Kernel brown centres in macadamia: a review

2009 ◽  
Vol 60 (12) ◽  
pp. 1117 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. D. Le Lagadec
Keyword(s):  
Moisture Content ◽  
Cell Membranes ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Causal Factors ◽  
Macadamia Integrifolia ◽  
Drying Regime

The incidence of kernel brown centres in macadamia (Macadamia integrifolia and M. tetraphylla and hybrids) has increased substantially in Australia. Although the defect amounts to only ~1% of all kernels processed in Australia, it costs the macadamia industry over AU$2 million per annum. Little formal research has been conducted, although the defect is mentioned widely in informal grower journals. Possible causal factors are reviewed in this article. Evidence suggests that kernel brown centres may be associated with exposure of enzymes in cell membranes and are also associated with incorrect nut-in-shell drying regimes. There appears to be an interaction among nut-in-shell moisture content, nut drying regime, and the incidence of brown centres. There is some indication that storage of wet nuts in poorly ventilated silos increases the potential for developing kernel brown centres. It is recommended that future research focusses on these issues.

Moisture adsorption thermodynamics of wood from fractal-geometry approach

Holzforschung ◽  
2004 ◽  
Vol 58 (3) ◽  
pp. 274-279 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Cao ◽  
D.P. Kamdem
Keyword(s):  
Thermodynamic Properties ◽  
Moisture Content ◽  
Adsorption Isotherms ◽  
Fractal Geometry ◽  
Moisture Sorption ◽  
Fractal Dimensions ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Differential Heat ◽  
Internal Surfaces ◽  
Differential Heat Of Adsorption

Abstract The fractal-geometry approach was used to calculate the thermodynamic properties of moisture sorption by wood from the adsorption isotherms in this study. The results were compared with those from an isosteric approach and a calorimetric approach. The adsorption isotherms of Southern yellow pine (Pinus spp.) were measured at 4, 15, 30, and 40°C to provide source data for the calculation of both fractal-geometry and isosteric approaches. The results show that the fractal dimensions of the internal surfaces of wood vary between 2.4 and 2.5. The curves of the differential heat of adsorption −∆H against moisture content from the fractal-geometry approach are similar to those from calorimetric measurements in previous research. The −∆H values from the isosteric approach increased with moisture content within a moisture content range up to 3%. And, at moisture contents higher than 3%, the −∆H values from this method are much higher than those from the fractal-geometry approach and calorimetric approach. As a result, the fractal-geometry approach is applicable to calculate the differential thermodynamic properties of moisture sorption by wood in future research.

Performance and Emissions Control of Commercial-Scale Biochar Production Unit

2018 ◽  
Vol 34 (1) ◽  
pp. 73-84 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mark A. Severy ◽  
David J. Carter ◽  
Kyle D. Palmer ◽  
Anthony J. Eggink ◽  
Charles E. Chamberlin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Moisture Content ◽  
Biomass Conversion ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Emission Rates ◽  
Fixed Carbon ◽  
Automated Control ◽  
Total Particulate Matter ◽  
Biomass Feedstocks ◽  
Performance And Emissions ◽  
Contamination Levels

Abstract.Two commercial biochar production machines – a single-auger unit and a larger dual-auger version – were operated to evaluate feedstock specifications, biochar quality, throughput rates, and emissions profiles. Biochar was produced from woody biomass feedstocks of various species, contamination levels, comminution methods, and moisture contents. Feedstocks with ash content exceeding 15% dry basis or moisture content exceeding 25% wet basis were observed to decrease fixed carbon content of biochar and to increase the labor effort required to operate the machine. The dual-auger version of the machine was able to process 380 kg h-1 of biomass feedstock (dry basis) to produce 63 kg h-1 of biochar with a mean electricity demand of 4.5 kW. Average CO, propane, NOx, and SO2 emission rates from the flare of this machine were measured to be 160, 120, 51, and 43 g h-1, respectively, with total particulate matter (PM), PM10, and PM2.5 emission rates of 380, 40, and 4.5 g h-1, respectively. Results from these experiments indicate that high-quality biochar can be produced from a variety of feedstocks, including forest residuals, as long as the ash and moisture content are within the specifications. Future research and development should focus on increasing the throughput of the machine, implementing an automated control system to reduce the operational effort, and improving safety and product consistency. Keywords: Biochar, Biomass, Biomass conversion technology, Carbon sequestration, Forest residuals, Gasification, Pyrolysis.

scholarly journals Tensile response and fracturing process in moderate- and high-plasticity clays

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-11
Author(s):  
Giulia Forlati ◽  
Paul Shepley
Keyword(s):  
Moisture Content ◽  
Fracture Behaviour ◽  
Soil Layer ◽  
Clay Soils ◽  
Tensile Fracture ◽  
Future Research ◽  
High Plasticity ◽  
Bending Tests ◽  
Fracturing Process ◽  
The Difference

Sinkholes in clay soils can be considered as the collapse of a soil layer previously bridging a void. Here, flexural deformation in the clay drives the formation of tensile cracks from the lowest surface of the layer and the consequent soil collapse is from crack propagation. Considering a simplified model of the sinkhole geometry, this paper aims to describe the tensile and fracture behaviour of clay soils with different plasticity indices. Speswhite kaolin, London, and Durham clays were tested using direct tensile and bending tests. Moderate- and high-plasticity clays showed a nonlinear fracture response with increasing moisture content, while low-plasticity clays demonstrated a linear response. Bending tests confirmed the importance of the moisture content while the plasticity index confirmed the difference in ductile or fragile collapse for fracture propagation. To assess the results, elasto-plastic fracture mechanics (EPFM) theory was applied to clays with appropriate modifications. The analysis demonstrated that EPFM theory provides a good baseline for predicting tensile fracture behaviour in clay soils, which can be extended in future research.

scholarly journals Eradicating information poverty: An agenda for research

2018 ◽  
Vol 52 (2) ◽  
pp. 366-381 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rita Marcella ◽  
Gobinda Chowdhury
Keyword(s):  
International Development ◽  
Information Science ◽  
Critical Issue ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Library And Information Science ◽  
Information Need ◽  
Causal Factors ◽  
Development Goals ◽  
Information Poverty ◽  
Key Dimensions

Information poverty remains a critical issue for societies today. The literature of information poverty is reviewed tracking its origins in library and information science and the various approaches that have been taken to tackling information poverty, including international development programmes such as the Global Libraries Initiative, working response to the UN’s Sustainable Development Goals, the importance of access to health information and so on. The paper sets out themes that emerged in a roundtable discussion of library and information science academics in 2017. Discussion centred on: definitions of information poverty which reflect the wide variety of ways in which it is possible to be information poor; literacy and information literacy; the ways in which information can reduce poverty and disadvantage; library and information science initiatives to tackle information poverty; and information poverty in the context of social justice. The group agreed that there was a major piece of work to be done in reframing the library and information science discipline in terms of information poverty. Four key dimensions of information poverty for collaborative future research are: (1) information as an agent to eradicate poverty; (2) the causal factors resulting in information poverty; (3) creation and production activities to combat information poverty; and (4) better understanding of areas of extreme disadvantage and aspects of information need. A list of the key causal factors in creating information poverty which came out of the discussion is presented. Further research initiatives are underway for setting up a partnership/consortium that would lay the foundations for a multidisciplinary network on information poverty, sharing expertise internationally.

Black and White Homicide Differentials

1983 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 407-440 ◽  
Author(s):  
DARNELL F. HAWKINS
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Justice System ◽  
The United States ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Economic Factors ◽  
White Americans ◽  
Direct Effects ◽  
Causal Factors ◽  
Black And White ◽  
Black Life

Rates of homicide among blacks in the United States have been consistently higher than those of white Americans and of other American nonwhites. Subculture of violence theory has been the most widely accepted explanation for these differences. In this article, I argue that subculture theory ignores or underemphasizes a variety of historical-structural, situational, and economic factors that might explain high rates of black homicide. Seldom examined is the behavior of the law. Three theoretical propositions are offered as guides for future research. These propositions suggest that (1) the historical devaluing of black life, (2) official responses of the criminal justice system to prehomicide behavior among blacks, and (3) the direct effects of economic deprivation are important causal factors.

scholarly journals Corrigendum to: Estimation of surface dead fine fuel moisture using automated fuel moisture sticks across a range of forests worldwide

2020 ◽  
Vol 29 (6) ◽  
pp. 560
Author(s):  
Jane G. Cawson ◽  
Petter Nyman ◽  
Christian Schunk ◽  
Gary J. Sheridan ◽  
Thomas J. Duff ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Moisture Content ◽  
Measurement Techniques ◽  
Field Measurements ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Fuel Moisture ◽  
Potential Solution ◽  
Forest Types ◽  
Wildfire Management ◽  
Forest Fuel ◽  
Fuel Moisture Content

Field measurements of surface dead fine fuel moisture content (FFMC) are integral to wildfire management, but conventional measurement techniques are limited. Automated fuel sticks offer a potential solution, providing a standardised, continuous and real-time measure of fuel moisture. As such, they are used as an analogue for surface dead fine fuel but their performance in this context has not been widely evaluated. We assessed the ability of automated fuel sticks to predict surface dead FFMC across a range of forest types. We combined concurrent moisture measurements of the fuel stick and surface dead fine fuel from 27 sites (570 samples), representing nine broad forest fuel categories. We found a moderate linear relationship between surface dead FFMC and fuel stick moisture for all data combined (R2=0.54), with fuel stick moisture averaging 3-fold lower than surface dead FFMC. Relationships were typically stronger for individual forest fuel categories (median R2=0.70; range=0.55–0.87), suggesting the sticks require fuel-specific calibration for use as an analogue of surface dead fine fuel. Future research could identify fuel properties that will enable more generalised calibration functions.

scholarly journals Animal Models of Preeclampsia

Hypertension ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 75 (6) ◽  
pp. 1363-1381 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kathryn L. Gatford ◽  
Prabha H. Andraweera ◽  
Claire T. Roberts ◽  
Alison S. Care
Keyword(s):  
Intervention Studies ◽  
Late Onset ◽  
Therapeutic Interventions ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Preclinical Models ◽  
Causal Factors ◽  
Maternal Hypertension ◽  
The Impact ◽  
New Onset

Preeclampsia is a common pregnancy complication, affecting 2% to 8% of pregnancies worldwide, and is an important cause of both maternal and fetal morbidity and mortality. Importantly, although aspirin and calcium are able to prevent preeclampsia in some women, there is no cure apart from delivery of the placenta and fetus, often necessitating iatrogenic preterm birth. Preclinical models of preeclampsia are widely used to investigate the causes and consequences of preeclampsia and to evaluate safety and efficacy of potential preventative and therapeutic interventions. In this review, we provide a summary of the published preclinical models of preeclampsia that meet human diagnostic criteria, including the development of maternal hypertension, together with new-onset proteinuria, maternal organ dysfunction, and uteroplacental dysfunction. We then discuss evidence from preclinical models for multiple causal factors of preeclampsia, including those implicated in early-onset and late-onset preeclampsia. Next, we discuss the impact of exposure to a preeclampsia-like environment for later maternal and progeny health. The presence of long-term impairment, particularly cardiovascular outcomes, in mothers and progeny after an experimentally induced preeclampsia-like pregnancy, implies that later onset or reduced severity of preeclampsia will improve later maternal and progeny health. Finally, we summarize published intervention studies in preclinical models and identify gaps in knowledge that we consider should be targets for future research.

scholarly journals A REVIEW ON THE ENGINEERING PROPERTIES OF SOYBEAN TO SUPPORT THE TOFU AGRO-INDUSTRIAL MACHINERY DEVELOPMENT AND IMPORTANT HIGHLIGHTS

AGROINTEK ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 15 (3) ◽  
pp. 921-931
Author(s):  
Agustami Sitorus ◽  
Devianti Devianti ◽  
Ramayanty Bulan
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Moisture Content ◽  
Physical Properties ◽  
Angle Of Repose ◽  
Engineering Properties ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Aerodynamic Properties ◽  
Study Results ◽  
Scientific Papers ◽  
Soybean Processing

The physical and mechanical properties of the material to be processed are fundamental and continue to be a challenge for researchers to design a machine appropriately. Studies of the soybean engineering properties have not been widely highlighted and reviewed. This makes researchers and engineers of soybean processing machines still have to search through experimentation or read deeply through scientific papers before applying it. Therefore, this paper presents highlights and reviews of studies related to the measurement and modelling of soybean engineering properties. The objective is to study methodologies uses and identify future research directions to get a result in more accuracy. Several papers are searched from various search engines for scientific articles that are available online. Some keywords and a combination of keywords used in the search process are “physical properties”, “mechanical properties”, “soybean grains” and “moisture-dependent”. The results show that ten scientific papers are strictly related to the measurement and modelling of the engineering properties of soybean. In general, the documents found were in the period 1993 to 2012. The research paper investigated the engineering properties of soybean in the moisture content ranges from 6.7% (d.b.) to 49.7% (d.b.). The widely studied physical properties are diameter, surface area, roundness, the weight of 1000 soybeans, bulk density, and true density associated with moisture content. Mechanical parameters investigated include friction coefficient, angle of repose, terminal velocity, angle of internal friction, rupture force, and rupture energy. On the one hand, some of the engineering properties of soybeans that have not yet been discovered are thermal, optical, and aerodynamic properties. On the other hand, the effect of soaking and blanching on changes in the engineering properties of soybean (physical, mechanical, thermal, optical, and aerodynamic) has not been done in-depth. Besides that, most of the soybean processing agro-industry requires engineering properties of soybean to be able to design their machines more precisely. One of the agro-industries that need data on the study results of the nature of engineering with these treatments is the tofu processing industry.

scholarly journals Estimation of surface dead fine fuel moisture using automated fuel moisture sticks across a range of forests worldwide

2020 ◽  
Vol 29 (6) ◽  
pp. 548
Author(s):  
Jane G. Cawson ◽  
Petter Nyman ◽  
Christian Schunk ◽  
Gary J. Sheridan ◽  
Thomas J. Duff ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Moisture Content ◽  
Measurement Techniques ◽  
Field Measurements ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Fuel Moisture ◽  
Potential Solution ◽  
Forest Types ◽  
Wildfire Management ◽  
Forest Fuel ◽  
Fuel Moisture Content

Field measurements of surface dead fine fuel moisture content (FFMC) are integral to wildfire management, but conventional measurement techniques are limited. Automated fuel sticks offer a potential solution, providing a standardised, continuous and real-time measure of fuel moisture. As such, they are used as an analogue for surface dead fine fuel but their performance in this context has not been widely evaluated. We assessed the ability of automated fuel sticks to predict surface dead FFMC across a range of forest types. We combined concurrent moisture measurements of the fuel stick and surface dead fine fuel from 27 sites (570 samples), representing nine broad forest fuel categories. We found a moderate linear relationship between surface dead FFMC and fuel stick moisture for all data combined (R2=0.54), with fuel stick moisture averaging 3-fold lower than surface dead FFMC. Relationships were typically stronger for individual forest fuel categories (median R2=0.70; range=0.55–0.87), suggesting the sticks require fuel-specific calibration for use as an analogue of surface dead fine fuel. Future research could identify fuel properties that will enable more generalised calibration functions.

Experimental Device and Study on Interfacial Shear Stress of the Laminar Soil

2013 ◽  
Vol 353-356 ◽  
pp. 2715-2719
Author(s):  
Chun Yan Zhang ◽  
Guo Hui Xu ◽  
Gang Wang
Keyword(s):  
Shear Stress ◽  
Shear Strength ◽  
Moisture Content ◽  
Interfacial Shear Stress ◽  
Clay Content ◽  
Interfacial Shear ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Measuring Device ◽  
Experimental Soil ◽  
Soil Interface

A designed measuring device of soil interfacial shear stress is introduced in this paper. We used the device for measuring the shear stress between the soil interface, of which the moisture content was 30% and the clay content were 5%, 9%, 15%, 21%, 30% respectively. The results show that the shear strength of experimental soil and friction between the layers decreases with the clay content increasing when the moisture content is 30% and clay content is more than 15%, and the results increase with the clay content increasing when the clay content is less than15%. Based on the study of the laminar soil interfacial shear stress, it provides the basis for the future research of the laminar motion of the sediment and the deposition of the liquefied motion soil.

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