Relationship between oil tocopherol concentration and oil weight per grain in several crop species

2011 ◽  
Vol 62 (12) ◽  
pp. 1088 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. G. Izquierdo ◽  
S. Nolasco ◽  
C. Mateo ◽  
D. Santos ◽  
L. A. N. Aguirrezábal
Keyword(s):  
High Performance Liquid Chromatography ◽  
High Performance ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Grain Filling ◽  
Crop Species ◽  
Tocopherol Concentration ◽  
Physiological Maturity ◽  
Oil Synthesis ◽  
Oil Concentration ◽  
Intercepted Solar Radiation

The objectives of this work were (i) to analyse the effect of intercepted solar radiation (ISR) per plant during grain filling on oil tocopherol concentration in soybean, maize and rape and (ii) to investigate in these species if variations in oil tocopherol concentration are well accounted for by variations in oil weight per grain. Field experiments were conducted with genotypes of soybean, maize and rape. A genotype of sunflower was included as ‘control species’ as its behaviour was known from previous works. ISR was modified during grain filling by shading or thinning plants. Plants were harvested at physiological maturity and oil tocopherol concentration was determined by high performance liquid chromatography. Samples from other field or growth chamber experiments were also processed. In the four species, increasing radiation increased the oil and tocopherol weight per grain. Increasing ISR reduced oil tocopherol concentration in sunflower, soybean and rape but not in maize. The oil tocopherol concentration would be reduced by ISR in those species, with high oil contents in their grains, where the oil synthesis is more increased than tocopherol synthesis. The variations in oil tocopherol concentration were accounted for by variations in oil weight per grain only in those species with high and variable oil concentration.

Cultivar effects on relationship between grain number and photothermal quotient or spike dry weight in wheat

2011 ◽  
Vol 150 (4) ◽  
pp. 442-459 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. LÁZARO ◽  
P. E. ABBATE
Keyword(s):  
Solar Radiation ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Grain Filling ◽  
Wheat Cultivars ◽  
Grain Number ◽  
Incident Solar Radiation ◽  
Fertility Index ◽  
Sowing Dates ◽  
Intercepted Solar Radiation

SUMMARYIn wheat, the photothermal quotient (Q, the ratio between mean incident solar radiation and mean temperature is greater than 4·5°C in the 30 days preceding anthesis), is a good estimator of grain number/m2 (GN) and of yield. Previous investigations have not analysed in depth whether the responses of GN to Q differ between wheat cultivars, or what is the cause of the eventual variation. In the present work, the results of field experiments carried out between 1994 and 2001 in various locations were used to test the following hypotheses: (i) the responses of GN to Q differ between wheat cultivars; (ii) these differences are caused by differences in the spike fertility index (GN/g spike dry weight/m2 at the beginning of grain filling (SDW)). The responses of GN to Q were compared for five wheat cultivars (four bread wheats and one durum wheat) and it was found that with Q values above 0·3 MJ/m2/d°C, all responses of GN to Q were linear, positive and parallel. A method was then proposed to obtain cultivar-specific GN from a common relationship between GN and Q. This method would facilitate GN estimation in crops with changes in sowing dates, sites or years, starting from data of potential GN and yield that is relatively easy to obtain. Differences among cultivars in response to Q were due to differences in GN response at SDW. Similar SDW values produced different GN, depending on the spike fertility index of each cultivar. The cultivars did not differ in their responses of SDW to Q. The association between spike fertility index and SDW was strongly negative in bread wheat. At lower levels of Q or SDW, the spike fertility index increased in all cultivars, at least when changes in SDW or Q were caused mainly by intercepted solar radiation, but the present results demonstrate that differences between cultivars also exist in this relationship.

Oil yield components and oil quality of high stearic-high oleic sunflower genotypes as affected by intercepted solar radiation during grain filling

2012 ◽  
Vol 63 (4) ◽  
pp. 330 ◽  
Author(s):  
Roberto D. Martínez ◽  
Natalia G. Izquierdo ◽  
Raúl González Belo ◽  
Luis A. N. Aguirrezábal ◽  
Fernando Andrade ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Solar Radiation ◽  
Yield Components ◽  
Management Practices ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Oil Quality ◽  
Grain Filling ◽  
Oil Yield ◽  
Plant Oil ◽  
High Oleic ◽  
Intercepted Solar Radiation

High stearic-high oleic sunflower oil presents high thermal stability. This oil is an alternative to the hydrogenation process which produces trans fatty acids. The effect of intercepted solar radiation (ISR) per plant during grain filling on oil yield components and oil fatty acid composition was investigated in three sunflower high stearic-high oleic genotypes. Three field experiments were conducted and treatments to modify ISR per plant were applied during grain filling: shading, defoliating and thinning plants. Increasing ISR per plant linearly increased grain number per capitulum, weight per grain and in some cases palmitic and stearic acid percentages. In the hybrid, grain oil percentage and oleic acid concentration increased with a decreasing rate, reaching a maximum value at high levels of ISR per plant. Linoleic acid percentage decreased with a decreasing rate, reaching a minimum value at high levels of ISR per plant. Oil yield components presented heterosis. This information contributes to explain the effects of environment on yield and oil quality in high stearic-high oleic genotypes and could be used to design management practices that optimise these traits.

scholarly journals Biological monitoring — as a method of hygienic assessment of the effects of pesticides on workers

2021 ◽  
Vol 100 (9) ◽  
pp. 1004-1008
Author(s):  
Valerii N. Rakitskii ◽  
Elena N. Mikheeva ◽  
Marina S. Grechina
Keyword(s):  
High Performance Liquid Chromatography ◽  
Liquid Chromatography ◽  
Active Substance ◽  
High Performance ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Human Interaction ◽  
Hazardous Substance ◽  
Strict Adherence ◽  
Mass Detector ◽  
Active Substances

Introduction. When conducting registration tests of the active substances of pesticides, it is essential to assess the risk for workers using these pesticide preparations in field experiments, where there is a direct human interaction with a potentially hazardous substance. The use of personal protective equipment and strict adherence to the regulations for the use of pesticide preparations cannot guarantee complete protection against contact with aggressive components. Biomonitoring occupies a special place in studies on the assessment of exposure of workers with pesticides, which makes it possible to assess the actual, rather than potential, absorption of a biologically active substance. Purpose of the work. Study of biomaterial (urine) of employees participating in field experiments when working with drugs based on active substances of the neonicotinoid group to determine their trace amounts by high performance liquid chromatography with a mass detector and risk assessment for those working with these pesticides. Materials and methods. Preparation of urine samples and their subsequent analysis for the content of residual amounts of acetamiprid, imidacloprid, thiamethoxam and its metabolite clothianidin were performed in accordance with the certified method “Measurement of the concentration of active substances of pesticides of the neonicotinoid class in urine”. The measurements were carried out using a method based on a tandem high performance liquid chromatography with a triple quadrupole mass detector, which makes it possible to estimate the minimum levels of active substances by two transitions of the parent ions (for quantitative calculation and confirmation by the ionic ratio). Electrostatic sputtering was used as a source of ionization; measurements were carried out in the multiple reaction monitoring mode. Results. The detected levels of imidacloprid in the urine of the researchers correspond to the data on the exposure assessment obtained from the results of measuring the concentration of this active substance in the air of the working area, as well as in washes from the skin of workers in agriculture. The maximum content of imidacloprid was revealed during the sowing of the etched seed material. Conclusion. Based on the data obtained, it was concluded that biomonitoring is the preferred method in a production environment due to its simplicity and sufficient information content.

Does mycorrhizal colonisation vary between maize and sunflower under limitations to radiation source or carbohydrate sink?

2018 ◽  
Vol 69 (10) ◽  
pp. 974
Author(s):  
Fernanda Covacevich ◽  
Julieta Martínez Verneri ◽  
Guillermo A. A. Dosio
Keyword(s):  
Radiation Source ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Arbuscular Mycorrhizal ◽  
Grain Filling ◽  
Reproductive Organs ◽  
Soluble Carbohydrates ◽  
Crop Species ◽  
Mycorrhizal Colonisation ◽  
Grain Filling Period ◽  
The Relationship

The aim of this work was to analyse and compare indigenous arbuscular mycorrhizal colonisation (AMC) in relation to growth and total soluble carbohydrates (TSC) in two major, physiologically contrasting crop species: maize (Zea mays L.) and sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.). In order to promote contrasting TSC concentrations, we modified the radiation source by shading and the carbohydrate sink by manipulating reproductive sinks at different phenological stages during the grain-filling period in two field experiments. We assessed plant dry matter, TSC in stems, and root AMC from flowering until final harvest. AMC during the grain-filling period decreased in maize and increased in sunflower. A sink limitation increased AMC in maize, and reduced it in sunflower. A source limitation decreased AMC in both species, especially in sunflower. AMC was positively related to TSC in maize, but negatively in sunflower. The relationship was affected by shading in sunflower, but not in maize. In both species, a different linear model described the relationship between AMC and TSC in plants submitted to the removal of the reproductive organs. The results highlight the role of carbohydrates in mediating mycorrhizal formation, and show for the first time the opposite AMC–TSC relationships in maize and sunflower.

Physiological maturity in Aestivum wheat: visual determination

1984 ◽  
Vol 102 (2) ◽  
pp. 285-287 ◽  
Author(s):  
V. P. Singh ◽  
M. Singh ◽  
M. S. Kairon
Keyword(s):  
Field Experiments ◽  
Polynomial Regression ◽  
Flag Leaf ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Grain Filling ◽  
Research Area ◽  
Complete Loss ◽  
Regression Equations ◽  
Physiological Maturity ◽  
Green Colour

SummaryField experiments were conducted during the winter seasons of 1977–8 and 1978–9 at Agronomy Research Area of Haryana Agricultural University Farm, Hissar, to identify the visual plant characters that coincide with physiological maturity (PM) and 95% maximum grain dry weight (95% MGW) in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cultivars. The dry-weight accumulation data from three cultivars (WH-157, HD-2009 and UP-270) differing in many agronomic characters were fitted to polynomial regression equations to calculate time of PM and 95% MGW. The mean number of days from anthesis to 95% MGW and from anthesis to PM ranged from 31 to 36 and 38 to 43, respectively, depending upon cultivar. The time of 95% MGW preceded PM by about 7 days. Of the nine visual plant characters recorded during the grain-filling period, complete loss of green colour from the glumes occurred close to PM. Complete loss of green colour from the flag leaf most consistently coincided with the time of 95% MGW. Complete loss of green colour from the flag leaf could therefore be used as an indicator of the commencement of rapid decrease in grain dry weight and the final stage of grainfilling which ends when the glumes have lost the whole of their green colour.

Dynamics of phytosterols content and concentration in sunflower grains

2018 ◽  
Vol 69 (7) ◽  
pp. 724 ◽  
Author(s):  
Raúl González Belo ◽  
Leonardo Velasco ◽  
Susana M. Nolasco ◽  
Natalia G. Izquierdo
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acid Composition ◽  
Environmental Factor ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Plasma Cholesterol ◽  
Oil Quality ◽  
Grain Filling ◽  
Oil Accumulation ◽  
Grain Filling Period ◽  
Intercepted Solar Radiation ◽  
Important Objective

Phytosterols are allies in the control of plasma cholesterol and in preventing cardiovascular diseases. As vegetable oils are the main source of phytosterols, characterising environmental factors that determine phytosterols accumulation in the oil is an important objective. The present research focuses on evaluating how intercepted solar radiation (ISR, the main environmental factor affecting oil accumulation) can determine phytosterol accumulation in sunflower oil. The aim of this work was to study the dynamics of phytosterols accumulation under different ISR levels and its relationships with the dynamics of oil accumulation. Two field experiments were conducted with hybrids with different fatty acid composition. Treatments applied during grain filling were: two levels of defoliation (75% and 80%) and a control. A 50% grain thinning treatment was also applied. Oil phytosterols concentration increased with defoliation during grain-filling period, whereas phytosterols content per grain decreased. β-sitosterol and campesterol were the most affected sterols. Reduction in ISR did not affect the rates of phytosterols accumulation. The durations of the accumulation period of these components varied in accordance with the duration of oil accumulation period. These results reinforce the importance of environmental factor in determining oil quality in sunflower grains.

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