Phosphorus uptake in faba bean, field pea, and corn cultivars from different sources: preliminary studies of two options for organic farmers

2009 ◽  
Vol 60 (2) ◽  
pp. 183 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gunasekhar Nachimuthu ◽  
Peter Lockwood ◽  
Chris Guppy ◽  
Paul Kristiansen
Keyword(s):  
Production Systems ◽  
Plant Biomass ◽  
Sandy Loam ◽  
Phosphorus Uptake ◽  
Poultry Manure ◽  
P Uptake ◽  
Organic Production ◽  
P Availability ◽  
Single Superphosphate ◽  
Traditional Cultivars

Low soil phosphorus (P) availability commonly limits yield in Australian broadacre organic production systems where superphosphate fertiliser is not permitted, and alternative P nutrition strategies are sought. Glasshouse experiments were conducted to investigate the potential of faba beans (Vicia faba L.) (FB), or field peas (Pisum sativum L.) (FP), grown in acidic sandy loam or alkaline clay, to accumulate P, which could then be supplied to a subsequent crop as part of a green manure rotation or after harvest. Another experiment investigated differences in growth and P acquisition between corn (Zea mays L.) cultivars: Hycorn 424 (a modern hybrid), and four traditional cultivars used in organic production. The experiments were carried out under conditions of P stress and had rock phosphate (RP), poultry manure (PM), or single superphosphate (SP) applied at 50 kg P/ha. For FP, maximum P input to the soil from incorporation would occur at or after pod initiation. However, P uptake by both legumes in both soils from sparingly soluble RP was low, with fertiliser P-use efficiencies of 0–1.3% compared with 1.8–12.7% for PM and 6.1–9.9% for SP. In the corn experiment, P fertiliser source had much larger effects than cultivar on plant biomass and P uptake, with responses generally ranked SP > PM > > RP > Control. Hycorn 424 generally produced higher dry matter and P uptake than the traditional cultivars under all P treatments. The implications of these preliminary investigations for Australian broadacre organic agriculture are discussed.

The impact of biomass harvesting on phosphorus uptake by wetland plants

2001 ◽  
Vol 44 (11-12) ◽  
pp. 61-67 ◽  
Author(s):  
S-Y. Kim ◽  
P.M. Geary
Keyword(s):  
Plant Biomass ◽  
Phosphorus Uptake ◽  
P Uptake ◽  
Plant Parts ◽  
Biomass Harvesting ◽  
Below Ground ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Total P ◽  
Better Than ◽  
P Removal

Two species of macrophytes, Baumea articulata and Schoenoplectus mucronatus, were examined for their capacity to remove phosphorus under nutrient-rich conditions. Forty large bucket systems with the two different species growing in two types of substrate received artificial wastewaters for nine months, simulating a constructed wetland (CW) under high loading conditions. Half of the plants growing in the topsoil and gravel substrates were periodically harvested whereas the other half remained intact. Plant tissue and substrate samples were regularly analysed to determine their phosphorus concentrations. With respect to phosphorus uptake and removal, the Schoenoplectus in the topsoil medium performed better than the Baumea. Biomass harvesting enhanced P uptake in the Schoenoplectus, however the effect was not significant enough to make an improvement on the overall P removal, due to the slow recovery of plants and regrowth of biomass after harvesting. From P partitioning, it was found that the topsoil medium was the major P pool, storing most of total P present in the system. Plant parts contributed only minor storage with approximately half of that P stored below ground in the plant roots. The overall net effect of harvesting plant biomass was to only remove less than 5% of total phosphorus present in the system.

scholarly journals Cultivar-Dependent Responses in Plant Growth, Leaf Physiology, Phosphorus Use Efficiency, and Tuber Quality of Potatoes Under Limited Phosphorus Availability Conditions

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Leangsrun Chea ◽  
Ana Meijide ◽  
Catharina Meinen ◽  
Elke Pawelzik ◽  
Marcel Naumann
Keyword(s):  
Tuber Yield ◽  
Plant Biomass ◽  
P Uptake ◽  
Tuber Quality ◽  
P Availability ◽  
Plant Tolerance ◽  
P Deficiency ◽  
Leaf Physiology ◽  
Use Efficiency

The limited availability of phosphorus (P) in soils causes a major constraint in the productivity of potatoes, which requires increased knowledge of plant adaptation responses in this condition. In this study, six potato cultivars, namely, Agria, Lady Claire, Milva, Lilly, Sieglinde, and Verdi, were assessed for their responses on plant growth, leaf physiology, P use efficiency (PUE), and tuber quality with three P levels (Plow, Pmed, and Phigh). The results reveal a significant variation in the cultivars in response to different P availabilities. P-efficient cultivars, Agria, Milva, and Lilly, possessed substantial plant biomass, tuber yield, and high P uptake efficiency (PUpE) under low P supply conditions. The P-inefficient cultivars, Lady Claire, Sieglinde, and Verdi, could not produce tubers under P deprivation conditions, as well as the ability to efficiently uptake P under low-level conditions, but they were efficient in P uptake under high soil P conditions. Improved PUpE is important for plant tolerance with limited P availability, which results in the efficient use of the applied P. At the leaf level, increased accumulations of nitrate, sulfate, sucrose, and proline are necessary for a plant to acclimate to P deficiency-induced stress and to mobilize leaf inorganic phosphate to increase internal PUE and photosynthesis. The reduction in plant biomass and tuber yield under P-deficient conditions could be caused by reduced CO2 assimilation. Furthermore, P deficiency significantly reduced tuber yield, dry matter, and starch concentration in Agria, Milva, and Lilly. However, contents of tuber protein, sugars, and minerals, as well as antioxidant capacity, were enhanced under these conditions in these cultivars. These results highlight the important traits contributing to potato plant tolerance under P-deficient conditions and indicate an opportunity to improve the P efficiency and tuber quality of potatoes under deficient conditions using more efficient cultivars. Future research to evaluate molecular mechanisms related to P and sucrose translocation, and minimize tuber yield reduction under limited P availability conditions is necessary.

scholarly journals Water and phosphorus uptake by upland rice root systems unraveled under multiple scenarios: linking a 3D soil-root model and data

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Trung Hieu Mai ◽  
Pieterjan De Bauw ◽  
Andrea Schnepf ◽  
Roel Merckx ◽  
Erik Smolders ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Upland Rice ◽  
Phosphorus Uptake ◽  
Root Systems ◽  
Multiscale Model ◽  
P Uptake ◽  
Water Dynamics ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
P Availability ◽  
P Deficiency ◽  
Plant P Uptake

AbstractBackground and aimsUpland rice is often grown where water and phosphorus (P) are limited and these two factors interact on P bioavailability. To better understand this interaction, mechanistic models representing small-scale nutrient gradients and water dynamics in the rhizosphere of full-grown root systems are needed.MethodsRice was grown in large columns using a P-deficient soil at three different P supplies in the topsoil (deficient, suboptimal, non-limiting) in combination with two water regimes (field capacity versus drying periods). Root architectural parameters and P uptake were determined. Using a multiscale model of water and nutrient uptake, in-silico experiments were conducted by mimicking similar P and water treatments. First, 3D root systems were reconstructed by calibrating an architecure model with observed phenological root data, such as nodal root number, lateral types, interbranch distance, root diameters, and root biomass allocation along depth. Secondly, the multiscale model was informed with these 3D root architectures and the actual transpiration rates. Finally, water and P uptake were simulated.Key resultsThe plant P uptake increased over threefold by increasing P and water supply, and drying periods reduced P uptake at high but not at low P supply. Root architecture was significantly affected by the treatments. Without calibration, simulation results adequately predicted P uptake, including the different effects of drying periods on P uptake at different P levels. However, P uptake was underestimated under P deficiency, a process likely related to an underestimated affinity of P uptake transporters in the roots. Both types of laterals (i.e. S- and L-type) are shown to be highly important for both water and P uptake, and the relative contribution of each type depend on both soil P availability and water dynamics. Key drivers in P uptake are growing root tips and the distribution of laterals.ConclusionsThis model-data integration demonstrates how multiple co-occurring single root phene responses to environmental stressors contribute to the development of a more efficient root system. Further model improvements such as the use of Michaelis constants from buffered systems and the inclusion of mycorrhizal infections and exudates are proposed.

scholarly journals Phosphorus Sources and Management in Organic Production Systems

2007 ◽  
Vol 17 (4) ◽  
pp. 442-454 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nathan O. Nelson ◽  
Rhonda R. Janke
Keyword(s):  
Best Management Practices ◽  
Phosphate Rock ◽  
Management Practices ◽  
Production Systems ◽  
Organic Production ◽  
P Availability ◽  
Soil P ◽  
Best Management ◽  
P Loss ◽  
P Sources

Organically produced fruit and vegetables are among the fastest growing agricultural markets. With greater demand for organically grown produce, more farmers are considering organic production options. Furthermore, there is an increasing interest in maintaining optimal production in an organic system, which involves appropriate nutrient management. The objectives of this review were to summarize the current state of our knowledge concerning effects of organic production systems on phosphorus (P) availability, describe P availability in common organically accepted P sources, and review best management practices that can reduce environmental risks associated with P management in organic systems. Organic production systems seek to improve soil organic matter and biological diversity, which may impact P cycling and P uptake by crops. Increases in organic matter will be accompanied by an increase in the organic P pool. Furthermore, management of cover crops and potentially enhanced arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi colonization from organic production practices can increase the availability of soil P pool (both organic and inorganic) by stimulating microbial activity and release of root exudates. This can help compensate for low soil P, but will not supersede the need to replace P removed by the harvested crop. Phosphorus fertilization in organic production systems entails balancing the P inputs with crop removal through selection and management of both nitrogen (N) and P inputs. Organic production systems that rely on manure or composts for meeting crop N demand will likely have a P surplus; therefore, P deficiencies will not be an issue. Systems using other N sources may have a P deficit, therefore requiring P supplementation for optimal plant growth. In such situations, maintenance P applications equal to crop removal should be made based on soil test recommendations. Primary organically approved P sources are phosphate rock (PR), manure, and compost. Phosphate rock is most effective at supplying P in soils with low pH (less than 5.5) and low calcium concentrations. Phosphate rock applications made to soils with pH greater than 5.5 may not be effective because of reduced PR solubility. Manure- and compost-based P has high plant availability, ranging from 70% to 100% available. Use of manures and composts requires extra considerations to reduce the risk of P loss from P sources to surface waters. Best management practices (BMPs) for reducing source P losses are incorporation of the manures or composts and timing applications to correspond to periods of low runoff risk based on climatic conditions. Organic production systems that use manures and composts as their primary N source should focus on minimizing P buildup in the soils and use of management practices that reduce the risks of P loss to surface waters. Evaluation of P loss risk with a P index will assist in identification of soil and management factors likely to contribute to high P loss as well as BMPs that can decrease P loss risks. BMPs should focus on controlling both particulate and dissolved P losses.

scholarly journals Acidified Animal Manure Products Combined with a Nitrification Inhibitor Can Serve as a Starter Fertilizer for Maize

Agronomy ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (12) ◽  
pp. 1941
Author(s):  
Iria Regueiro ◽  
Peter Siebert ◽  
Jingna Liu ◽  
Dorette Müller-Stöver ◽  
Lars Stoumann Jensen
Keyword(s):  
Plant Biomass ◽  
Nitrification Inhibitor ◽  
Animal Manure ◽  
P Uptake ◽  
Land Application ◽  
Atmospheric Environment ◽  
Mineral Fertilizers ◽  
P Availability ◽  
Starter Fertilizer ◽  
Plant P Uptake

There is an urgent need for better management practices regarding livestock farm nutrient imbalances and for finding alternatives to the actual use of mineral fertilizers. Acidification of animal manure is a mitigation practice used to reduce ammonia emissions to the atmospheric environment during manure storage and land application. Acidification modifies manure physicochemical characteristics, among which soluble N and P significantly increase. The main objective of this study was to investigate if acidification and the addition of a nitrification inhibitor to manure and placement of the treated manure close to the seed can stimulate maize growth by enhancing nutrient availability, specially P and consequently plant P uptake, at early development stages without the use of mineral N and P as a starter fertilizer. Raw dairy slurry and solid fractions from dairy slurry and digestate from a biogas plant were acidified to pH 5.5 and applied with or without a nitrification inhibitor (DMPP, 3,4-dimethyl pyrazole phosphate) to maize in a pot experiment, where biomass productivity, nutrient uptake and soil P availability were examined. Acidification increased the water-extractable P fraction of all slurry and digestate organic residues (by 20–61% of total P) and consequently plant P uptake from solid fractions of both slurry and digestate compared to the untreated products (by 47–49%). However, higher plant biomass from acidification alone was only achieved for the slurry solid fraction, while the combination of acidification and DMPP also increased plant biomass in the digestate solids treatment (by 49%). We therefore conclude that the combination of acidification and a nitrification inhibitor can increase the starter fertilizer value of slurry and digestate products sufficiently to make them suitable as a maize starter fertilizer.

scholarly journals Synergistic and Antagonistic Effects of Poultry Manure and Phosphate Rock on Soil P Availability, Ryegrass Production, and P Uptake

Agronomy ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (4) ◽  
pp. 191 ◽  
Author(s):  
Patricia Poblete-Grant ◽  
Philippe Biron ◽  
Thierry Bariac ◽  
Paula Cartes ◽  
María de La Luz Mora ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Biomass Production ◽  
Poultry Manure ◽  
P Uptake ◽  
Soil Types ◽  
P Availability ◽  
Antagonistic Effects ◽  
Soil P ◽  
P Use Efficiency ◽  
Soil P Availability ◽  
Use Efficiency

To maintain grassland productivity and limit resource depletion, scarce mineral P (phosphorus) fertilizers must be replaced by alternative P sources. The effect of these amendments on plant growth may depend on physicochemical soil parameters, in particular pH. The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of soil pH on biomass production, P use efficiency, and soil P forms after P amendment application (100 mg kg−1 P) using poultry manure compost (PM), rock phosphate (RP), and their combination (PMRP). We performed a growth chamber experiment with ryegrass plants (Lolium perenne) grown on two soil types with contrasting pH under controlled conditions for 7 weeks. Chemical P fractions, biomass production, and P concentrations were measured to calculate plant uptake and P use efficiency. We found a strong synergistic effect on the available soil P, while antagonistic effects were observed for ryegrass production and P uptake. We conclude that although the combination of PM and RP has positive effects in terms of soil P availability, the combined effects of the mixture must be taken into account and further evaluated for different soil types and grassland plants to maximize synergistic effects and to minimize antagonistic ones.

scholarly journals Application of Single Superphosphate with Humic Acid Improves the Growth, Yield and Phosphorus Uptake of Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) in Calcareous Soil

Agronomy ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (9) ◽  
pp. 1224 ◽  
Author(s):  
Muhammad Izhar Shafi ◽  
Muhammad Adnan ◽  
Shah Fahad ◽  
Fazli Wahid ◽  
Ahsan Khan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Humic Acid ◽  
Calcareous Soil ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Calcareous Soils ◽  
Growth Yield ◽  
P Uptake ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
P Availability ◽  
Single Superphosphate ◽  
P Fertilizers

In calcareous soil, the significant portion of applied phosphorus (P) fertilizers is adsorbed on the calcite surface and becomes unavailable to plants. Addition of organic amendments with chemical fertilizers can be helpful in releasing the absorbed nutrients from these surfaces. To check out this problem, a field experiment was conducted for two years to determine the effect of P fertilizers and humic acid (HA) in enhancing P availability in soil and their ultimate effect on growth, yield and P uptake of wheat in calcareous soils. The experiment was comprised of five levels of P (0, 45, 67.5, 90 and 112.5 kg P2O5 ha−1) as a single superphosphate (SSP) and 2 levels of locally produced humic acid (with and without HA) arranged in a two factorial randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three replications. Wheat plant height, spike length, number of grains per spike, 1000-grain weight, grain, straw and biological yield were significantly improved by the addition of HA with SSP. Very often, the performance of 67.5 kg P2O5 ha−1 with HA were either similar or better than 90 or even 112.5 kg P2O5 ha−1 applied without HA. Post-harvest soil organic matter, AB-DTPA extractable and water-soluble P, plant P concentration and its uptake were also significantly improved by the addition of HA with SSP compared to sole SSP application. It was evident that P efficiency could be increased with HA addition and it has the potential to improve crop yield and plants P uptake in calcareous soils.

scholarly journals Molecular-Scale Studies of Phosphorus Speciation and Transformation in Manure-Amended and Microdose-Fertilized Indigenous Vegetable Production Systems of Nigeria and Benin Republic

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gourango Kar ◽  
Durodoluwa Oyedele ◽  
Pierre Akponikpe ◽  
Abimfoluwa Olaleye ◽  
Derek Peak
Keyword(s):  
Production Systems ◽  
Poultry Manure ◽  
Spectroscopic Techniques ◽  
Vegetable Production ◽  
P Availability ◽  
Organic P ◽  
Amaranthus Cruentus ◽  
Edge Structure ◽  
X Ray Absorption ◽  
Benin Republic

This study investigated the speciation, transformation and availability of P during indigenous vegetable production by employing a combination of chemical and spectroscopic techniques. The study focused upon sites in two ecozones of SSA, the Dry Savanna (lna, Benin Republic) and Rainforest (Ilesha, Nigeria). Both sites were cultivated with two indigenous vegetable species; local amaranth (Amaranthus cruentus (AV)) and African eggplant (Solanum macrocarpon (SM)). The soils were treated with 5 t/ha poultry manure and urea fertilizer at the rate of 0, 20, 40, 60 and 80 kg N/ha. Soil samples were collected before planting and after harvest. Phosphorus K-edge X-ray absorption near-edge structure (XANES) spectroscopy was used to determine P speciation in these soils. Quantitative analysis showed that adsorbed and organic P were the two dominant P species in the manure amended Dry Savanna (DS) soils before planting and after harvest in soils cultivated with both AV and SM, with the addition of urea (40 kg N/ha) causing an increase in the organic P form in Dry Savanna soils cultivated with AV. Soils of the Rainforest (RF) cultivated with AV initially had large amounts of apatite P in the manure amended soils prior to planting which was transformed to adsorbed and organic P after harvest. Urea addition to the Rainforest soils shifted the dominant P species from organic P to adsorbed and apatite P, which is likely to limit P availability. Soils cultivated with SM had similar proportions of both organic and adsorbed P forms, with 40 kg N/ha addition slightly increased the proportion of adsorbed P.

scholarly journals Molecular Scale Studies of Phosphorus Speciation and Transformation in Manure Amended and Microdose Fertilized Indigenous Vegetable Production Systems of Nigeria and Republic of Benin

Soil Systems ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 5 ◽  
Author(s):  
Abimfoluwa Olaleye ◽  
Durodoluwa Oyedele ◽  
Pierre Akponikpe ◽  
Gourango Kar ◽  
Derek Peak
Keyword(s):  
Production Systems ◽  
Poultry Manure ◽  
Spectroscopic Techniques ◽  
Vegetable Production ◽  
P Availability ◽  
Organic P ◽  
Amaranthus Cruentus ◽  
Edge Structure ◽  
Republic Of Benin ◽  
X Ray Absorption

This study investigated the speciation, transformation, and availability of P during indigenous vegetable production by employing a combination of chemical and spectroscopic techniques. The study focused on sites in two ecozones of SSA, the dry savanna (lna, Republic of Benin) and rainforest (Ilesha, Nigeria). Both sites were cultivated with two indigenous vegetable species: local amaranth (Amaranthus cruentus (AC)) and African eggplant (Solanum macrocarpon (SM)). The soils were treated with 5 t/ha poultry manure and urea fertilizer at the rates of 0, 20, 40, 60, and 80 kg N/ha. Soil samples were collected before planting and after harvest. Phosphorus K-edge X-ray absorption near-edge structure (XANES) spectroscopy was used to determine P speciation in these soils. Quantitative analysis showed that adsorbed and organic P were the two dominant P species in the manure amended dry savanna (DS) soils before planting and after harvest in soils cultivated with both AC and SM, with the addition of urea (40 kg N/ha) causing an increase in the organic P form in dry savanna soils cultivated with AC. Soils of the rainforest (RF) cultivated with AC initially had large amounts of apatite P in the manure amended soils prior to planting, which was transformed to adsorbed and organic P after harvest. Urea addition to the rainforest soils shifted the dominant P species from organic P to adsorbed and apatite P, which was likely to limit P availability. Soils cultivated with SM had similar proportions of both organic and adsorbed P forms, with 40 kg N/ha addition slightly increasing the proportion of adsorbed P.

Modelling the effects of fertiliser solubility and soil buffer power on phosphorus uptake by spring wheat using an image-based approach

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Katherine Williams ◽  
Daniel McKay Fletcher ◽  
Chiara Petroselli ◽  
Siul Ruiz ◽  
Nancy Walker ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Spring Wheat ◽  
Crop Yields ◽  
Phosphorus Uptake ◽  
Primary Source ◽  
Fixed Time ◽  
P Uptake ◽  
P Availability ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Buffer Power ◽  
Starting Point

<p>Phosphorus (P) is critical for plant growth and can limit crop yields, but rock phosphate (the primary source of agricultural P) is a finite resource which is predicted to run out within 50-250 years. However, since P is important for short-term yield gains, it is often over-applied, causing run-off and water pollution. It is crucial to apply the right fertilisers at the most efficient rate, time, and place to protect our food security and environment for the future.</p> <p>Optimal application requires an understanding of the processes affecting P availability to plants. Fertilisers range from soluble in water (e.g TSP) to only slightly soluble (e.g. struvite). However, experiments testing the efficacy of fertilisers with different solubilities have reached variable results. Standard soil testing methods sample at fixed time points, while the dissolution, diffusion, sorption and uptake of P are dynamic processes, so to make predictions we must understand those dynamics.</p> <p>We used image-based modelling to investigate the predicted effects of dissolution rate and soil buffer power on P uptake by spring wheat root systems taken from X-ray CT images. We added a P source to represent a fertiliser granule and modelled the predicted P uptake based on 1 day, 1 week, and 14 week dissolution of the same amount of P for two realistic soil buffer powers.</p> <p>We demonstrated that rapid dissolution increased short-term root uptake, but dissolution over 1 week did not differ from dissolution over 1 day. We also found that root system architecture has a large effect on the efficiency of a P fertiliser pellet, highlighting the importance of application location. These results provide a starting point for predictive modelling of the efficacy of different P fertilisers in different soils, and our image-based approach gives the ability to add different root architectures for different species or varieties.</p>

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