Relationship between yield, carbon isotope discrimination and stem carbohydrate concentration in spring wheat grown in Ningxia Irrigation Region (North-west China)

2010 ◽  
Vol 61 (9) ◽  
pp. 731 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lin Zhu ◽  
Shu Hua Li ◽  
Zong Suo Liang ◽  
Zhan Feng Zhang ◽  
Xing Xu
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Isotope ◽  
Carbon Isotope Discrimination ◽  
Flag Leaf ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Stem Length ◽  
Soluble Carbohydrates ◽  
Soluble Carbohydrate ◽  
Isotope Discrimination ◽  
North West ◽  
Carbohydrate Concentration

Carbon isotope discrimination (Δ) in flag leaf, grain and basal stem, grain yield (GY), and harvest index (HI), were determined in a collection of 20 bread wheat cultivars (landraces, released cultivars and advanced lines) in Yinchuan, located in the central region of the Ningxia region (North-west of China), in 2007 and 2008. In 2008, specific stem DW (SSDW) and carbohydrates, including water-soluble carbohydrate (WSC), non-water-soluble carbohydrates (NWSC) and total non-structural carbohydrate (TNSC) in stem were also measured. Relationships between GY, HI, SSDW, accumulation and mobilisation of stem carbohydrates and Δ were analysed. There were positive and significant correlations between grain Δ, basal stem Δ and GY in 2007 and 2008. A significant and positive correlation between Δ and HI was found. In 2008, positive correlations were recorded between stem WSC concentration, SSDW sampled 7 days after anthesis and Δ. Carbon isotope discrimination was associated positively with remobilisation efficiency of stem WSC and TNSC. While negative relationships were noted between Δ and SSDW at maturity, stronger association was noted between Δ, carbohydrate concentration, accumulation and mobilisation efficiencies on stem length basis than on stem DW basis. In conclusion, there is a good relationship between Δ and carbohydrate in stem of wheat when irrigation does not meet the crop’s water requirement and wheat experiences a slight water stress after anthesis.

Relationships between carbon isotope discrimination and leaf morphophysiological traits in spring-planted spring wheat under drought and salinity stress in Northern China

2008 ◽  
Vol 59 (10) ◽  
pp. 941 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lin Zhu ◽  
Zong Suo Liang ◽  
Xing Xu ◽  
Shu Hua Li ◽  
Ji Hai Jing ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Carbon Isotope ◽  
Harvest Index ◽  
Carbon Isotope Discrimination ◽  
Water Status ◽  
Flag Leaf ◽  
Wheat Yield ◽  
Gas Exchange Parameters ◽  
Isotope Discrimination ◽  
North East

The relationships between carbon isotope discrimination (Δ) and some morphophysiological traits such as specific leaf dry weight (SLDW), gas exchange parameters, and relative water content (RWC) were studied in a collection of 20 bread wheat cultivars (landraces, released cultivars and advanced lines) in three locations of the Ningxia region (North-East China), i.e. Yinchuan (limited irrigation conditions), Huinong (limited irrigation conditions + salinity) and Guyuan (rain-fed conditions). Relationships between Δ, grain yield (GY), and harvest index (HI) and above-ground biomass (AGB) were also analysed. Differences in the measured traits between different locations were highly related to the variation in water availability. Positive correlations were noted between Δ and HI and grain yield. Flag leaf Δ was positively correlated with RWC at anthesis, and negatively associated with SLDW at grain filling. Significant and negative correlations between Δ and dry matter weight per plant at anthesis and biomass at maturity were noted. Leaf temperature (LT) was found to be negatively correlated with Δ and gs. The findings suggest that Δ may be a useful indicator reflecting wheat yield, harvest index, and water status under irrigation and rain-fed conditions in the Ningxia region.

Response of phalaris to differing water regimes or grazing treatments as measured by basal bud weight, water-soluble carbohydrates, and plant tillers

2004 ◽  
Vol 55 (8) ◽  
pp. 879 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. M. Lodge
Keyword(s):  
Water Treatment ◽  
Stem Elongation ◽  
Field Studies ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Soluble Carbohydrates ◽  
Soluble Carbohydrate ◽  
Mean Values ◽  
North West ◽  
Management Intervention ◽  
The North

Studies of Phalaris aquatica L. were used to collect data for basal bud (all below ground shoot material) weights, their water-soluble carbohydrate (WSC) content, and green vegetative tillers. A glasshouse study of cvv. Australian and Sirosa was conducted on regrowth after 26 days of plants previously exposed to either non-limiting or limiting (simulated Mediterranean environment, and 3- or 6-week drought) watering treatments. The other studies were of Sirosa phalaris pastures that had previously been subjected to continuous or lenient (resting in both spring and autumn each year) grazing by Merino wethers. In the glasshouse study, weight of basal buds (g/plant) was highest (13.88 g/plant) for Australian plants in the non-limiting water treatment, but not significantly different among watering treatments for Sirosa plants. Basal bud WSC values ranged from 2126 mg/plant (Australian phalaris, non-limiting water) to <200 mg/plant in 6-week drought and Mediterranean watering treatments of both cultivars. Tiller regrowth was higher in Australian non-limiting water treatment compared with all other treatments. Post-drought field studies (6 weeks tiller regrowth in May–June 1995) showed that plants in continuously grazed treatments had basal bud weights <11 g/plant, basal bud WSC contents <600 mg/plant, and green vegetative tiller weights <2.5 g/plant, compared with values of >11 g/plant, >1300 mg/plant, and >3.6 g/plant, respectively, for treatments rested for 12 weeks in both autumn and spring. At the end of spring 1995, when plants were post stem elongation and anthesis, basal bud WSC (mg/plant) was significantly higher in autumn–spring rest treatments compared with plants that were continuously grazed (mean values for 2 sites of 2889 and 1458 mg/plant, respectively). From these data, threshold values of basal bud WSC contents of <600 mg/plant after 6 weeks of regrowth in autumn–early winter, or <2000 mg/plant in flowering plants in late spring in continuously grazed pastures >3 years old, were proposed as useful indicators that management intervention may be required to maintain Sirosa phalaris persistence on the North-West Slopes of New South Wales.

Relationships between ash content, carbon isotope discrimination and yield in durum wheat

1998 ◽  
Vol 25 (7) ◽  
pp. 835 ◽  
Author(s):  
J.L. Araus ◽  
T. Amaro ◽  
J. Casadesús ◽  
A. Asbati ◽  
M.M. Nachit
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Durum Wheat ◽  
Carbon Isotope ◽  
Carbon Isotope Discrimination ◽  
Flag Leaf ◽  
Dry Mass ◽  
Ash Content ◽  
The Other ◽  
Isotope Discrimination ◽  
Mass Basis

The relationships between ash content, carbon isotope discrimination and yield were studied in durum wheat (Triticum durum Desf.) grown in a Mediterranean region (north-western Syria) under three different water regimes (hereafter referred to as environments). Ash content (on dry mass basis) was measured in the flag leaf about 3 weeks after anthesis (leaf ash) and in mature kernels (kernel ash), whereas Δ was analysed in the penultimate leaf at heading (leaf Δ) and in mature kernels (kernel Δ). Leaf Δ was weakly or not related with the other parameters. Leaf ash correlated positively with kernel Δ (P≤0.001), even in the driest environment, which gave a mean yield of 1.5 t ha-1. For the four parameters, correlations with yield remained significant (P≤0.001) after correcting for days to heading. All the parameters showed a higher broad-sense heritability than yield. The parameter that showed the best genetic correlation with grain yield was kernel ash (r2= 0.88), followed by kernel Δ (r2 = 0.69) and leaf ash (r2 = 0.64), whereas leaf Δ (r2 = 0.26) was the least correlated parameter. Except for kernel ash, these parameters always correlated positively with grain yield. The negative relationships of kernel ash (on dry mass basis) with yield and all the other parameters may be attributable to the finding that kernel ash was higher in those genotypes more affected by drought during grain filling. Thus, kernel ash was negatively related (P≤0.001) with total kernel mass per spike. Prediction of grain yield through multiple linear regression suggests that kernel ash can be used as complementary criterion to either kernel Δ or leaf ash.

Spatial Patterns of Carbon Isotope Discrimination and Allocation of Photosynthetic Activity in Sugarcane Leaves

1997 ◽  
Vol 24 (6) ◽  
pp. 769 ◽  
Author(s):  
Frederick C. Meinzer ◽  
Nicanor Z. Saliendra
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Isotope ◽  
Photosynthetic Activity ◽  
Carbon Isotope Discrimination ◽  
Incident Light ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
C4 Plants ◽  
Leaf Base ◽  
Photosynthetic Gas Exchange ◽  
Bisphosphate Carboxylase ◽  
Isotope Discrimination

Longitudinal variation in carbon isotope discrimination (Δ), photosynthetic gas exchange, phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase (PEPC) and ribulose 1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase (Rubisco) activities, chlorophyll and N content were characterised in the uppermost fully expanded leaf of sugarcane (Saccharum spp. hybrid) plants. Δ values of lamina tissue and the water-soluble fraction increased from the base to near the tip of the leaf then remained essentially constant, or declined along the rest of the leaf. Both the CO2 assimilation rate (A) and stomatal conductance (g) also increased from the base to the tip. The relative increase in A was much greater than that of g, causing the ratio of intercellular to ambient partial pressure of CO2 (pi/pa) to decrease substantially from leaf base to tip. Activities of both PEPC and Rubisco increased from leaf base to tip. Based on current models of factors determining Δ in C4 plants, the increase in Δ from the base to tip of sugarcane leaves appeared to be entirely attributable to decreasing pi/pa. Bundle sheath leakiness to CO2, the other major determinant of Δ in C4 plants, was nearly constant from the leaf base to tip, consistent with the nearly constant ratio of Rubisco and PEPC activity. Spatial allocations of carboxylase activity, chlorophyll, and N were highly correlated with prevailing levels of incident light at different points along the leaf. Partitioning of N and photosynthetic activity within individual leaves was consistent with allocation of N and photosynthetic capacity along vertical gradients of incident light reported for entire canopies.

Carbon isotope discrimination of two-rowed and six-rowed barley genotypes under irrigated and non-irrigated field conditions

2006 ◽  
Vol 86 (2) ◽  
pp. 433-441 ◽  
Author(s):  
Qingzhen Jiang, Dominique Roche ◽  
David J. Hole
Keyword(s):  
Water Stress ◽  
Grain Yield ◽  
Carbon Isotope ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Carbon Isotope Discrimination ◽  
Flag Leaf ◽  
Heading Date ◽  
Hordeum Vulgare L ◽  
Isotope Discrimination ◽  
Yield Parameters

Carbon isotope discrimination (Δ) has been widely used to estimate the water-use efficiency (WUE) of C3 cereals including barley (Hordeum vulgare L.). Genetic lines of barley belong to two phenotypic classes for ear morphology, either two-rowed or six-rowed, a simply inherited trait. We tested the value of Δ as a predictor of grain yield and WUE for these two types of barley under different conditions of water availability. We also investigated if differences in plant morphology and yield parameters between these two types resulted in different carbon dynamics and different Δ values for grain, awn and flag leaf. We conducted field experiments for 3 consecutive years with genetic lines of both ear types in northern Utah and southeastern Idaho under irrigated and non-irrigated conditions, including two line-source sprinkler experiments. Correlations between grain yield and Δ values of flag leaf, awn and grain were stronger in combined analyses across ear types than in analyses within two-rowed (2R) and six-rowed (6R) types. Nevertheless, we found that Δ of mature awns and grains were a good predictor of yield for both barley types under low to moderate water stress. However, Δ was not a reliable predictor for barley yield under severe water stress. Pearson’s correlations were used to test associations between Δ values and several yield parameters (heading date, above-ground dry matter, harvest index, grain mass per fertile tiller). Our data indicated that among the field-grown genetic lines tested, the two types of barley differed in Δ values for grain, awn and flag leaf. Values of Δ for 2R barley were usually lower, suggesting higher WUE, than those for 6R types. Fundamental differences in sink size or grain mass per fertile tiller between 2R and 6R cultivars probably have important consequences on carbon/water metabolism at the whole tiller level. Key words: Barley, carbon isotope discrimination, yield, awn, drought, irrigation

scholarly journals Nutritional and fermentation quality of ensiled willow from an integrated feed and bioenergy agroforestry system in UK

2014 ◽  
pp. 1-9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jo Smith ◽  
Kaisa Kuoppala ◽  
David Yáñez-Ruiz ◽  
Katharine Leach ◽  
Marketta Rinne
Keyword(s):  
Agroforestry System ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Soluble Carbohydrates ◽  
Soluble Carbohydrate ◽  
Residual Water ◽  
Self Medication ◽  
Carbohydrate Concentration ◽  
Short Rotation

Agroforestry, the integration of trees and agriculture, is valued as a multifunctional land use approach that balances the production of commodities (food, feed, fuel, fibre etc.) with non-commodity outputs such as environmental protection and cultural and landscape amenities. In this study, the possibilities for fodder production from a short rotation coppice of willow (Salix viminalis) used for wood chips to produce energy were investigated. The nutritional value and ensilability were assessed from first year regrowth of willow harvested on 29 June 2011 at Wakelyns Agroforestry, Suffolk, UK. The willow branches with a stem diameter less than 8 mm were manually harvested from 4 plots in two replicates. From 2 plots, another sample was prepared including leaves only. Both dried raw material and silage samples ensiled in evacuated polyethylene bags were analyzed. The crude protein concentration was relatively high in leaf + stem silage (182 g/kg dry matter (DM)) and even higher in leaf only silage (219 g/kg DM) and the fibre concentration was relatively low. However, the organic matter digestibility determined by in vitro pepsin-cellulase method was low (0.421 for leaf + stem silage and 0.511 for leaf only silage) and it cannot be considered as a suitable feed for lactating dairy cows. However, it might be suitable for other animal groups with lower energy requirements. The appearance and smell of the silage samples at opening of the vacuum plastic bags was rather pleasant with minor deteriorations (probably yeasts) visible. The extent of fermentation was low and pH high (5.79) for a rather low DM material (DM concentration 276 g/kg). The water soluble carbohydrates of the raw material (35 g/kg DM) and the residual water soluble carbohydrate concentration in silages was relatively low, which at least partly explains the restricted production of fermentation acids. The fermentation profile was heterofermentative (acetic acid dominated instead of lactic acid). The concentrations of total condensed tannins fractions were almost twice as high in the leaf only silage compared to leaf + stem silage. Although the feed values of willow were low, it may have a role in multifunctional systems, where it can provide additional values in grazing situations such as self-medication and microclimate benefits. For easy and efficient use in animal production, controlled browsing might be used; otherwise methods for harvesting and preservation need to be developed. There seems to be some scope for ensiling willow material. This work is part of an EU FP7 funded project “Sustainable organic and low input dairying” (SOLID, KBBE.2010.1.2-02). For more information on the project, see www.solidairy.eu

Assimilate Supply and Floret Development Within the Spike of Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)

1983 ◽  
Vol 10 (6) ◽  
pp. 585 ◽  
Author(s):  
YM Stockman ◽  
RA Fischer ◽  
EG Brittain
Keyword(s):  
Flag Leaf ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Triticum Aestivum L ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Soluble Carbohydrate ◽  
Controlled Environment ◽  
Lower Priority ◽  
Carbohydrate Concentration ◽  
Leaf Emergence ◽  
Water Soluble Carbohydrate

The effect of increased as well as reduced assimilate on floret growth and development in wheat (cv. Yecora) was investigated in a controlled environment. Plants from which all tillers were removed were grown at 21/10°C with a 14 h photoperiod. At flag leaf emergence, an additional light (15% above control) and two shading treatments (40 and 70% below control) were applied to the plants for an 8-day period, ending 6 days before anthesis. The additional light and the 70% shade treatments had significant effects (+37%, -43% respectively), on the number of competent florets (as judged by anther appearance at anthesis) and subsequently similar effects on the number of kernels per spike at maturity. The changes in competent floret numbers were closely related to changes in spike dry weight at anthesis and in turn, during the treatment period. The heavy shading decreased grain yield significantly. Within the spike, treatment effects on floret and kernel number were greater in basal spikelets than in distal and especially central spikelets, in both an absolute as well as relative sense. These effects were paralleled by greater changes in basal spikelet dry weight and water-soluble carbohydrate concentration. They may be related to the smaller size or later development of basal spikelets at the onset of treatment, and suggest that the base of the spike is normally a lower priority sink for assimilate at that time.

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