Critical factors influencing no-till establishment of short-term ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum) into a kikuyu (Pennisetum clandestinum) pasture

2010 ◽  
Vol 61 (2) ◽  
pp. 192 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. Sinclair ◽  
P. J. Beale
Keyword(s):  
Management Practices ◽  
Lolium Multiflorum ◽  
Seedling Emergence ◽  
Effect Of Temperature ◽  
Seed Type ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Dairy Farmers ◽  
Sowing Depth ◽  
Mulch Cover ◽  
Tropical Grass

In the subtropical dairy region of Australia, poor establishment of short-term ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum) oversown into tropical grass pastures is a common occurrence requiring re-sowing. A survey of subtropical dairy farmers was undertaken to relate management practices used in oversowing ryegrass to sward establishment and subsequent growth. Two glasshouse studies were also conducted to examine (1) the effect of temperature, ploidy, seeding depth, and mulch cover on ryegrass emergence and (2) the effect of temperature and ploidy on growth and development of ryegrass seedlings. Subtropical dairy farmers only used grazing management to control the growth and residue levels of the tropical grass pasture before oversowing. The average residue was 1200 kg DM/ha to a 5 cm height, and where the residue amount and height were higher, the ryegrass failed to establish. Tetraploid cultivars were preferred in early sowings and diploid cultivars were favoured in later sowings. When direct-drilled, either seed type was sown to a depth of 1–3 cm. A 20–30 kg/ha sowing rate was common for diploids and was at least 2× that for tetraploids. A seedling count <600 plants/m2 resulted in 1317 tillers/m2 in spring compared with 1886 tillers/m2 for a count >600 plants/m2. The ryegrass seedling emergence study was conducted at 25/15°C (day 0600–1800 hours)/(night 1800–0600 hours) for 14 days after sowing and then repeated at 20/10°C. The treatment combinations were 2 seed types (tetraploid or diploid) × 4 sowing depths (0, 1, 3, or 6 cm) × 3 mulch heights (1, 5, or 10 cm above surface). The main effects, seed type, sowing depth, and mulch height had significant (P < 0.05) effects on seedling emergence, irrespective of temperature, and all interactions were significant (P < 0.05) with the exception of the seed type × mulch height interaction. At the higher temperature the proportion of emerged seedlings declined from 0.52 to 0.16 with increasing mulch cover, from 0.43 to 0.29 with increasing sowing depth, and was higher for tetraploid than for diploid cultivars (0.44 v. 0.26, respectively). At the lower temperature the proportion of emerged seedlings declined from 0.85 to 0.20 with increasing mulch cover, from 0.62 to 0.39 with increasing sowing depth, and was higher for tetraploid than for diploid cultivars (0.63 v. 0.52, respectively). The ryegrass seedling study used treatment combinations of 3 temperature regimes (25/15°C, 20/10°C, or 15/5°C) × 2 seed types (tetraploid or diploid) × 5 harvest times (3, 4, 5, 6, and 8 weeks after sowing). At 8 weeks after sowing tetraploid top DM was significantly (P < 0.05) higher than diploid top DM at low (4100 v. 3040 mg/plant) and medium (5370 v. 2600 mg/plant), but not high (2460 v. 2780 mg/plant) temperatures. Tetraploid tiller and leaf numbers were substantially reduced by high temperature but not for diploid cultivars at 8 weeks. Tetraploid root DM at 8 weeks was highest (2360 mg/plant) and lowest (1200 mg/plant) at medium and low temperatures, respectively, while diploid root DM (mean = 1440 mg/plant) was not affected by temperature. Top growth was most rapid at 6–8 weeks (700–3392 mg/plant) and even more so for root growth (260–1617 mg/plant). These results indicate that when oversowing, ryegrass establishment will be most successful if the ryegrass seed is not sown below 3 cm but, more importantly, if the tropical grass residue is restricted to a 5 cm height. Further, sowing a tetraploid cultivar may be preferable to a diploid cultivar, with its superior emergence and seedling growth over a range of temperatures and sowing conditions.

Financial Management of Tires Retail and Restaurant Business in Greater Jakarta

2019 ◽  
Vol 2 (4) ◽  
pp. 267-275
Author(s):  
Sung Suk Kim ◽  
Jacob Donald Tan ◽  
Rita Juliana ◽  
John Tampil Purba
Keyword(s):  
Financial Management ◽  
Management Practices ◽  
Working Capital ◽  
Structured Interviews ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Direct Observations ◽  
Medium Enterprises ◽  
Cash Reserves ◽  
Retained Earnings ◽  
Computerized System

This study aims to explore the financial management practices ofsmall-and-medium-enterprises (SMEs) in the Greater Jakarta (Jabodetabek). We investigate into 3 SME cases by conducting the semi-structured interviews with the owner-managers and using direct observations to know the practices of financial management of SMEs. Through the research, we have found six propositions related to the practice of short-term financial management. They apply bootstraps to ensure availability of working capital. They set aside cash reserves from retained earnings and minimize loans from financial institutions. They have the computerized system to track receivables facilitating working capital needs. They keep theirinventory control efficient to manage working capital. They screen customers using transactional records and reputations to minimize the risk of bad debts.

scholarly journals Analyzing Factors Affecting the Sustainability of Land Management Practices in Mecha Woreda, Northwestern Ethiopia

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (13) ◽  
pp. 7007
Author(s):  
Habtamu Nebere ◽  
Degefa Tolossa ◽  
Amare Bantider
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Land Management ◽  
Land Degradation ◽  
Quantitative Data ◽  
Management Practices ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Decision Making Processes ◽  
Household Heads ◽  
The Impact

In Ethiopia, the practice of land management started three decades ago in order to address the problem of land degradation and to further boost agricultural production. However, the impact of land management practices in curbing land degradation problems and improving the productivity of the agricultural sector is insignificant. Various empirical works have previously identified the determinants of the adoption rate of land management practices. However, the sustainability of land management practices after adoption, and the various factors that control the sustainability of implemented land management practices, are not well addressed. This study analyzed the factors affecting the sustainability of land management practices after implementation in Mecha Woreda, northwestern Ethiopia. The study used 378 sample respondents, selected by a systematic random sampling technique. Binary logistic regression was used to analyze the quantitative data, while the qualitative data were qualitatively and concurrently analyzed with the quantitative data. The sustained supply of fodder from the implemented land management practices, as well as improved cattle breed, increases the sustainability of the implemented land management practices. While lack of agreement in the community, lack of enforcing community bylaws, open cattle grazing, lack of benefits of implemented land management practices, acting as barrier for farming practices, poor participation of household heads during planning and decision-making processes, as well as the lack of short-term benefits, reduce the sustainability of the implemented land management practices. Thus, it is better to allow for the full participation of household heads in planning and decision-making processes to bring practical and visible results in land management practices. In addition, recognizing short-term benefits to compensate the land lost in constructing land management structures must be the strategy in land management practices. Finally, reducing the number of cattle and practicing stall feeding is helpful both for the sustainability of land management practices and the productivity of cattle. In line with this, fast-growing fodder grass species have to be introduced for household heads to grow on land management structures and communal grazing fields for stall feeding.

scholarly journals Effects of Management and Hillside Position on Soil Organic Carbon Stratification in Mediterranean Centenary Olive Grove

Agronomy ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 650
Author(s):  
Jesús Aguilera-Huertas ◽  
Beatriz Lozano-García ◽  
Manuel González-Rosado ◽  
Luis Parras-Alcántara
Keyword(s):  
Organic Carbon ◽  
Soil Organic Carbon ◽  
Soil Quality ◽  
Management Practices ◽  
Soil Management ◽  
Olive Grove ◽  
No Tillage ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Degradation Degree

The short- and medium—long-term effects of management and hillside position on soil organic carbon (SOC) changes were studied in a centenary Mediterranean rainfed olive grove. One way to measure these changes is to analyze the soil quality, as it assesses soil degradation degree and attempts to identify management practices for sustainable soil use. In this context, the SOC stratification index (SR-COS) is one of the best indicators of soil quality to assess the degradation degree from SOC content without analyzing other soil properties. The SR-SOC was calculated in soil profiles (horizon-by-horizon) to identify the best soil management practices for sustainable use. The following time periods and soil management combinations were tested: (i) in the medium‒long-term (17 years) from conventional tillage (CT) to no-tillage (NT), (ii) in the short-term (2 years) from CT to no-tillage with cover crops (NT-CC), and (iii) the effect in the short-term (from CT to NT-CC) of different topographic positions along a hillside. The results indicate that the SR-SOC increased with depth for all management practices. The SR-SOC ranged from 1.21 to 1.73 in CT0, from 1.48 to 3.01 in CT1, from 1.15 to 2.48 in CT2, from 1.22 to 2.39 in NT-CC and from 0.98 to 4.16 in NT; therefore, the soil quality from the SR-SOC index was not directly linked to the increase or loss of SOC along the soil profile. This demonstrates the time-variability of SR-SOC and that NT improves soil quality in the long-term.

scholarly journals Examining the short-term impacts of diverse management practices on plant phenology and carbon fluxes of Old World bluestems pasture

2017 ◽  
Vol 237-238 ◽  
pp. 60-70 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yuting Zhou ◽  
Xiangming Xiao ◽  
Pradeep Wagle ◽  
Rajen Bajgain ◽  
Hayden Mahan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Management Practices ◽  
Carbon Fluxes ◽  
Plant Phenology ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Old World ◽  
Old World Bluestems

scholarly journals Extended exposure to elevated temperature affects escape response behaviour in coral reef fishes

PeerJ ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 5 ◽  
pp. e3652 ◽  
Author(s):  
Donald T. Warren ◽  
Jennifer M. Donelson ◽  
Mark I. McCormick
Keyword(s):  
Elevated Temperature ◽  
Escape Response ◽  
Community Dynamics ◽  
Thermal Exposure ◽  
Reef Fishes ◽  
Effect Of Temperature ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Physical Ability ◽  
Pomacentrus Amboinensis ◽  
Extended Exposure

The threat of predation, and the prey’s response, are important drivers of community dynamics. Yet environmental temperature can have a significant effect on predation avoidance techniques such as fast-start performance observed in marine fishes. While it is known that temperature increases can influence performance and behaviour in the short-term, little is known about how species respond to extended exposure during development. We produced a startle response in two species of damselfish, the lemon damselPomacentrus moluccensis,and the Ambon damselfishPomacentrus amboinensis,by the repeated use of a drop stimulus. We show that the length of thermal exposure of juveniles to elevated temperature significantly affects this escape responses.Short-term (4d) exposure to warmer temperature affected directionality and responsiveness for both species. After long-term (90d) exposure, onlyP. moluccensisshowed beneficial plasticity, with directionality returning to control levels. Responsiveness also decreased in both species, possibly to compensate for higher temperatures. There was no effect of temperature or length of exposure on latency to react, maximum swimming speed, or escape distance suggesting that the physical ability to escape was maintained. Evidence suggests that elevated temperature may impact some fish species through its effect on the behavioural responses while under threat rather than having a direct influence on their physical ability to perform an effective escape response.

scholarly journals INFLUENCE OF SUGARCANE STRAW AND SOWING DEPTH ON THE EMERGENCE OF WEED SPECIES

2015 ◽  
Vol 33 (3) ◽  
pp. 405-412 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. V. SILVA ◽  
P. A. MONQUERO ◽  
F. B. SILVA ◽  
N. C. BEVILAQUA ◽  
M. R. MALARDO
Keyword(s):  
Ricinus Communis ◽  
Seedling Emergence ◽  
Dry Mass ◽  
Weed Species ◽  
Sowing Depth ◽  
Sugarcane Straw ◽  
Randomized Design ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Completely Randomized Design ◽  
Luffa Aegyptiaca

ABSTRACT This study aimed to understand the influence of sowing depth and the amount of sugarcane straw on the emergence of weed species Luffa aegyptiaca Miller (Cucurbitaceae); Mucuna aterrima Piper & Tracy (Fabaceae - Leguminosae) and Ricinus communis (Euphorbiaceae). A completely randomized design with a 5 x 4 x 3 factorial layout with four replications was used, at five sowing depths (0, 2, 4, 8 and 10 cm), four different amounts of sugarcane straw (0, 5, 10 and 15 t ha-1) and three different evaluation periods (7, 14 and 21 days after sowing). After sowing, different amounts of sugarcane straw (0, 5, 10 and 15 t ha-1) were deposited on soil. Seedling emergence was analyzed at 7, 14 and 21 days after sowing, counting the number of seedlings that had emerged. At the end of the trial, weed height (cm), leaf area (cm2) and shoot dry mass (g) were measured. In relation to emergence ability, studied species presented different responses according to sowing depth and to the amount of sugarcane straw deposited on the soil. For the L.aegyptiacaand M.aterrima, no significant difference was observed in the interaction between depth and sugarcane straw, showing the adaptation of these species to no-burn sugarcane system. For R.communis, seeds placed at 0 cm of sugar cane straw depth were observed to favor the emergence of seedlings.

Short-term effects of timber harvest and forest edges on ground-layer mosses and liverworts

2005 ◽  
Vol 83 (6) ◽  
pp. 610-620 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cara R Nelson ◽  
Charles B Halpern
Keyword(s):  
Forest Management ◽  
Edge Effects ◽  
Management Practices ◽  
Timber Harvest ◽  
Ground Layer ◽  
Limited Information ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Logging Effects ◽  
Structural Retention

Limited information exists on the effects of forest management practices on bryophytes, despite their importance to forest ecosystems. We examined short-term responses of ground-layer bryophytes to logging disturbance and creation of edges in mature Pseudotsuga forests of western Washington (USA). The abundance and richness of species were measured in four 1-ha forest aggregates (patches of intact forest) and in surrounding logged areas before and after structural retention harvests. One year after treatment, species richness, total cover, and frequency of most moss and liverwort taxa declined within harvest areas. Within forest aggregates, mosses did not show significant edge effects; however, richness and abundance of liverworts declined with proximity to the aggregate edge. Our results suggest that, over short time frames, 1-ha-sized aggregates are sufficient to maintain most common mosses through structural retention harvests but are not large enough to prevent declines or losses of liverworts. Thus, current standards for structural retention, which allow for aggregates as small as 0.2 ha, may be inadequate to retain the diversity and abundance of species found in mature, undisturbed forests.Key words: bryophyte, edge effects, forest borders, forest management, logging effects, structural retention harvest.

Effects of some crop management practices on reproduction of Meloidogyne javanica on Brassica napus

Nematology ◽  
2002 ◽  
Vol 4 (3) ◽  
pp. 381-386
Author(s):  
Christopher Steel ◽  
John Kirkegaard ◽  
Rod McLeod
Keyword(s):  
Brassica Napus ◽  
Soil Temperature ◽  
Egg Production ◽  
Management Practices ◽  
Seedling Emergence ◽  
Meloidogyne Javanica ◽  
Egg Laying ◽  
Infested Soil ◽  
Young Females ◽  
Soil Temperatures

AbstractThe effects of seed treatments with pesticides, soil temperature at sowing, cutting of plants with and without glyphosate herbicide, root disruption and age of crop at inoculation on reproduction of Meloidogyne javanica on Brassica napus were investigated. When inoculated at sowing, plants grown from fodder rape cv. Rangi seed treated with fenamiphos (0.35 g a.i. per 100 g) and from fodder swede cv. Highlander seed with a coating including imidacloprid had fewer galls than plants from seed untreated or treated with omethoate (0.7 g a.i. per 100 g). When nematode inoculation was delayed until 4 weeks after sowing, omethoate and the imadacloprid treatments had no effect while fenamiphos (0.7 g a.i. per 100 g seed) suppressed galling but also impaired seedling emergence and induced chlorosis. Green manure rape plants cvs Rangi and Humus transplanted into infested soil in the field in mid-autumn (soil temperature 17°C) remained nematode and gall-free, but tomato cv. Grosse Lisse plants were heavily galled. All three cultivars were gall-free when transplanted and grown in early winter (soil temperatures 8-14°C). Cutting off the tops of cv. Rangi plants at from 6 to 11 weeks after sowing and inoculation had no effect on egg production compared to that on intact plants. Predominant nematode stages in cut plants ranged from developing juveniles to egg-laying females. Application of glyphosate to freshly cut stems had no effect on egg production at any stage. Infesting soil with roots of cv. Rangi, finely chopped while nematodes in them were still juveniles, resulted in a low incidence of infection of bioassay tomato plants compared with infesting soil with rape roots chopped later, when females and females with eggs predominated. Young females in tomato roots laid eggs despite fine chopping of the roots. When cv. Rangi plants were inoculated at 3, 5 and 7 weeks after sowing, the 7-week-old plants were the least invaded and fewer eggs were produced on the 5 and 7-week-old plants than on the 3-week-old ones.

Studies on some sources of variation in carrot root weight

1981 ◽  
Vol 96 (3) ◽  
pp. 549-556 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. J. Salter ◽  
I. E. Currah ◽  
Jane R. Fellows
Keyword(s):  
Population Density ◽  
Seedling Emergence ◽  
Size Variation ◽  
Root Weight ◽  
Low Density ◽  
Plant Variation ◽  
Sowing Depth ◽  
Seedling Size ◽  
Weight Variation ◽  
Root Size

SUMMARYFive investigations were carried out to determine the magnitude of root-size variation within crops of cv. Chantenay Supreme grown under competitive and non-competitive conditions, and to study possible sources of inter-plant variation.In the first experiment root-size variation from crops grown at a high population density (245 plants/m2) and at a low density (25 plants/m2) were compared over a 21-week period from sowing. The c.v.s of root weight were always higher from the high density than from the low density over the harvesting period from 11 to 21 weeks after sowing, and ranged from 74 to 94% and from 50 to 63%, respectively. A second study showed that even with a very low population density (3 plants/m2) the c.v. of root weight at harvest was 58%. The third study showed that 40% of the root weight variation was accounted for by the time of seedling emergence. The results of a pot experiment indicated that when the size of seed, sowing depth, rooting medium and time of seedling emergence were made as uniform as possible, a very uniform population of roots was produced with a c.v. of root weight of 32%. In the final field experiment when time of seedling emergence, seed size and spatial distribution of the plants were the experimental variables, the results confirmed the importance of variability in time of seedling emergence and seedling size in creating variation at an early stage of growth.The results of these studies indicate that competition per se was not a prime source of variation in root size but magnified any initial variation within the crop at the time of seedling establishment. The importance of this early establishment phase in determining the spread of root-size distribution within a crop is discussed together with the factors which influence the time of seedling emergence and seedling size.

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