Seedling validation of acid soil tolerance of lucerne populations selected in solution culture high in aluminium

2011 ◽  
Vol 62 (9) ◽  
pp. 803 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. C. Hayes ◽  
B. J. Scott ◽  
B. S. Dear ◽  
G. D. Li ◽  
G. C. Auricht
Keyword(s):  
Root Growth ◽  
Root Length ◽  
Acid Soil ◽  
Lateral Roots ◽  
Solution Culture ◽  
Root Surface Area ◽  
Root Weight ◽  
Total Root Length ◽  
Exchangeable Al ◽  
Tap Root

This study tested the hypothesis that lucerne (Medicago sativa L.) populations selected in solution culture high in aluminium (Al) would increase seedling root growth when grown in an acid soil high in exchangeable Al. Root growth of six elite populations (Aurora C2, UQL-1 C2, T02-011 C1, T02-011 C2, A513 C3 and Sardi 7 C2) selected in high-Al solution culture (SHASC) was compared with that of corresponding parent as well as the Georgia acid soil-tolerant populations in an acid soil in pots grown for 8 days under controlled environmental conditions. Lime was added to the soil to provide contrasts in the severity of stress imposed by low pH and high Al. Averaged across six SHASC populations, total root length increased 19% at pH 4.34 in CaCl2 (35% exchangeable Al) and 26% at pH 5.26 (<1% exchangeable Al) compared with the control populations. At all pH levels SHASC populations showed increased tap root length, total root length (includes lateral roots), root weight and root surface area, but decreased average root diameter compared with the six control populations. A large amount of variability was observed both between and within lucerne populations with three SHASC populations (Aurora C2, UQL-1 C2 and Sardi 7 C2) exhibiting increased root growth at lower pH levels, but little increase in root length at higher pH, consistent with increased tolerance to Al toxicity. This was in contrast to three other SHASC populations (T02-011 C1, T02-011 C2 and A513 C3), which exhibited increased root length at all pH levels, consistent with increased seedling vigour. The Sardi 7 C2 population exhibited the greatest increase in tap root growth with tap root length increasing by 40 and 30% at pH 4.34 and 4.48, respectively, compared with its parent population Sardi 7. This study provides evidence that seedlings of lucerne populations selected in high-Al solution culture can confer significantly improved root and shoot growth in acid soil. It is recommended that such screening be incorporated into lucerne breeding programs to reduce costs in space and time.

scholarly journals Growth Responses of Chemically Root-pruned Cork Oak Seedlings in the Nursery

2001 ◽  
Vol 19 (2) ◽  
pp. 69-72
Author(s):  
M. Pardos ◽  
J.A. Pardos ◽  
G. Montero
Keyword(s):  
Root Length ◽  
Lateral Roots ◽  
Cork Oak ◽  
Root Weight ◽  
Growth Responses ◽  
Latex Paint ◽  
Root Collar Diameter ◽  
Tap Root ◽  
Collar Diameter ◽  
Root Collar

Abstract Cork oak (Quercus suber L.) seedlings of two Iberian provenances (PA-SR and SM-Lp) were grown for one growing season in non-treated containers or in containers treated on their interior surfaces with white exterior latex paint containing 80 g CuCO3/liter. Copper carbonate-treated containers effectively prevented root deformation and decreased the amount of circled, kinked and matted roots formed at the container wall-medium interface. Root morphology was altered by the copper coating, so elongation of lateral roots contacting CuCO3-treated surfaces was more reduced than that of the tap root (82.7% vs 1.5%). These lateral roots showed higher branching frequency than roots contacting untreated container walls. CuCO3 treatment decreased root collar diameter, but did not influence seedling height, leaf area and tap root length. No sign of copper toxicity was observed in any seedling treated with CuCO3. Provenance had a significant effect on height, root collar diameter, tap root length and root weight per unit length; these results may reflect differences in growth habit of the two provenances. Other growth parameters measured were affected by a copper × provenance interaction. Seedlings of the PA-SR provenance produced less root and plant dry wt when grown in CuCO3-treated than in control containers, but shoot:root ratio was not influenced.

scholarly journals Root and Shoot Growth Periodicity of Green Ash, Scarlet Oak, Turkish Hazelnut, and Tree Lilac

1995 ◽  
Vol 120 (2) ◽  
pp. 211-216 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Roger Harris ◽  
Nina L. Bassuk ◽  
Richard W. Zobel ◽  
Thomas H. Whitlow
Keyword(s):  
Root Growth ◽  
Root Length ◽  
Shoot Growth ◽  
Lateral Roots ◽  
Growth Patterns ◽  
Extension Rate ◽  
Green Ash ◽  
Growth Measurement ◽  
Root And Shoot Growth ◽  
Growth Periodicity

The objectives of this study were to determine root and shoot growth periodicity for established Fraxinus pennsylvanica Marsh. (green ash), Quercus coccinea Muenchh. (scarlet oak), Corylus colurna L. (Turkish hazelnut), and Syringa reticulata (Blume) Hara `Ivory Silk' (tree lilac) trees and to evaluate three methods of root growth periodicity measurement. Two methods were evaluated using a rhizotron. One method measured the extension rate (RE) ofindividual roots, and the second method measured change in root length (RL) against an observation grid. A third method, using periodic counts of new roots present on minirhizotrons (MR), was also evaluated. RE showed the least variability among individual trees. Shoot growth began before or simultaneously with the beginning of root growth for all species with all root growth measurement methods. All species had concurrent shoot and root growth, and no distinct alternating growth patterns were evident when root growth was measured by RE. Alternating root and shoot growth was evident, however, when root growth was measured by RL and MR. RE measured extension rate of larger diameter lateral roots, RL measured increase in root length of all diameter lateral roots and MR measured new root count of all sizes of lateral and vertical roots. Root growth periodicity patterns differed with the measurement method and the types of roots measured.

Stand morphology of Townsville lucerne (Stylosanthes humilis) : Seasonal growth and root development

1968 ◽  
Vol 8 (34) ◽  
pp. 533 ◽  
Author(s):  
BWR Torssell ◽  
JE Begg ◽  
CW Rose ◽  
GF Byrne
Keyword(s):  
Root Length ◽  
Lateral Roots ◽  
Heavy Rain ◽  
Root Surface ◽  
Root Surface Area ◽  
General Description ◽  
Seasonal Growth ◽  
Wet Season ◽  
Average Growth ◽  
Stylosanthes Humilis

This paper describes the seasonal growth and morphology of a four-year-old pasture of Townsville lucerne (Stylosanthes humilis) used in a detailed microenvironmental study conducted at Katherine, N.T., during the 1966-67 wet season. Rapid germination and penetration of the tap root followed an early storm rain of 38 mm at the end of September, and most of the seedlings survived the next seven weeks without rain. A second germination followed heavy rain at the end of November, and by the end of December the main development of lateral roots commenced and the rate of shoot development increased. The highest average growth rate, 31 g/m2/day for the period March 31-April 14, was after the last rain of the season and preceded by ten weeks of above average rainfall. Growth continued for a further two weeks while the roots continued to deplete available soil water. During the main period of growth, approximately 80 per cent of root length and 70 per cent of root surface area was in the top 30 cm of soil. The density of root length varied very little below 30 cm. Growth and development are discussed in relation to grass competition and drought adaptation, and fitted to a general description of the life cycle of Townsville lucerne under northern Australian conditions.

An evaluation of the minirhizotron technique for estimating root distribution in potatoes

1991 ◽  
Vol 116 (3) ◽  
pp. 341-350 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. J. Parker ◽  
M. K. V. Carr ◽  
N. J. Jarvis ◽  
B. O. Puplampu ◽  
V. H. Lee
Keyword(s):  
Root Growth ◽  
Root Length ◽  
Root Length Density ◽  
Quantitative Measure ◽  
Total Root Length ◽  
Root Tips ◽  
Core Sampling ◽  
Glass Tubes ◽  
Poor Soil ◽  
Made In

SUMMARYThe minirhizotron technique was evaluated for estimating root length density in potatoes (Solanum tuberosum‘Record’) by comparing observations in angled 45° glass tubes with corresponding root length densities obtained by (a) destructive core sampling, and from (b) counts of root tips on the soil face of excavated trenches. Measurements were made in a field experiment in Bedfordshire, UK, in 1985, with shallow and deep cultivation as variables, and in a glasshouse trial.Only at depths below 0·3 m did root lengths observed with minirhizotrons reflect at all closely those estimated from core sampling and even then there was a tendency to overestimate root density. In the surface cultivated layers, where 80–90% of the total root length was present, results from minirhizotrons were unreliable, probably because of poor soil–tube contact and, in soils which shrink on drying, preferential root growth at the interface between the soil and the glass.Minirhizotrons can provide a realistic estimate of the rate of root growth of potatoes with depth over time when compared with maximum depths of water extraction, but appear to be unreliable for providing a quantitative measure of total root length density.

scholarly journals Correlation among Snpb11 markers, root growth, and physiological characters of upland rice under aluminum stress

2019 ◽  
Vol 20 (5) ◽  
Author(s):  
MIFTAHUL HUDA FENDIYANTO ◽  
RIZKY DWI SATRIO ◽  
SUHARSONO SUHARSONO ◽  
ARIS TJAHJOLEKSONO ◽  
M MIFTAHUDIN
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Marker ◽  
Root Growth ◽  
Root Length ◽  
Upland Rice ◽  
Carotenoid Content ◽  
Total Root Length ◽  
Al Tolerance ◽  
Aluminum Stress ◽  
Tolerance Level ◽  
Physiological Characters

Abstract. Fendiyanto MH, Satrio RD, Suharsono, Tjahjoleksono A, Miftahudin. 2019. Correlation among Snpb11 markers, root growth, and physiological characters of upland rice under aluminum stress. Biodiversitas 20: 1243-1254. The cultivation of upland rice in acid soils faces aluminum (Al) toxicity. Development of Al-tolerant rice could be one of the solutions to overcome the problem. Marker-assisted breeding to develop Al-tolerant rice requires at least a molecular marker for foreground selection. Snpb11 is a molecular marker developed from the nucleotide differences in a specific allele between Al-tolerant and sensitive rice. Snpb11 has never been used as a molecular marker in rice. Therefore this study aimed to examine the correlation among Snpb11 marker, root growth, and physiological characters under Al stress in upland rice. We used physiological characters and the Snpb11 marker to justify the Al tolerance level in several upland rice varieties. We found that physiological characters, i.e.: primary root length, total root length, chlorophyll, and carotenoid content showed positive correlation to Snpb11. Conversely, root malondialdehyde content, which represents the level of lipid peroxidation showed a negative correlation to Snpb11. There is evidence that the Snpb11 highly correlated with primary and total root length characters, which are the Al tolerance parameters used in rice. Therefore, Snpb11 markers can be used to distinguish the Al tolerance level in upland rice.

scholarly journals ROOT GROWTH OF CHINESE JUNIPER DURING THE FIRST THREE YEARS AFTER PLANTING

HortScience ◽  
1990 ◽  
Vol 25 (9) ◽  
pp. 1064e-1064 ◽  
Author(s):  
Edward F. Gilman ◽  
Michael E. Kane
Keyword(s):  
Root Growth ◽  
Root System ◽  
Root Length ◽  
Root Length Density ◽  
Root Diameter ◽  
Root Weight ◽  
Root Area ◽  
Black Plastic ◽  
Shoot Weight ◽  
Root Spread

Shoot and root growth were measured on Chinese juniper (Juniperus chinensis L.) Var. `Torulosa', `Sylvestris', `Pfitzeriana' and `Hetzii' 1, 2 and 3 years after planting into a simulated landscape from 10-liter black plastic containers. Mean diameter of the root system increased quadratically averaging 1, 2 m/year; whereas, mean branch spread increased at 0, 33 m/year, Three years after planting, root spread was 2, 75 times branch spread and roots covered an area 5.5 times that covered by the branches. Percentage of total root length located within the dripline of the plants remained fairly constant (71-77%) during the first 3 years following planting. Root length density per unit area increased over time but decreased with distance from the trunk. In the first 2 years after planting shoot weight increased faster than root `weight. However, during the third year after planting, the root system increased in mass and size at a faster rate than the shoots. Root length was correlated with root weight within root-diameter classes, Root spread and root area were correlated with trunk area, branch spread and crown area.

scholarly journals Root Pruning Pin Oak Liners Affects Growth and Root Morphology

2001 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 49-52 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Roger Harris ◽  
Alex Niemiera ◽  
Jody Fanelli ◽  
Robert Wright
Keyword(s):  
Root Length ◽  
Growth Parameters ◽  
Substrate Surface ◽  
Lateral Roots ◽  
Root Pruning ◽  
Regression Equations ◽  
Total Root Length ◽  
Optimum Depth ◽  
Quercus Palustris ◽  
Root:Shoot Ratios

Two experiments tested the effects of root pruning on growth during first-season production of pin oak (Quercus palustris Muenchh.). Experiment one tested the effect of root pruning developing radicles at 5, 10, or 15 cm (2, 4, or 6 inches) below the substrate surface. After 11 weeks, total root length was not affected by root pruning, but root-pruned seedlings had more main lateral [>2-mm (0.08-inch) diameter] roots than those that were not root pruned. Shallow pruning increased the number of main lateral roots. Experiment two tested the effect of initially producing plants in different-depth bottomless containers [5, 10, 15, or 20-cm (2, 4, 6, or 8-inch) depth] on growth after transplanting to #2 [6 L (1.6 gal)] containers. Shoot and root growth in #2 containers were lowest when plants were originally produced in 5-cm-deep containers. Plants with the greatest height and highest root:shoot ratios were obtained when plants were grown initially in 10-cm-deep containers. Predicted optimum depth of bottomless containers from regression equations ranged from 11.3 cm (4.5 inches) to 14.2 cm (5.5 inches) for the different growth parameters measured. The importance of these findings are: Pruning developing radicles of pin oak seedlings increases the number of main lateral roots but not overall root length. Growers can maximize growth in #2 containers by initially growing in 10-cm-deep bottomless containers before transplanting to #2 containers.

scholarly journals Aluminum Resistance among Seeded Bermudagrasses

HortScience ◽  
2005 ◽  
Vol 40 (1) ◽  
pp. 221-223 ◽  
Author(s):  
Haibo Liu
Keyword(s):  
Cynodon Dactylon ◽  
Aluminum Toxicity ◽  
Acid Soil ◽  
Warm Season ◽  
Solution Culture ◽  
Soil Conditions ◽  
Limiting Factor ◽  
Root Weight ◽  
Limited Information ◽  
Aluminum Resistance

Aluminum toxicity is a major limiting factor for turfgrass establishment and growth when soil pH is <5.0. Limited information on aluminum resistance is available among warm-season turfgrasses and these turfgrasses often grow in the areas with acid soil conditions. The objectives of this study were 1) to evaluate seeded bermudagrass (Cynodon dactylon L.) cultivars for the ability to tolerate a high level of aluminum and 2) to measure the extent of aluminum damage to the root systems. In total, 16 bermudagrass cultivars were evaluated under greenhouse conditions using a solution culture and an acid Tatum soil (Clayey, mixed, thermic, typic, Hapludult). The soil had pH 4.4% and 69% exchangeable aluminum. A concentration of 640 μm aluminum and a pH 4.0 was used for solution culture. The grasses were grown for 28 days in solution culture; 28 days in the acid Tatum soil; and 78 days in the acid Tatum soil before harvesting. Aluminum resistance was determined by measuring the longest root length, the longest shoot length, dry root weight, dry shoot weight, and shoot to root ratio in comparing the control to obtain the relative Al resistance among the cultivars. The results indicate that seeded bermudagrass cultivars differ in their aluminum resistance.

scholarly journals Lateral Root Traits of Taxodium Hybrid ‘Zhongshanshan 406’ in Response to Drought Stress

HortScience ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 53 (4) ◽  
pp. 547-551
Author(s):  
Qin Shi ◽  
Yunlong Yin ◽  
Zhiquan Wang ◽  
Wencai Fan ◽  
Jinbo Guo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Drought Stress ◽  
Surface Area ◽  
Root Length ◽  
Lateral Root ◽  
Plant Root ◽  
Lateral Roots ◽  
Specific Root Length ◽  
Root Traits ◽  
Root Tip ◽  
Root Surface Area

Roots are vital organs for resource uptake. However, the knowledge regarding the extent by which responses in roots influence plant resistance is still poorly known. In this study, we examined the morphological and physiological responses of lateral roots of Taxodium hybrid ‘Zhongshanshan 406’ (Taxodium mucronatum♀ and Taxodium distichum♂, T. 406) to 8 (DS-8) and 12 days (DS-12) drought. Control plants (CK-8 and CK-12) were well-watered throughout the experiment. Results indicated that drought resulted in significantly decreased root length, surface area, volume, and biomass and a relatively high death rate of roots (>2 mm). Specific root length (SRL) and specific root surface area (SRA) of drought-stressed T. 406 plants were reduced to enhance resource uptake. Meanwhile, root relative water content (RWC) of T. 406 plants in CK-12 treatment was 5.81 times of those in DS-12 treatment. Under drought stress and root superoxide dismutase and ascorbic acid (ASA) activities, proline and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) contents consistently increased to benefit the elimination of O2−. At the ultrastructural level, the organelle structure of T. 406 plant root tip was visibly damaged because of dehydration. The nucleus swelled and then exhibited uncommon features of disorganization and disruption. In short, our results provided substantial information about lateral root traits of T. 406 plants in response to drought stress, which is crucial to improve the drought resistance of Taxodium hybrid in the future breeding.

Effects of subsoil acidity on the shoot and root growth of some tropical and temperate forage legumes

1981 ◽  
Vol 32 (3) ◽  
pp. 453 ◽  
Author(s):  
A Pinkerton ◽  
JR Simpson
Keyword(s):  
Root Growth ◽  
Root Length ◽  
Shoot Growth ◽  
Fine Root ◽  
Tropical Species ◽  
Root Weight ◽  
Subsoil Acidity ◽  
Fine Root Length ◽  
Shoot Weight ◽  
Carbonate Species

The root and shoot growth of four tropical and two temperate summer-growing legumes were assessed when plants were grown in deep profiles of an acidic soil modified by additions of calcium carbonate. Species tested over three harvests were Desmodium intortum, Glycine wightii, Stylosanthes humilis (Townsville stylo), Macvoptilium atvopuvpureum (Siratro), Trifolium repens and Medicago sativa (lucerne). There were large and more immediate effects on root growth, particularly on fine root length, than on shoot growth. The species differed in their root responses to lime, the tropical species in general being more tolerant of subsoil acidity than the temperate species. There were marked differences between species in their responses when expressed as the ratio of fine root length to total shoot weight. The ratio of root weight to shoot weight showed much less variation with lime rate, and it is suggested that the ratio of fine root length to shoot weight is the better indicator of tolerance to subsoil acidity. S. humilis showed little response to lime at any time, and was notable for its length of fine root. Siratro grew well at first but later there was little increase in shoot weight or in length of fine root, although tap root weight increased greatly. Roots of D. intorturn, T. repens and lucerne were slow to penetrate beyond 55 cm depth. At later harvests the root lengths of these species and of G. wightii were highly responsive to lime. Agronomic implications of the results are discussed.

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