Effect of gypsum on establishment, persistence and productivity of lucerne and annual pasture legumes on two grey Vertosols in southern New South Wales

2010 ◽  
Vol 61 (6) ◽  
pp. 435 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. S. Dear ◽  
M. B. Peoples ◽  
R. C. Hayes ◽  
A. D. Swan ◽  
K. Y. Chan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
New South ◽  
New South Wales ◽  
Subterranean Clover ◽  
Trifolium Subterraneum ◽  
Legume Seed ◽  
Pasture Production ◽  
Annual Legumes ◽  
South Wales ◽  
Seed Yields ◽  
Pasture Yield

Changes in pasture yield and botanical composition due to gypsum application were examined on Vertosols at two locations of differing soil sodicity, Grogan and Morangarell, in southern New South Wales. Two pasture treatments were examined. One was an annual pasture comprised of 3 annual legumes (2 subterranean clover Trifolium subterraneum L. cultivars, Clare and Riverina, and balansa clover T. michelianum Savi cv. Paradana), while the second treatment consisted of lucerne (Medicago sativa L.) cv. Aquarius sown in a mixture with the same annual legumes. Gypsum had no effect on the establishment or persistence of lucerne at either site. Gypsum increased the number of subterranean clover seedlings present in autumn in annual swards at the more sodic Grogan site in each of the 4 years, but provided no difference when the clover was in a mixture with lucerne. Annual legume seed yields in annual-only swards increased with gypsum by up to 58% at Grogan and 38% at Morangarell. Seed yields of both cultivars of subterranean clover declined as a proportion of the total annual legume seed bank when lucerne was included in the mixture, in contrast to balansa clover (at Grogan) and the naturalised annual legumes, burr medic (M. polymorpha L.) and woolly clover (T. tomentosum L.), which all increased in relative seed yield in the presence of lucerne. Total pasture production at the Grogan site increased with gypsum by up to 15% per annum in annual swards and 36% in lucerne swards depending on the season. Yield responses to gypsum by the lucerne component were observed in 10 of the 13 seasonal yield measurements taken at Grogan. However, total pasture yield and seasonal yields were unaffected by both gypsum and pasture type at the less sodic Morangarell site. It was concluded that sowing a diverse mixture of annual legumes or polycultures was conducive to maintaining productive pastures on these spatially variable soils. Lucerne dried the soil profile (0.15–1.15 m) more than annual pastures at both sites. The combination of gypsum and lucerne enhanced water extraction at depth (0.6–1.15 m) at the Grogan site increasing the size of the dry soil buffer whereas gypsum increased soil water at depth (>0.6 m) under annual swards.

Assessment of annual legumes for pastures in the low rainfall wheatbelt of central western New South Wales

1976 ◽  
Vol 16 (82) ◽  
pp. 739 ◽  
Author(s):  
BJ Scott ◽  
H Brownlee
Keyword(s):  
Dry Matter ◽  
New South ◽  
New South Wales ◽  
Trifolium Subterraneum ◽  
Dry Matter Production ◽  
Annual Legumes ◽  
South Wales ◽  
Matter Production ◽  
Plant Densities ◽  
Seed Yields

Dry matter production and seed yields of a range of annual legumes grown in ungrazed swards were measured between 1966 and 1971 on seven sites in the low rainfall wheatbelt of central western New South Wales. Jemalong and Hannaford barrel medics (Medicago truncatula) were the highest yielding medic cultivars tested. Jemalong medic was slightly superior to Hannaford in dry matter production but seed yields were equal. The short season subterranean clovers (Trifolium subterraneum), Dwalganup and Geraldton, yielded much less dry matter and seed than the medics in most experiments. Although the mid-season subterranean clovers, Woogenellup and Clare, persisted for the duration of our experiments, their production was not as consistent as that of the medics, and plant densities decreased. The rose clovers (T. hirtum), Sirint and Kondinin, the cupped clovers (T. cherleri), Beenong and Yamina, and Snail (M. scutellata) and Paragosa (M. rugosa) medics did not produce satisfactory swards.

Pre-season soil establishment of legume inoculant rhizobia is not effective for the nodulation of lupin and faba bean crops in acidic soils

2001 ◽  
Vol 41 (8) ◽  
pp. 1149 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Evans ◽  
P. Eberbach ◽  
D. Luckett ◽  
S. Cormack
Keyword(s):  
Faba Bean ◽  
Rhizobium Leguminosarum ◽  
New South ◽  
New South Wales ◽  
Subterranean Clover ◽  
Trifolium Subterraneum ◽  
Legume Seed ◽  
South Wales ◽  
Pot Trials ◽  
Bradyrhizobium Sp

In soils with a resident population of symbiotically effective rhizobia in sufficient number that legume inoculation is not a requirement for successful legume cropping, greater flexibility may be exercised in the use of legume seed dressings that are toxic to rhizobia. Inoculating crops antecedent to legume crops has been suggested as a method for pre-establishing effective inoculant rhizobia in soil. The extent to which this strategy (pre-inoculation) would remove the need for inoculating legume seed (conventional inoculation) was tested for Bradyrhizobium sp. (Lupinus) and Rhizobium leguminosarum bv. viciae with crops of lupin (Lupinus angustifolius) and faba bean (Vicia faba), respectively. In the glasshouse, in pasteurised sand and red kandosol, the numbers of B. sp. (Lupinus) in the rhizospheres of wheat (Triticum aestivum), canola (Brassica campestris) and clover (Trifolium subterraneum) increased 300–10000-fold over a 14-week period, reaching numbers similar to that achieved on L. angustifolius. These increases were not greatly affected by chemical seed dressings commonly applied to the crops: on wheat, Vincit C and Baytan C; on canola and subterranean clover, Lemat. In the sandy soil, the nodulation of lupin following pre-establishment of rhizobia, drying and mixing of soil, was not improved by conventional inoculation; in the red kandosol nodulation was increased only marginally by conventional inoculation. The results with the glasshouse pot trials warranted further investigation in the field. Under field conditions, when B. sp. (Lupinus) was pre-established with wheat, on a red kandosol in south-western New South Wales, the number of these bacteria surviving in the dry soil at the end of the wheat phase was much lower than in the glasshouse study. In the following season, the nodulation of lupin sown without inoculant, and dependent only on pre-established rhizobia, was significantly reduced, as compared with that on conventionally inoculated lupin. An exception occurred where the lupin was dry-sown 3 weeks before rain, in which case nodulation was comparatively poor even with conventional inoculation. Reduced nodulation was generally consistent with initially fewer rhizobia in the lupin rhizosphere. However, the numbers of rhizobia were eventually similar to those found with conventional inoculation. In the third year, in autumn, B. sp. (Lupinus) was abundant in the soil in all treatments and there were no differences in lupin nodulation between treatments. Similarly, introducing R. leguminosarum bv. viciae on wheat, in an acidic red kandosol in south-western New South Wales, failed to provide as much nodulation of faba bean as was achieved with conventional inoculation. The maximal dry matter of the bean crop was also significantly lower with pre-inoculation as compared to conventional inoculation.

Occurrence of Phytophthora clandestina in Trifolium subterraneum paddocks in Australia

2001 ◽  
Vol 41 (2) ◽  
pp. 187 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Aldaoud ◽  
W. Guppy ◽  
L. Callinan ◽  
S. F. Flett ◽  
K. A. Wratten ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Western Australia ◽  
Root Rot ◽  
New South ◽  
New South Wales ◽  
South Australia ◽  
Subterranean Clover ◽  
Trifolium Subterraneum ◽  
Soil Samples ◽  
South Wales ◽  
Differential Cultivars

In 1995–96, a survey of soil samples from subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum L.) paddocks was conducted across Victoria, South Australia, New South Wales and Western Australia, to determine the distribution and the prevalence of races of Phytophthora clandestina (as determined by the development of root rot on differential cultivars), and the association of its occurrence with paddock variables. In all states, there was a weak but significant association between P. clandestina detected in soil samples and subsequent root rot susceptibility of differential cultivars grown in these soil samples. Phytophthora clandestina was found in 38% of the sampled sites, with a significantly lower prevalence in South Australia (27%). There were significant positive associations between P. clandestina detection and increased soil salinity (Western Australia), early growth stages of subterranean clover (Victoria), mature subterranean clover (South Australia), recently sown subterranean clover (South Australia), paddocks with higher subterranean clover content (Victoria), where herbicides were not applied (South Australia), irrigation (New South Wales and Victoria), cattle grazing (South Australia and Victoria), early sampling dates (Victoria and New South Wales), sampling shortly after the autumn break or first irrigation (Victoria), shorter soil storage time (Victoria) and farmer’s perception of root rot being present (Victoria and New South Wales). Only 29% of P. clandestina isolates could be classified under the 5 known races. Some of the unknown races were virulent on cv. Seaton Park LF (most resistant) and others were avirulent on cv. Woogenellup (most susceptible). Race 1 was significantly less prevalent in South Australia than Victoria and race 0 was significantly less prevalent in New South Wales than in South Australia and Western Australia. This study revealed extremely wide variation in the virulence of P. clandestina. The potential importance of the results on programs to breed for resistance to root rot are discussed. in South Australia.

Potassium deficiency and its management in a long-term rotation experiment in the south-western slopes New South Wales

2001 ◽  
Vol 41 (4) ◽  
pp. 497 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. D. Li ◽  
K. R. Helyar ◽  
M. K. Conyers ◽  
P. D. Cregan ◽  
B. R. Cullis ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
New South ◽  
New South Wales ◽  
Subterranean Clover ◽  
Trifolium Subterraneum ◽  
The South ◽  
South Wales ◽  
Product Removal ◽  
Animal Excreta ◽  
K Concentration ◽  
A Site

Potassium (K) deficiency of wheat and pasture species was found at a site in the south-western slopes of New South Wales. The soil was a subnatric yellow sodosol. Subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum) was found to be less competitive for K in the soil compared with its associated grasses. Higher soil K concentrations were required to achieve the same subterranean clover K concentration in the grass–legume mixtures than in a subterranean clover monoculture. For wheat (Triticum aestivum) production, a soil exchangeable K (Kex ) below 0.25 cmol(+)/kg appeared to be deficient for the limed treatments, but there was no obvious critical value for either limed or unlimed treatments. The critical K exvalues for the grass –legume mixtures could not be simply specified because the values were affected by competition between species growing in swards of variable botanical composition. An annual rate of 20 kg K/ha for the pasture–crop rotations (50/50%) and 29 kg K/ha for the permanent pastures was estimated to be sufficient to replenish the K losses from product removal and animal excreta transferred to campsites at this trial site.

Enhancing composition and persistence of mixed pasture swards in southern New South Wales through alternative spatial configurations and improved legume performance

2017 ◽  
Vol 68 (12) ◽  
pp. 1112 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard C. Hayes ◽  
Guangdi D. Li ◽  
Graeme A. Sandral ◽  
Tony D. Swan ◽  
Andrew Price ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Field Experiments ◽  
New South ◽  
New South Wales ◽  
Subterranean Clover ◽  
Trifolium Subterraneum ◽  
Hard Seed ◽  
South Wales ◽  
Medicago Littoralis ◽  
Spatial Configurations ◽  
Rainfall Region

This study examined whether the productivity and persistence of mixed pastures that included subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum L.), lucerne (Medicago sativa L.), and/or phalaris (Phalaris aquatica L.) were improved if species were spatially separated rather than being sown together in each drill row. The study also compared the productivity and persistence of subterranean clover with alternative annual legume species biserrula (Biserrula pelecinus L.) and strand medic (Medicago littoralis Rhode ex Loisel). Twelve pasture treatments were sown in replicated field experiments at five locations across the medium-rainfall region of south-western New South Wales in 2012 and monitored for 3 years. Pastures that included lucerne, phalaris and subterranean clover were generally more productive than pastures with only one or two of those species, regardless of sowing configuration. Averaged across sites, subterranean clover regeneration in year 3 was 29% higher and total cumulative biomass 13% higher where subterranean clover was sown in a 1 : 1 configuration with lucerne than where the species were mixed together in every drill row. There were fewer consistent benefits of alternative spatial configurations on swards containing phalaris with subterranean clover or with lucerne. Results of the present study appeared to be highly site-specific, or season-dependent, and therefore alternative spatial configurations cannot be recommended as a universal strategy at this time. More research is required to understand the factors driving the responses to alternative spatial configurations observed in the present study. Neither biserrula nor strand medic was superior to subterranean clover in a 3-year pasture phase with lucerne, despite abundant rhizobia compatible with all species at all sites. The density of subterranean clover in year 3 was 29% and 41% higher than of biserrula and strand medic, respectively. A narrow choice of adapted cultivars as well as excessive levels of hard seed for the legumes used in phased pastures with lucerne are suggested as contributing to the inferior performance of the alternative legumes species tested in the study.

Beef production from lucerne and subterranean clover pastures. 3. Composition and quality of the diet selected

1980 ◽  
Vol 20 (107) ◽  
pp. 695 ◽  
Author(s):  
DG Hall ◽  
RD FitzGerald ◽  
EC Wolfe ◽  
BR Cullis
Keyword(s):  
Medicago Sativa ◽  
Nitrogen Content ◽  
New South ◽  
New South Wales ◽  
Subterranean Clover ◽  
Trifolium Subterraneum ◽  
Late Autumn ◽  
Nitrogen Levels ◽  
South Wales

During 1976 and 1977 in southern New South Wales, diet samples were obtained at approximately 3-week intervals from oesophageally fistulated steers grazing a lucerne (Medicago sativa) and subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum) pasture (LC) and a subterranean clover (C) pasture. On LC, green lucerne was the predominant diet component for much of the 2 years. On C, the diet consisted mainly of dry material during a drought in autumn-winter 1976, green wireweed (Polygonurn aviculare) until late autumn 1977, green clover and grass in winter and spring 1977, and finally dry material again. During 1976 and early 1977, diets on LC had a higher digestibility (61.7% vs 49.4%) and nitrogen content (2.55% vs 2.04%) than those on C. This difference was due to the contribution of lucerne on LC, and also because the wireweed on C was of very low quality, even when green. During the latter part of 1977, LC and C had equivalent digestibility and nitrogen levels. The information on the diets helped explain changes in liveweight and the incidence of bloat of cattle grazing the plots.

Evaluation of annual pasture legumes in northern New South Wales. 2. Trifolium and Medicago spp. and other legumes

2007 ◽  
Vol 47 (5) ◽  
pp. 563 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. M. Lodge ◽  
S. Harden
Keyword(s):  
New South ◽  
New South Wales ◽  
Subterranean Clover ◽  
Trifolium Subterraneum ◽  
Smoothing Splines ◽  
Limited Data ◽  
Pasture Legumes ◽  
South Wales ◽  
Annual Medicago

Two studies to evaluate annual pasture legumes were sown in replicated plots near Tamworth, New South Wales. In the first (experiment 1), 24 entries were sown in 1995 and in a second study (experiment 2) 33 entries were sown in 1996. Green herbage mass (kg DM/ha) was assessed in the year of sowing (spring) and thereafter four times per year until spring 2000. Limited data were also collected to estimate maturity grading, seed yield and seedling regeneration. For each experiment, green herbage mass data were examined using cubic smoothing splines and at the end of each study, green herbage mass values predicted from the model were used to assess the significance (P = 0.05) of differences between cultivars or lines. In spring 2000 (experiment 1), Trifolium subterraneum var. brachycalycinum cv. Clare had the highest rank of the cultivars and lines, and T. michelianum cv. Paradana the lowest (previously cultivated site). For the native pasture site, CPI 70056B subterranean clover had the highest rank and Ornithopus compressus cv. Paros the lowest. In experiment 2, Clare had the highest rank in spring 2000 and T. resupinatum cv. Bolta had the lowest ranking. Long-term green herbage mass appeared to be strongly influenced by maturity grading, but other factors may have affected the performance of annual Medicago spp., O. compressus, T. resupinatum, and T. michelianum. Results from the current study and previous reported research indicated that T. subterraneum var. subterraneum cvv. York (evaluated as CPI 89846B) and Junee and T. subterraneum var. brachycalycinum cv. Clare performed best in northern New South Wales.

A study of inoculation and sowing methods for Trifolium subterraneum in New South Wales

1973 ◽  
Vol 13 (62) ◽  
pp. 284 ◽  
Author(s):  
RJ Roughley ◽  
MH Walker
Keyword(s):  
Soil Ph ◽  
New South ◽  
New South Wales ◽  
Previous History ◽  
Subterranean Clover ◽  
Trifolium Subterraneum ◽  
Positive Effects ◽  
Ph Values ◽  
South Wales ◽  
History Of

The effects of treatments known to influence the nodulation of subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum) were tested at 32 sites in New South Wales. The influence of the treatments varied but where positive effects were obtained the results generally corroborated earlier findings. At soil pH values below 5.5, lime pelleting was generally superior to slurry inoculation without lime but still better nodulation resulted from drilling inoculated seed with equal parts of lime and superphosphate. The results highlighted the difficulty of predicting the need to inoculate seed to achieve effective nodulation. The soil texture and pH, presence of the host plant and the previous history of the site were not reliable guides. Nodulation was generally improved by separating seed and superphosphate and by drilling seed rather than broadcasting it even if covered later.

Comparison of the performance of subterranean clover cultivars in southern New South Wales. 1. Persistence, productivity, and seed yields

1993 ◽  
Vol 33 (5) ◽  
pp. 581 ◽  
Author(s):  
BS Dear ◽  
PD Cregan ◽  
GM Murray
Keyword(s):  
Seed Set ◽  
Plant Density ◽  
New South ◽  
New South Wales ◽  
Subterranean Clover ◽  
Wagga Wagga ◽  
Hard Seed ◽  
South Wales ◽  
Seed Reserves ◽  
Seed Yields

The density, productivity, flowering characteristics, and seed reserves of 14 lines (10 cultivars and 4 experimental lines) of subterranean clover were observed over 5 years (1983-87) on a red earth soil at Wagga Wagga, New South Wales. Plant density increased from 149-318 plants/m2 in 1983 to 1975-13925 plants/m'n 1987. Herbage yields of all cultivars during autumn-winter were similar in most years except in July 1985 when Seaton Park was superior. Cultivars in the midseason or later flowering groups were more productive in late spring and better able to utilise the extended growing seasons that occur periodically in this environment. The mean time from emergence to 5% flowering of all cultivars was 168 days with March germination in 1985 but decreased to 13.5 days with May germination in 1986. The number of days to flowering at Wagga Wagga was highly correlated with maturity ranking at Perth (r2 = 0.92 in 1985 and? = 0.93 in 1986). In the first year, average seed set was 295 kg seed/ha. but by summer of the fourth year the seed pool ranged from 124 kg/ha for Clare to 1190 kg/ha for Nungarin, the earliest flowering cultivar. The quantity of hard seed that carried over to the next year varied significantly between cultivars, with Enfield, Woogenellup, and Clare having the least, and Nungarin, Northam, Dalkeith, and Daliak the most. Seed set was related to maturity ranking only in 1984, although root disease probably affected seed yields in 1985-86. The proportion of hard seed that carried over was much higher than expected, particularly in soft-seeded cultivars. The newly released cultivar Junee was well adapted to the environment; it was later maturing than the recommended cultivar Seaton Park but was able to maintain high seed reserves. Karridale, another new cultivar, maintained higher seed reserves than the older Mount Barker.

A comparison of the reproductive performance of ewes grazing Dwalganup of Bacchus Marsh subterranean clover of a mixture of lucerne and burr medic, before and during mating

1965 ◽  
Vol 5 (17) ◽  
pp. 106 ◽  
Author(s):  
NT Clark
Keyword(s):  
Reproductive Performance ◽  
New South ◽  
New South Wales ◽  
Subterranean Clover ◽  
Trifolium Subterraneum ◽  
Wagga Wagga ◽  
South Wales ◽  
Burr Medic ◽  
Bio Assay

At Wagga Wagga, New South Wales, three groups, each of 90 Border Leicester x Merino ewes, were grazed for two and a half weeks before joining, and for the six weeks of joining on pastures dominated by Dwalganup subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum L.), Bacchus Marsh subterranean clover, and lucerne-medic. Lambing percentages were Dwalganup 74, Bacchus Marsh 30, and lucerne-medic 93. The percentages of non-pregnant ewes were 47, 30, and 33 in the Dwalganup, Bacchus Marsh, and lucerne groups respectively. These results are compared with bio-assay values for the oestrogenic potency of the pastures.

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