The commercial agar from New Zealand Pterocladia species

1984 ◽  
Vol 37 (1) ◽  
pp. 183 ◽  
Author(s):  
DJ Brasch ◽  
C Chuah ◽  
LD Melton
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
Acid Hydrolysis ◽  
Galactose Oxidase ◽  
Methylation Analysis ◽  
Complete Acid Hydrolysis ◽  
Galactosyl Residues

The compositions of a laboratory extracted agar and commercial agar prepared from a mixture of New Zealand Pterocladia species (P. lucida and P. pinnata) are reported. The structure of the commercial agar has been studied by using methylation analysis, and the results, when considered along with the 13C n.m.r. spectrum, show that the polysaccharide has a structure which is close to that of agarose. Less than 1% of the agar is made up of 1,3-linked 6-O-methyl-D-galactopyranosyl residues. After complete acid hydrolysis, only 2% of the total galactose obtained was the L-enan-tiomer. Reaction of the Pterocladia agarose in the presence of the enzyme D-galactose oxidase showed that the 1,3-linked D-galactosyl residues are oxidized even if they occur in an ordered situation within the molecule.

The metabolism of carbohydrates by extremely halophilic bacteria: the identification of lactobionic acid as a product of lactose metabolism by Halobacterium saccharovorum

1978 ◽  
Vol 24 (8) ◽  
pp. 898-903 ◽  
Author(s):  
Geraldine A. Tomlinson ◽  
Maureen P. Strohm ◽  
Lawrence I. Hochstein
Keyword(s):  
Thin Layer ◽  
Acid Hydrolysis ◽  
Column Chromatography ◽  
Gluconic Acid ◽  
Halophilic Bacteria ◽  
Galactose Oxidase ◽  
Lactobionic Acid ◽  
Lactose Metabolism ◽  
Furanose Form

Nongrowing cells of Halobacterium saccharovorum oxidized lactose to a product identified as lactobionic acid by thin-layer, paper, and column chromatography, and by identification of the galactose and gluconic acid produced from it after acid hydrolysis. Growing cells oxidized lactose to a product that was identical with lactobionate except that it did not serve as a substrate for galactose oxidase. While the identity of this compound has not been established, it is suggested that the product is lactobionic acid in which the galactose moeity is in the furanose form. Neither lactobionate nor the product produced by growing cells was further metabolized, suggesting that lactose oxidation is not coupled to growth.

scholarly journals Genome-wide DNA methylation analysis of heavy cannabis exposure in a New Zealand longitudinal cohort

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Amy J. Osborne ◽  
John F. Pearson ◽  
Alexandra J. Noble ◽  
Neil J. Gemmell ◽  
L. John Horwood ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Dna Methylation ◽  
New Zealand ◽  
Methylation Analysis ◽  
Longitudinal Cohort ◽  
Genome Wide ◽  
Dna Methylation Analysis

scholarly journals Cell-type-related segregation of surface galactosyl-containing components at an early developmental stage in hemopoietic bone marrow cells in the rabbit.

1983 ◽  
Vol 96 (1) ◽  
pp. 184-190 ◽  
Author(s):  
E Skutelsky ◽  
E A Bayer
Keyword(s):  
Bone Marrow ◽  
Cell Surface ◽  
Bone Marrow Cells ◽  
Galactose Oxidase ◽  
Early Developmental Stage ◽  
Neuraminidase Treatment ◽  
Rabbit Bone ◽  
Erythroid Development ◽  
Galactosyl Residues ◽  
Marrow Cells

The avidin-biotin complex was used for the selective ultrastructural labeling of terminal cell surface galactosyl residues. Rabbit bone marrow cells were treated with the enzyme galactose oxidase in the presence of biotin hydrazide. Subsequent treatment with ferritin-avidin conjugates enabled the electron microscopic visualization of terminal membrane-based galactose and/or N-acetylgalactosamine on these cells. All stages of erythroid development were characterized by high levels of exposed cell surface galactose, whereas all leukoid cells in the same preparations were virtually unlabeled by the above method. Modulations in the distribution of these surface determinants during differentiation and maturation of rabbit erythroid cells were found to concur in inverse fashion with respect to that of terminal sialic acids. Neuraminidase treatment, before the above labeling procedure, resulted in the exposure of additional galactosyl residues on the surface of all bone marrow cell types. The results indicate that a galactose-bearing glycoconjugate(s) may comprise an erythroid-specific membrane constituent of rabbit bone marrow cells. The high density of galactose on the surface of even the earliest erythroid precursors may eventually enable the identification and isolation of a stem cell, which already contains the erythroid-specific galactoconjugate(s). The results suggest that variations in the spectrum of cell surface carbohydrates may serve as recognition signals in the complex set of intercellular interactions which occur during the development and maturation of the erythrocyte. The occurrence of similar but species-specific variations in the complement of surface heterosaccharides during erythroid development of humans and other mammals supports this contention.

The effect of galactose oxidase treatment on the hepatic binding and biological activity of desialylated human chorionic gonadotrophin

1980 ◽  
Vol 93 (2) ◽  
pp. 234-242 ◽  
Author(s):  
Egenius C. Brand ◽  
Jacobus Odink
Keyword(s):  
Biological Activity ◽  
Specific Binding ◽  
Hepatic Uptake ◽  
Galactose Oxidase ◽  
High Dose ◽  
Uptake Studies ◽  
Radioligand Receptor Assay ◽  
Galactosyl Residues

Abstract. 125I labelled desialylated hCG (asialo-hCG) was treated with galactose oxidase, in order to find out whether oxidation of the terminal galactosyl residues would diminish the hepatic uptake of asialo-hCG. Specific binding to the hepatic asialo-glycoprotein receptor was monitored in vitro by a rat liver radioligand receptor assay (RRA). Hormonal activities were compared by ovarian RRA and by in vitro bioassay. Uptake studies were done in superovulated immature rats. Galactose oxidase treatment had hardly any influence on the in vitro ovarian binding and biological activity of [125I]asialo-hCG. Binding in the liver RRA was virtually abolished. In vivo hepatic uptake, however, was considerably above the level of [125I]hCG, as was the uptake in the kidneys. The hepatic uptake was inhibited by the administration of a high dose of asialo-fetuin. It is concluded that oxidation of the terminal galactosyl residues reduces the binding of asialo-hCG to the hepatic asialo-glycoprotein receptor, without affecting its hormonal properties. The ovarian uptake in vivo, however, is still limited by the high hepatic and renal clearance.

scholarly journals Antigenic determinants of a plant proteoglycan, the Gladiolus style arabinogalactan-protein

1980 ◽  
Vol 191 (2) ◽  
pp. 437-447 ◽  
Author(s):  
P A Gleeson ◽  
A E Clarke
Keyword(s):  
Potent Inhibitor ◽  
Cross Reactivity ◽  
Arabinogalactan Protein ◽  
Galactose Oxidase ◽  
Antigenic Specificity ◽  
Specific Antiserum ◽  
Antigenic Determinants ◽  
Carbohydrate Component ◽  
Terminal Galactose ◽  
Galactosyl Residues

Antiserum has been raised to the arabinogalactan-protein of Gladiolus style mucilage. This macromolecule has been characterized and has a structure consistent with a 1 leads to 3-linked beta-galactan backbone with side branches of 1 leads to 6-linked beta-galactosyl residues, some of which carry terminal alpha-L-arabinofuranoside residues [Gleeson & Clarke (1979) Biochem. J. 181, 607-621]. The specificity of the antiserum has been investigated by immunoprecipitation with [3H]arabinogalactan-protein. THe 3H label was introduced into the arabinogalactan-protein by oxidation of the terminal galactose residues with galactose oxidase, followed by reduction with NaB3H4. The antigenic specificity of the antiserum was shown to be directed towards the carbohydrate component of the arabinogalactan-protein. D-galactose and L-arabinose were the most effective hapten inhibitors of the antiserum; other monosaccharides, N-acetyl-D-galactono-1,4-lactone, D-glucose, D-mannose, L-rhamnose. L-fucose and D-xylose, were all poor inhibitors. The antiserum showed preference for beta-galactosides over alpha-galactosides. Of the haptens examined, the disaccharide 6-O-beta-D-galactopyranosyl-D-galactopyranose was the most potent inhibitor. The antigenic features of the arabinogalactan-protein were investigated by examining the interaction of the antiserum with chemically and enzymically modified arabinogalactan-protein. Also, the cross-reactivity of structurally related polysaccharides and glycoproteins with the specific antiserum was assessed by a haemagglutination assay using erythrocytes coupled with specific antiserum. The results indicate that the dominant antigenic determinants of the arabinogalactan-protein are probably the side branches of 1 leads to 6 -linked beta-galactose residues bearing the terminal alpha-L-arabinose residues.

Structure and composition of the alkali-insoluble cell wall fraction of Coprinus macrorhizus var. microsporus

1980 ◽  
Vol 58 (2) ◽  
pp. 147-153 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carey B. Bottom ◽  
Donald J. Siehr
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Cell Wall ◽  
Acid Hydrolysis ◽  
Cell Walls ◽  
Cell Wall Fraction ◽  
Enzymic Hydrolysis ◽  
Methylation Analysis ◽  
Partial Acid Hydrolysis ◽  
The Core ◽  
Hydrolysis Of

The alkali-insoluble (R-) fraction from the cell walls of Coprinus macrorhizus var. microsporus is a highly branched glucan, containing α-(1 → 4), β-(1 → 3), and β-(1 → 6) linkages as shown by methylation, partial acid hydrolysis, and enzymic hydrolysis. The α-(1 → 4)-linked segments are joined by occasional β-(1 → 3) links as suggested by the identification of 2-O-α-glucopyranosyl erythritol in the hydrolysate of the reduced, periodate-oxidized glucan. Hydrolysis of the permethylated glucan gave nearly equimolar amounts of 2,4-di- and 2,3-di-O-methyl-D-glucose. Methylation analysis of the residue from enzymic hydrolysis, the "CORE-fraction," indicated the presence of glucose residues in this fraction linked through positions O1, O3, O4, and O6. Hydrolysates of the R-fraction contained mannose, glucosamine, and amino acids in addition to glucose.

Polysaccharides from the Flowers of Malva Mauritiana L.: Structure of an Arabinogalactan

1995 ◽  
Vol 60 (12) ◽  
pp. 2112-2118 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter Capek ◽  
Alžbeta Kardašová
Keyword(s):  
Nmr Spectroscopy ◽  
Acid Hydrolysis ◽  
Structure Elucidation ◽  
Periodate Oxidation ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Methylation Analysis ◽  
Partial Acid Hydrolysis ◽  
The Core ◽  
Branched Structure ◽  
C Nmr

A water-soluble arabinogalactan composed of D-galactose and L-arabinose in the mole ratio 1 : 1.4 has been isolated from the flowers of Malva mauritiana L. Partial acid hydrolysis, methylation analysis, periodate oxidation, and 13C NMR spectroscopy were employed in structure elucidation. The arabinogalactan was shown to have a highly branched structure. The core consisted of 1,6-linked β-D-galactopyranose units, about 65% of which were substituted in position C-3 by side-chains of mainly 1,5-linked α-L-arabinofuranosyl residues.

The chemistry of Pinus radiata. VI. The water-soluble galactoglucomannan

1983 ◽  
Vol 36 (5) ◽  
pp. 947 ◽  
Author(s):  
DJ Brash
Keyword(s):  
Pinus Radiata ◽  
Small Degree ◽  
Degree Of Polymerization ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Structural Determination ◽  
Methylation Analysis ◽  
Degree Of Branching ◽  
Single Side ◽  
Complete Acid Hydrolysis

The two major components of the water-soluble polysaccharides extracted from the sapwood of Pinus radiata were a galactoglucomannan and an arabinogalactan. The galactoglucomannan had a number average degree of polymerization of approximately 30, and on complete acid hydrolysis it yielded D-mannose, D-galactose and D-glucose in the ratio 4.5 : 1.3 : 1.0. The structural determination of this polysaccharide by methylation analysis and 13C n.m.r. suggested that it is a linear glucomannan with α-D-galactopyranosyl residues as single side units. No evidence could be found of any branches in the polymer, although the possibility of a small degree of branching cannot be dismissed.

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