences in carbohydrate fractions between Lolium perenne and two tropical grasses of similar dry-matter digestibility

1974 ◽  
Vol 82 (3) ◽  
pp. 449-454 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. N. McLeod ◽  
D. J. Minson
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Lolium Perenne ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Cell Wall Polysaccharides ◽  
Crude Fibre ◽  
Tropical Grasses ◽  
Dry Matter Digestibility ◽  
Acid Detergent Fibre ◽  
Chloris Gayana

SUMMARYFour samples each of Lolium perenne, Chloris gayana and Setaria splendida grown under similar conditions and having similar in vivo dry-matter digestibilities with sheep were used in a comparison of the chemical composition of tropical and temperate grass. L. perenne had less lignin, crude fibre, neutral-detergent fibre, acid-detergent fibre and cellulose than the two tropical grasses but more neutral-detergent solubles. In vivo digestibilities of the cell-wall polysaccharides of the tropical grasses were not reduced by their higher lignin contents. The digestibilities of the cell wall were generally higher than the digestibilities for the dry matter and neutral-detergent solubles. It is suggested that the effect of lignin on the digestibility of cell-wall polysaccharides is dependent on the area of protection, and better predictions may be achieved if the cell wall is divided into two fractions, an unlignified fraction that is completely digested and a completely indigestible fraction containing all the lignin.It is concluded that differences may be found in the carbohydrate composition of temperate and tropical grasses but that these differences may not cause differences in the overall in vivo digestibility of the dry matter.

Effects of fluoride emissions on two tropical grasses: Chloris gayana and Panicum maximum cv. Colonião

2007 ◽  
Vol 67 (2) ◽  
pp. 247-253 ◽  
Author(s):  
Armando Molina Divan Junior ◽  
Marco Antonio Oliva ◽  
Carlos Alberto Martinez ◽  
José Cambraia
Keyword(s):  
Panicum Maximum ◽  
Tropical Grasses ◽  
Chloris Gayana

scholarly journals Detection of QTL for phosphorus efficiency and biomass traits at the seedling stage in wheat

2020 ◽  
Vol 48 (4) ◽  
pp. 517-524
Author(s):  
Y. Yuan ◽  
M. Zhang ◽  
H. Zheng ◽  
F. Kong ◽  
Y. Guo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Recombinant Inbred Lines ◽  
Biomass Accumulation ◽  
P Uptake ◽  
Seedling Stage ◽  
Utilization Efficiency ◽  
Phosphorus Efficiency ◽  
Wheat Seedlings ◽  
Different Seasons ◽  
P Utilization ◽  
P Utilization Efficiency

AbstractPhosphorus (P) is one of the most vital nutrient elements in crop output and quality formation. In this study, four biomass, four P uptake efficiency (PupE), and three P-utilization efficiency (PutE) traits were investigated using a set of recombinant inbred lines (RILs) derived from a cross of “SN0431 × LM21”, under hydroponic culture trials at low P (LP) and normal P (NP) levels in two different seasons, respectively. A total of 85 QTL were identified on 18 chromosomes except for 1D, 2A, and 3D. Among them, 36 and 42 QTL were detected under LP and NP, respectively, and seven QTL were simultaneously detected under LP and NP. Seventeen relatively high-frequency QTL (RHF-QTL) were detected. The average contributions of 13 major RHF-QTL were over 10.00%. Five important QTL clusters were detected on chromosomes 4D, 5A, and 5B. Among them, positive linkages were observed between PutE and biomass traits at four QTL clusters, C1, C2, C3, and C6, showing these loci may be hot spots for genetic control of both phosphorus utilization and biomass accumulation in wheat seedlings. In addition, correlation analysis indicated that three biomass traits (SDW, RDW, and TDW) should be used as primary selection indexes for PE at the seedling stage.

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