Elimination reactions of stilbene dibromides. Dehydrobromination by acetate, cyanide or chloride ions in dimethylformamide

1983 ◽  
Vol 36 (9) ◽  
pp. 1705 ◽  
Author(s):  
J Avraamides ◽  
AJ Parker
Keyword(s):  
Transition State ◽  
Chloride Ion ◽  
Chloride Ions ◽  
Strong Preference ◽  
Product Analysis ◽  
Product Ratio ◽  
Elimination Reactions ◽  
Transition State Structures

Rates of dehydrobromination of a series of 4-nitro-and methoxystilbene dibromides by means of acetate, cyanide or chloride ions in dimethylformamide have been measured. A product analysis was performed which indicated a strong preference for anti elimination. Probable transition state structures utilized by each of the three nucleophiles are described. Attack by the base may be at either β-hydrogen (E2H) or Cα (E2C). The slowest reaction is with chloride ion, which also gives the highest anti/syn elimination product ratio.

Elimination-Reactions of Stilbene Dibromides. Debromination by Cyanide, Chloride, Iodide or 4-Nitrothiophenoxide Ions in Dimethylformamide

1986 ◽  
Vol 39 (4) ◽  
pp. 677 ◽  
Author(s):  
J Avraamides
Keyword(s):  
Transition State ◽  
Transition States ◽  
Product Distribution ◽  
Nucleophilic Attack ◽  
Distribution Data ◽  
Elimination Reactions ◽  
Transition State Structures

Transition state structures for debromination reactions of a series of para-substituted stilbene dibromides were evaluated from kinetic and product distribution data for the nucleophiles chloride, cyanide, iodide and 4-nitrothiophenoxide in dimethylformamide . The debrominations appear to utilize transition states in which nucleophilic attack is at bromine despite the strong carbon- nucleophilicity of some of the bases. Products are largely those derived from anti- debromination with all nucleophiles and reactivity is in the order 4-nitrothiophenoxide > cyanide > iodide > chloride.

scholarly journals Experimental Study and Simulation Calculation of the Chloride Resistance of Concrete under Multiple Factors

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (12) ◽  
pp. 5322
Author(s):  
Yang Ding ◽  
Tong-Lin Yang ◽  
Hui Liu ◽  
Zhen Han ◽  
Shuang-Xi Zhou ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Hydrostatic Pressure ◽  
Penetration Depth ◽  
Chloride Ion ◽  
Cementitious Materials ◽  
Chloride Ions ◽  
Finite Element Software ◽  
Chloride Resistance ◽  
Simulation Calculation ◽  
Marine Concrete ◽  
Resistance Performance

Cement is widely used in marine concrete, and its resistance to chloride ion corrosion has been widely considered. In this paper, based on a laboratory test, the influence of different hydrostatic pressures, coarse aggregate contents and w/c ratios on the chloride resistance performance is analyzed. Based on COMSOL finite element software, a two-dimensional cementitious materials model is established, and the simulation results are compared with the experimental results. The results show that the penetration depth of chloride ions in cement increases with the increase of the w/c ratio. Under the hydrostatic pressure of 0 MPa, when the w/c ratio is 0.35, the penetration depth of chloride ions is 7.4 mm, and the simulation result is 8.0 mm. When the w/c ratio is 0.45, the penetration depth of chloride ions is 9.3 mm, and the simulation result is 9.9 mm. When the w/c ratio is 0.55, the penetration depth of chloride ions is 12.9 mm, and the simulation result is 12.1 mm. Under different hydrostatic pressures, the penetration depth of chloride ions obviously changes, and with the increase in hydrostatic pressure, the penetration depth of chloride ions deepens. Under the w/c ratio of 0.35, when the hydrostatic pressure is 0.5 MPa, the penetration depth of chloride ions is 11.3 mm, and the simulation result is 12.1 mm. When the hydrostatic pressure is 1.0 MPa, the penetration depth of chloride ions is 16.2 mm, and the simulation result is 17.5 mm.

scholarly journals Force-modulated reductive elimination from platinum(ii) diaryl complexes

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yichen Yu ◽  
Chenxu Wang ◽  
Liqi Wang ◽  
Cai-Li Sun ◽  
Roman Boulatov ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Transition State ◽  
Reductive Elimination ◽  
Mechanical Force ◽  
Elimination Reactions

The influence of mechanical force on the rates of model reductive elimination reactions depends on the structure of the force-transducing ligand and provides a measure of geometry changes upon reaching the transition state.

scholarly journals Broadband dielectric spectroscopy for monitoring temperature-dependent chloride ion motion in BiOCl plates

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Adrian Radoń ◽  
Dariusz Łukowiec ◽  
Patryk Włodarczyk
Keyword(s):  
Electrical Conductivity ◽  
Dielectric Spectroscopy ◽  
Low Frequency ◽  
Chloride Ion ◽  
Ion Source ◽  
Chloride Ions ◽  
Ion Concentration ◽  
Broadband Dielectric Spectroscopy ◽  
Free Chloride ◽  
Structure Rebuilding

AbstractThe dielectric properties and electrical conduction mechanism of bismuth oxychloride (BiOCl) plates synthesized using chloramine-T as the chloride ion source were investigated. Thermally-activated structure rebuilding was monitored using broadband dielectric spectroscopy, which showed that the onset temperature of this process was 283 K. This rebuilding was related to the introduction of free chloride ions into [Bi2O2]2+ layers and their growth, which increased the intensity of the (101) diffraction peak. The electrical conductivity and dielectric permittivity were related to the movement of chloride ions between plates (in the low-frequency region), the interplanar motion of Cl− ions at higher frequencies, vibrations of these ions, and charge carrier hopping at frequencies above 10 kHz. The influence of the free chloride ion concentration on the electrical conductivity was also described. Structure rebuilding was associated with a lower concentration of free chloride ions, which significantly decreased the conductivity. According to the analysis, the BiOCl plate conductivity was related to the movement of Cl− ions, not electrons.

scholarly journals Layered Double Hydroxides Precursor as Chloride Inhibitor: Synthesis, Characterization, Assessment of Chloride Adsorption Performance

Materials ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 11 (12) ◽  
pp. 2537 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lin Chi ◽  
Zheng Wang ◽  
Youfang Zhou ◽  
Shuang Lu ◽  
Yan Yao
Keyword(s):  
Removal Rate ◽  
Chloride Ion ◽  
Cementitious Materials ◽  
Chloride Ions ◽  
Ion Removal ◽  
Hydraulic Concrete ◽  
Adsorption Behaviors ◽  
The Stability ◽  
Inhibition Performance ◽  
Double Hydroxides

In this study, the chloride adsorption behaviors of CaAl-Cl LDH precursors with various Ca:Al ratios were investigated. The optimal chloride ion removal rate was 87.06% due to the formation of hydrocalumite. The chloride adsorption products of CaAl-Cl LDH precursors were further characterized by X-ray diffraction analysis and atomic structure analysis, the adsorption mechanism was considered to be co-precipitate process. The chloride adsorption behaviors of cementitious materials blended with CaAl-Cl LDH precursors were further investigated. Leaching test according to Test Code for Hydraulic Concrete (SL352-2006) was performed to testify the stability of chloride ions in the mortar. The results show that more than 98.3% chloride ions were immobilized in cement mortar blended with CaAl-Cl LDH precursor and cannot be easily released again. The inhibition performance of steel in the electrolytes with/without CaAl LDH precursor was investigated by using electrochemical measurements. The results indicate that CaAl LDH precursor can effectively protect the passive film on steel surface by chloride adsorption. Considering the high anion exchange capacities of the LDHs, synthesized chloride adsorbent precursor can be applied as new inhibitors blended in cementitious materials to prevent the chloride-induced deterioration. Moreover, the application of chloride adsorption on CaAl-Cl LDH could also be of interest for the application of seawater blended concrete.

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