Seedling competition of lucerne in mixtures with temperate and tropical pasture species

2010 ◽  
Vol 61 (5) ◽  
pp. 411 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. P. Boschma ◽  
G. M. Lodge ◽  
S. Harden
Keyword(s):  
Tall Fescue ◽  
Subterranean Clover ◽  
Trifolium Subterraneum ◽  
Tropical Species ◽  
Replacement Series ◽  
Temporal Separation ◽  
Rhodes Grass ◽  
Digitaria Eriantha ◽  
Cutting Height ◽  
Tropical Grass

Two replacement series studies were conducted to quantify the competitive ability of seedlings of Medicago sativa (lucerne) sown in mixtures with temperate and tropical species. A temperate mixtures study (Expt 1) consisted of lucerne cv. Genesis sown with each of Phalaris aquatica (phalaris) cv. Atlas PG, Lolium arundinaceum (tall fescue) cv. Resolute MaxP, Cichorium intybus (chicory) cv. Puna, Trifolium subterraneum (subterranean clover) cv. Clare, Austrodanthonia richardsonii (wallaby grass) cv. Taranna and Avena sativa (forage oats) cv. Eurrabie. There was also an additional mixture of chicory and subterranean clover. A tropical grass mixtures study (Expt 2) included Genesis lucerne sown with each of Panicum coloratum var. makarikariense cv. Bambatsi, Dicanthium aristatum cv. Floren, Chloris gayana (Rhodes grass) cv. Katambora, Digitaria eriantha subsp. eriantha cv. Premier and Bothriochloa bladii subsp. glabra cv. Swann. In Expt 1, lucerne-phalaris mixtures were equally competitive, whereas lucerne-tall fescue mixtures over-yielded. Chicory was aggressive in mixtures with lucerne and subterranean clover; similarly forage oats was more competitive than lucerne. Subterranean clover was competitive against lucerne at harvest 1, but by harvest 2 the low cutting height had reduced its competitiveness. Lucerne was more aggressive than wallaby grass. In Expt 2, all tropical grass-lucerne mixtures over-yielded; however, lucerne was generally more competitive than the grasses, except for Rhodes grass at harvest 1. While our study indicated that mixtures of lucerne seedlings with phalaris or tall fescue may be compatible, mixtures with tropical grasses were more likely to result in lucerne seedling dominance. This competitiveness may be overcome by either spatial or temporal separation and we discuss the concept of using mixtures to exploit environmental niches.

Competition among seedlings of perennial grasses, subterranean clover, white clover, and annual ryegrass in replacement series mixtures

2000 ◽  
Vol 51 (3) ◽  
pp. 377 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. M. Lodge
Keyword(s):  
White Clover ◽  
Plant Competition ◽  
Perennial Grass ◽  
Subterranean Clover ◽  
Trifolium Subterraneum ◽  
Perennial Grasses ◽  
Maximum Likelihood Estimates ◽  
Annual Ryegrass ◽  
Replacement Series ◽  
Successful Establishment

Seedlings of 3 perennial grasses, Danthonia linkii Kunthcv. Bunderra, D. richardsonii Cashmore cv. Taranna(wallaby grasses), and Phalaris aquatica L. cv. Sirosa,were each grown in replacement series mixtures with seedlings ofTrifolium repens L. (white clover),Trifolium subterraneum L. var. brachycalycinum (Katzn.et Morley) Zorahy & Heller cv. Clare (subterraneanclover), and Lolium rigidum L. (annual ryegrass). Plantswere sown 5 cm apart in boxes (45 by 29 by 20 cm) at a density of 307plants/m2. Maximum likelihood estimates were usedto derive parameters of a non-linear competition model using the dry matterweights of perennial grasses and competitors at 3 harvests, approximately 168,216, and 271 days after sowing. Intra-plant competition was examined inmonocultures of each species, grown at plant spacings of 2, 5, and 8 cm apartwith plants harvested at the above times.Competition occurred in all perennial grass–competitor mixtures, exceptin those of each perennial grass with white clover and thephalaris–subterranean clover mixture (Harvest 1) and those withD. richardsonii and phalaris grown with white clover(Harvest 2). For D. richardsonii (Harvests 1 and 2) andD. linkii (Harvest 1 only) grown with white clover andthe phalaris–subterranean clover (Harvest 1), the two species in themixture were not competing. In the phalaris–white clover mixture, eachspecies was equally competitive (Harvests 1 and 2). These differences incompetition and aggressiveness reflected differences in individual plantweights in monocultures where there was an effect (P < 0.05) of species ondry matter weight per box, but no significant effect of plant spacing.These data indicated that for successful establishment,D. richardsonii and D. linkiishould not be sown in swards with either subterranean clover or white clover,or where populations of annual ryegrass seedlings are likely to be high.Phalaris was more compatible with both white clover and subterranean clover,but aggressively competed with by annual ryegrass.

Effect of timing of forage conservation on forage yield and quality, seed yield and seedling regeneration of four subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum) cultivars

2008 ◽  
Vol 48 (8) ◽  
pp. 1133 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. S. Dear ◽  
B. F. Hackney ◽  
G. M. Dyce ◽  
C. A. Rodham
Keyword(s):  
Seed Yield ◽  
Seed Set ◽  
Subterranean Clover ◽  
Trifolium Subterraneum ◽  
Forage Yield ◽  
Seedling Regeneration ◽  
Yield And Quality ◽  
Cutting Height ◽  
Seed Yields ◽  
Forage Yields

Swards of four cultivars of subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum L.) were cut at three different times to determine the effect on forage yield and quality, seed set and seedling regeneration in two successive seasons in southern New South Wales. The four cultivars of subterranean clover (Seaton Park LF, Junee, Goulburn and Clare) were cut on 23–25 September (early cut), 8–10 October (mid cut) or 22–23 October (late cut), to simulate an early silage, late silage or hay cut. Additional treatments imposed included either grazing or leaving the regrowth after cutting and raising the cutting height from 3 to 6 cm. Forage yields ranged from 3.5 to 9.3 t dry matter (DM)/ha in the first year and from 2.0 to 5.9 t DM/ha in the second year. Herbage yield was influenced by both cultivar and harvest time with the highest yields achieved with the mid cut. Lower forage yields at the later cut were attributed to losses due to respiration and decay under dense leaf canopies. Changes in forage quality were consistent across both years, with in vivo DM digestibility declining from 76–79% to 69–70% as cutting time was delayed. Crude protein fell from 22–24% to 14–17% over the same period, depending on cultivar. Seed yields in both years were influenced by both cutting time and cultivar with a positive relationship (R2 = 0.45–0.61) between herbage present in late spring after a period of regrowth and subsequent seed yield. The early flowering cultivar Seaton Park LF had the highest seed yield in both years and the more erect cultivar Clare had the lowest. Seed yields declined with later cutting time but increased by an average of 39% when the cutting height was raised from 3 to 6 cm. Seedling regeneration reflected seed yield responses with the largest seedling regeneration occurring in treatments cut early. The study found that forage conservation in early October is likely to yield more and be of higher quality than swards cut later in the season. Seed set is greatly reduced by all cutting strategies to levels unprofitable for seed harvesting but may be adequate for pasture regeneration.

Replacement series studies of competition between tropical perennial and annual grasses and perennial grass mixtures in northern New South Wales

2009 ◽  
Vol 60 (6) ◽  
pp. 526 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. M. Lodge ◽  
S. P. Boschma ◽  
S. Harden
Keyword(s):  
Perennial Grass ◽  
Maximum Likelihood Estimates ◽  
Separate Experiment ◽  
Replacement Series ◽  
Rhodes Grass ◽  
Barnyard Grass ◽  
Tropical Grasses ◽  
South Wales ◽  
Digitaria Eriantha ◽  
Annual Grasses

Seedlings of three perennial tropical grasses, Chloris gayana cv. Katambora (Rhodes grass), Panicum coloratum var. makarikariense cv. Bambatsi (panic grass), and Digitaria eriantha ssp. eriantha cv. Premier (digit grass), were each grown in replacement series mixtures with seedlings of the annual summer-growing grass weeds Urochloa panicoides (liverseed grass) and Echinochloa colona (awnless barnyard grass). A separate experiment examined the competitiveness of seedlings of the three perennial tropical grasses when two species were sown together. Plants were sown 50 mm apart in boxes at a density of 307 plants/m2. Maximum likelihood estimates were used to derive parameters of a non-linear competition model using the dry weights of perennial and annual grasses. Seedlings of the summer-growing annual liverseed grass competed aggressively with those of the tropical perennial Katambora Rhodes grass. However, Bambatsi panic seedlings were equally competitive with those of awnless barnyard grass, while those in a Premier digit-barnyard grass mixture were inhibited by the presence of each other. In the perennial grass mixtures study, the performance of both Premier digit and Bambatsi panic was adversely affected by the presence of Katambora Rhodes grass.

Improving tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea) for cool-season vigour

2004 ◽  
Vol 44 (9) ◽  
pp. 873 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. F. M. Reed ◽  
S. L. Clement ◽  
W. F. Feely ◽  
B. Clark
Keyword(s):  
Field Experiment ◽  
Tall Fescue ◽  
Festuca Arundinacea ◽  
Subterranean Clover ◽  
Trifolium Subterraneum ◽  
Growth Potential ◽  
Cool Season ◽  
Commercial Cultivars ◽  
Neotyphodium Endophyte ◽  
Vigorous Growth

A highly winter-active cultivar of tall fescue, Melik, was compared with 3 commercial cultivars in a field experiment in South West Victoria. Winter production of Melik was superior to the widely used commercial cultivars (P<0.05). In a second experiment, a selection from a Melik nursery, designated Melik Select, was compared with the summer-active cultivars, Demeter and AU Triumph. Seed blends of Melik Select and Demeter (1:2 or 2:1 mix) were also evaluated and seasonal production was measured under grazing. Over 3 years, the cumulative yield of tall fescue per se was not different between cultivars, despite a 73% increase in winter for Melik Select compared with Demeter (P<0.001). Melik Select produced 55% of its annual yield in winter. For Demeter the winter proportion was 33%. Spring (P<0.01) and summer production (P<0.001) was superior from the summer-active cultivars, Demeter and AU Triumph, when compared with the yield from Melik Select. Melik Select plots were however, characterised by higher contributions from subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum L.). After 7 years of rotational grazing by sheep, the frequency of Melik Select plants (63%) was greater than that of Demeter (9%) and AU Triumph (8%) (P<0.01). Melik Select exhibited greater crown rust (Puccinia coronata) resistance than Demeter and AU Triumph (P<0.001) in autumn. The seed blend treatments, which included 66% Melik Select, did not increase winter production above that obtained from the summer-active cultivars (P>0.05). It was concluded that, while increased cool season production from tall fescue may be obtained by the use of highly winter-active cultivars sown alone, blends of the contrasting types of tall fescue may provide a more even distribution of growth throughout the year. To significantly increase winter growth in the Hamilton climate, however, the highly winter-active component may have to represent >66% of the blend. Options for using Mediterranean type tall fescue for their autumn–winter growth potential are discussed for districts with a shorter growing season. Melik Select was compared against 5 check cultivars, in a 3-year field experiment at Hamilton, to characterise the seasonal growth of 36 Neotyphodium endophyte infected accessions of tall fescue collected from the Mediterranean basin. These accessions contained endophyte variants differing from N. coenophialum, as found in continental winter-dormant types of tall fescue. Ratings confirmed the importance of Mediterranean material as a source of vigorous growth during the cool season. Melik Select was superior to other cultivars and accessions in both the cool and warm seasons. The use of Melik Select to develop and evaluate a new type of highly winter-active tall fescue for temperate Australia, since released as cultivar Fraydo, is discussed.

The productivity of pastures sown with Phalaris tuberosa or Lolium perenne. 1. Pasture growth and composition

1974 ◽  
Vol 14 (70) ◽  
pp. 640 ◽  
Author(s):  
KFM Reed
Keyword(s):  
Lolium Perenne ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Protein Concentration ◽  
Subterranean Clover ◽  
Trifolium Subterraneum ◽  
Stocking Rate ◽  
Basal Cover ◽  
Western Victoria ◽  
Cutting Height ◽  
Stocking Rates

Pastures at Glenormiston in western Victoria, sown with Phalaris tuberosa cv. Australian (phalaris) or Lolium perenne cv. Victorian (ryegrass) each with Trifolium subterraneum (subterranean clover), were grazed continuously by wethers at six rates of stocking over the range 19.8 to 32.1 sheep ha-1 from October 1966 to March 1971. Pasture growth was measured at three rates of stocking. During a four-year period, the phalaris and ryegrass pastures produced average annual yields of 10.4 and 8.0 t dry matter ha-1 respectively. The growth of phalaris pasture was usually greater in winter when it produced approximately 30 per cent more dry matter than ryegrass pasture. The effect of rate of stocking on pasture growth was rarely significant except in the final six months of the experiment when there was a reduction in growth rate as stocking rate increased. The basal cover of phalaris declined in the two years after a drought in 1967-68 to about 20 per cent irrespective of stocking rate. The basal cover of ryegrass also declined during this period, to a greater extent than phalaris, but in 1969 and 1970 there was some recovery at the lower stocking rates when the ryegrass was able to set seed. The basal cover of subterranean clover was about 20 per cent at 19.8 sheep ha-1 in most years and usually less at the higher stocking rates. The main species that replaced the sown species were Poa annua, Trifolium cernuum, Trifolium glomerata, Arctotheca calendula and Holcus lanatus. The amount of pasture present above a cutting height of 1.5 cm was less than 2 t ha-1 during most of the experiment and decreased as rate of stocking increased. The crude protein concentration of pasture present was always greater than 11 per cent except during the drought in 1967-68, when it fell as low as 5.2 per cent on the ryegrass pastures and to half this level on the phalaris pastures.

An analysis of seed yield in some strains of subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum L.) when grown in binary mixtures

1981 ◽  
Vol 32 (3) ◽  
pp. 445 ◽  
Author(s):  
RC Rossiter ◽  
MJ Palmer
Keyword(s):  
Competitive Advantage ◽  
Seed Yield ◽  
Subterranean Clover ◽  
Trifolium Subterraneum ◽  
The Other ◽  
Pair Member ◽  
Replacement Series ◽  
Beginning Of Flowering ◽  
Seed Yields

Two experiments using various strains of subterranean clover are described. The first experiment was conducted in the field with mixtures of Dwalganup/Northam A, DwalganupI/Daliak and Yarloop/Seaton Park, and the second in an open-sided glasshouse with Yarloop/Seaton Park. In the field experiment, the plots were grazed continuously from late July until early November when the swards were completely dry; in the glasshouse experiment, the swards were defoliated weekly until shortly after the beginning of flowering. Mixtures were arranged according to the de Wit replacement series. Seed yields for the Dwa1ganup/Northam A mixture showed the classical (de Wit) competition for the same resources, with Northam A the better competitor. On the other hand, for the Dwalganup/Daliak and Yarloop/Seaton Park mixtures there was no clear evidence of a competitive advantage of one strain over the other pair member, at least under our defoliated conditions. Whether or not this absence of 'competition' (as usually understood) is common in clover-strain mixtures is as yet unknown. We emphasize, however, that long-term success of clover strains in mixtures is not invariably associated with competitive advantage.

scholarly journals Studies on Nodulating Capacity of Some Forage Legumes Grown Alone or in Mixtures

2018 ◽  
Vol 36 (0) ◽  
Author(s):  
V. VASILEVA ◽  
M. ATHAR
Keyword(s):  
Tall Fescue ◽  
Festuca Arundinacea ◽  
Subterranean Clover ◽  
Trifolium Subterraneum ◽  
Birdsfoot Trefoil ◽  
Nodule Formation ◽  
Phosphorus Use Efficiency ◽  
Forage Legumes ◽  
Onobrychis Viciifolia ◽  
Use Efficiency

ABSTRACT: A pot experiment was conducted to study the nodulating capacity of some forage legumes. Birdsfoot trefoil (Lotus corniculatus L), sainfoin (Onobrychis viciifolia Scop.) and subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum L.) were grown in pure culture (100%) and in mixtures with tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea Schreb.) in the ratios: birdsfoot trefoil + tall fescue (50:50%); sainfoin + tall fescue (50:50%); subterranean clover + tall fescue (50:50%); birdsfoot trefoil + subterranean clover + tall fescue (33:33:33%); sainfoin + subterranean clover + tall fescue (33:33:33%). Birdsfoot trefoil from the crops cultivated in pure stands showed the highest nodulation rating (31), followed by sainfoin (26) and subterranean clover (26). Nodulation rating in binary mixtures with grass component increased to 16.1% for birdsfoot trefoil and to 23.1% for subclover. Birdsfoot trefoil, both in pure stands and in mixtures, showed the highest phosphorus use efficiency for nodule formation.

scholarly journals Host plant recognition by the root feeding clover weevil, Sitona lepidus (Coleoptera: Curculionidae)

2004 ◽  
Vol 94 (5) ◽  
pp. 433-439 ◽  
Author(s):  
S.N. Johnson ◽  
P.J. Gregory ◽  
P.J. Murray ◽  
X Zhang ◽  
I.M. Young
Keyword(s):  
Subterranean Clover ◽  
Trifolium Subterraneum ◽  
Plant Roots ◽  
Grass Species ◽  
Movement Rates ◽  
Sitona Lepidus ◽  
Macro Scale ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Invasive Techniques ◽  
Root Feeding

AbstractThis study investigated the ability of neonatal larvae of the root-feeding weevil, Sitona lepidus Gyllenhal, to locate white clover Trifolium repens L. (Fabaceae) roots growing in soil and to distinguish them from the roots of other species of clover and a co-occurring grass species. Choice experiments used a combination of invasive techniques and the novel technique of high resolution X-ray microtomography to non-invasively track larval movement in the soil towards plant roots. Burrowing distances towards roots of different plant species were also examined. Newly hatched S. lepidus recognized T. repens roots and moved preferentially towards them when given a choice of roots of subterranean clover, Trifolium subterraneum L. (Fabaceae), strawberry clover Trifolium fragiferum L. (Fabaceae), or perennial ryegrass Lolium perenneL. (Poaceae). Larvae recognized T. repens roots, whether released in groups of five or singly, when released 25 mm (meso-scale recognition) or 60 mm (macro-scale recognition) away from plant roots. There was no statistically significant difference in movement rates of larvae.

The influence of seed size and depth of sowing on pre-emergence and early vegetative growth of subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum L.)

1956 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 98 ◽  
Author(s):  
JN Black
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Area ◽  
Seed Size ◽  
Vegetative Growth ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Relative Rate ◽  
Subterranean Clover ◽  
Trifolium Subterraneum ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Total Leaf Area ◽  
Pot Culture

Changes in the pre-emergence distribution of dry matter in subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum L.) variety Bacchus Marsh were followed at 21°C, using three sizes of seed and three depths of sowing, ½, 1¼, and 2 in. Decreasing seed size and increasing depth of sowing both reduce the weight of the cotyledons a t emergence. Seed of the three sizes were sown a t three depths in pot culture a t staggered intervals so that emergence was simultaneous. Dry weight in the early vegetative stage was proportional to seed size, and total leaf area and leaf numbers showed similar trends. Plants of each seed size grew at the same relative rate. No effect of depth of sowing could be detected, and this was shown to be due to the cotyledon area a t emergence being constant for any given seed size, regardless of varying depth of sowing and hence of cotyledon weight. It was concluded that seed size in a plant having epigeal germination and without endosperm is of importance: firstly, in limiting the maximum hypocotyl elongation and hence depth of sowing, and secondly, in determining cotyledon area. Cotyledon area in turn influences seedling growth, which is not affected by cotyledon weight. Once emergence has taken place, cotyledonary reserves are of no further significance in the growth of the plants.

CANTERBURY EXPERIENCE WITH SUBTERRANEAN CLOVER (Trifolium subterraneum)

1935 ◽  
pp. 64-68
Author(s):  
H. Neave ◽  
C.H. Hewlett
Keyword(s):  
Personal Experience ◽  
Subterranean Clover ◽  
Trifolium Subterraneum

The information contained in this paper is principally first-hand knowledge extending over a period of six years gained from personal experience from our own "Oakleigh" farm.

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