Hydrometallurgical thermodynamics. I. Effect of sulfate ion-pairing and ion-solvation on the copper-iron redox equilibrium in aqueous acetonitrile

1983 ◽  
Vol 36 (9) ◽  
pp. 1687 ◽  
Author(s):  
BW Clare ◽  
P Singh ◽  
P Mangano ◽  
AJ Parker ◽  
DM Muir
Keyword(s):  
Water Solution ◽  
Pure Water ◽  
Ion Pairing ◽  
Ion Solvation ◽  
Sulfate Ion ◽  
Redox Equilibrium ◽  
Small Shift ◽  
Enthalpy Changes ◽  
The Right ◽  
Iron Redox

The copper-iron redox equilibrium is shifted to the right CuII+FeII↔CuI+FeIII by strong ion-pairing of sulfate ion with FeIII and by specific solvation of CuI with acetonitrile. The equilibrium constant has been measured by direct e.m.f. and spectroscopic methods between pH 0-2 and found to be about 107 higher for practical solutions of sulfates in acetonitrile/water than that calculated for perchlorates in pure water. Enthalpies and free energies of transfer of these ions from water to acetonitrile/water show that the shift in equilibrium to Cul+FeIII in acetonitrile/water solution is strongly favoured by enthalpy changes associated with copper(I)-acetonitrile ion-solvation. Ion-pairing of sulfate ion with iron(III) results in an increase in entropy and a small shift of the equilibrium to the right.

INTENSITAS ASUPAN GIZI DALAM MENGEMBANGKAN KESEHATAN ANAK USIA 5-6 TAHUN DI TK UMMI ERNI DESA PEMATANG JOHAR

2019 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Reka Indriani ◽  
Mesiono Mesiono ◽  
Sapri Sapri
Keyword(s):  
Rapid Development ◽  
Pure Water ◽  
Student Parents ◽  
Interview Method ◽  
Descriptive Research ◽  
Children Nutrition ◽  
Children Health ◽  
Class B ◽  
Quantitative Descriptive ◽  
The Right

<p><em>When children are in a process of growth and rapid development, parents and young people should pay atantion to the health and health of children so that the children can grow and develop according to their age.The purpose of this research is to identify: (1). The children nutrition 5-6 years old, (2). The children health development 5-6 years old, (3). The alternative to protect children health. This research is a quantitative descriptive research. The participants of this research which are include the principal, teacher, and the student parents at class B who is 5-6 years old. In process of collecting the data the researcher used interview method, observation, and documentation. From the research we can conclude 1).Nutrition or food that often given to the children is just four healthy five perfect foods, 2).The children in TK Ummi are the children who have healtiness, 3). The alternative that can be commited to protect the children health is do the practice, make the children common to throw the rubbish in the right place,  check the children nail, stock the pure water, set many dustbins and make a common to wash their hand before eating.</em></p>

Association of Graft Copolymers of Alkyl Methacrylates with α-Methyl-ω-hydroxy-poly(oxyethylene) ethacrylates

1995 ◽  
Vol 60 (11) ◽  
pp. 1971-1985 ◽  
Author(s):  
Čestmír Koňák ◽  
Zdeněk Tuzar ◽  
Pavla Kopečková ◽  
Joseph D. Andrade ◽  
Jindřich Kopeček
Keyword(s):  
Light Scattering ◽  
Graft Copolymers ◽  
Water Solution ◽  
Pure Water ◽  
Solution Properties ◽  
Monomer Composition ◽  
Special Procedure ◽  
Methyl Cellosolve ◽  
Hexyl Methacrylate ◽  
Alkyl Methacrylates

Solution properties of the statistical copolymers of alkyl methacrylates (AMA) with α-methyl-ω-hydroxy-poly(oxyethylene) methacrylates (MPOEMA) (nonionic polysoaps) were studied using static and dynamic ligh scattering as a function of monomer composition and concentration in aqueous and methyl cellosolve solutions. The solubility of the copolymers in water was found to be dependent on molar contant of AMA. While copolymers with low content of hexyl methacrylate (HMA) (0 and 20 mole %) were directly soluble in water, forming true solutions with a low content of large swollen aggregates, copolymers with a higher content of HMA or lauryl methacrylate (LMA) were not directly dispersable in water. A special procedure, the stepwise dialysis from methyl cellosolve solutions against water, had to be used to prepare them in the pseudomicellar form. The copolymers were directly soluble in methyl cellosolve and its water solution containing up to 60 vol.% of water. Nevertheless, the light scattering experiments were dominated by light scattering of swollen particles of aggregated copolymer molecules. The copolymers were not soluble in the mixtures containing 70-100 vol.% of water. Paramaters of aggregates in the mixture with 60 vol.% of water and in pure water were found to be very similar.

scholarly journals Behavior and properties of water in silicate melts under deep mantle conditions

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Bijaya B. Karki ◽  
Dipta B. Ghosh ◽  
Shun-ichiro Karato
Keyword(s):  
Electrical Conductivity ◽  
Molar Volume ◽  
Water Solution ◽  
Pure Water ◽  
Electrical Conductance ◽  
Water Structure ◽  
Bulk Water ◽  
Silicate Melts ◽  
Pressure Regime ◽  
Low Pressures

AbstractWater (H2O) as one of the most abundant fluids present in Earth plays crucial role in the generation and transport of magmas in the interior. Though hydrous silicate melts have been studied extensively, the experimental data are confined to relatively low pressures and the computational results are still rare. Moreover, these studies imply large differences in the way water influences the physical properties of silicate magmas, such as density and electrical conductivity. Here, we investigate the equation of state, speciation, and transport properties of water dissolved in Mg1−xFexSiO3 and Mg2(1−x)Fe2xSiO4 melts (for x = 0 and 0.25) as well as in its bulk (pure) fluid state over the entire mantle pressure regime at 2000–4000 K using first-principles molecular dynamics. The simulation results allow us to constrain the partial molar volume of the water component in melts along with the molar volume of pure water. The predicted volume of silicate melt + water solution is negative at low pressures and becomes almost zero above 15 GPa. Consequently, the hydrous component tends to lower the melt density to similar extent over much of the mantle pressure regime irrespective of composition. Our results also show that hydrogen diffuses fast in silicate melts and enhances the melt electrical conductivity in a way that differs from electrical conduction in the bulk water. The speciation of the water component varies considerably from the bulk water structure as well. Water is dissolved in melts mostly as hydroxyls at low pressure and as –O–H–O–, –O–H–O–H– and other extended species with increasing pressure. On the other hand, the pure water behaves as a molecular fluid below 15 GPa, gradually becoming a dissociated fluid with further compression. On the basis of modeled density and conductivity results, we suggest that partial melts containing a few percent of water may be gravitationally trapped both above and below the upper mantle-transition region. Moreover, such hydrous melts can give rise to detectable electrical conductance by means of electromagnetic sounding observations.

scholarly journals Testing for ion-mediated enhancement of the hydraulic conductance of the leaf xylem in diverse angiosperms

2017 ◽  
Vol 4 ◽  
pp. e004 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christine Scoffoni ◽  
Grace John ◽  
Herve Cochard ◽  
Lawren Sack
Keyword(s):  
Water Solution ◽  
Pure Water ◽  
Xylem Sap ◽  
Hydraulic Conductance ◽  
Membrane Pores ◽  
Whole Plant ◽  
Pit Membrane ◽  
Major Bottleneck ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Xylem Conduits

Replacing ultra-pure water solution with ion solution closer to the composition of natural xylem sap increases stem hydraulic conductance by up to 58%, likely due to changes in electroviscosity in the pit membrane pores. This effect has been proposed to contribute to the control of plant hydraulic and stomatal conductance and potentially to influence on carbon balance during dehydration. However, this effect has never been directly tested for leaf xylem, which constitutes a major bottleneck in the whole plant. We tested for an ion-mediated increase in the hydraulic conductance of the leaf xylem (Kx) for seven species diverse in phylogeny and drought tolerance. Across species, no significant changes in Kx were observed between 0 and 15 mM KCl. We further tested for an effect of ion solution during measurements of Kx vulnerability to dehydration in Quercus agrifolia and found no significant impact. These results for leaf xylem contrast with the often strong ion effect reported for stems, and we suggest several hypotheses to account for the difference, relating to the structure of xylem conduits across vein orders, and the ultrastructure of leaf xylem pores. A negligible ion response in leaves would weaken xylem sap ion-mediated control of plant hydraulic conductance, facilitating modeling of whole plant hydraulic behavior and its influence on productivity.

Technical and economical evaluation of water recycling in the carwash industry with membrane processes

2008 ◽  
Vol 57 (7) ◽  
pp. 1131-1135 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. Boussu ◽  
G. Van Baelen ◽  
W. Colen ◽  
D. Eelen ◽  
S. Vanassche ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Membrane Fouling ◽  
Tap Water ◽  
Pure Water ◽  
Optimal Choice ◽  
Water Recycling ◽  
Membrane Processes ◽  
Environmental Laws ◽  
Membrane Type ◽  
The One ◽  
The Right

In the carwash industry, water recycling is necessary to be in accordance with present and upcoming environmental laws. As this is not possible with traditional techniques, membrane processes (like ultrafiltration (UF) and nanofiltration (NF)) are technically and economically evaluated in this study. Concerning the technical part, there needs to be a compromise between a high permeate permeability on the one hand and a high permeate purity on the other hand. Depending on the use of the purified wastewater, ultrafiltration (to recycle wastewater in the main wash cycle) or nanofiltration (to recycle wastewater in the rinsing step) would be the optimal choice. Concerning the financial part, the implementation of membrane processes in the wastewater purification installation is economically feasible, especially when expensive tap water is used as pure water. These positive evaluations imply that membrane processes can be useful to recycle wastewater in the carwash industry, on condition that the right membrane type (with the least membrane fouling) and the right process format (e.g., hybrid process of UF and/or NF with a biological treatment) is selected.

scholarly journals Towards standard electrolytes for sodium-ion batteries: physical properties, ion solvation and ion-pairing in alkyl carbonate solvents

2020 ◽  
Vol 22 (39) ◽  
pp. 22768-22777
Author(s):  
Damien Monti ◽  
Erlendur Jónsson ◽  
Andrea Boschin ◽  
M. Rosa Palacín ◽  
Alexandre Ponrouch ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Physical Properties ◽  
Molecular Characterization ◽  
Ion Pairing ◽  
Sodium Ion ◽  
Ion Solvation ◽  
Sodium Ion Batteries ◽  
Physico Chemical

In-depth physico-chemical and molecular characterization of EC:DMC Na+-electrolytes is provided while we observed several DMC conformers in the solvation shells.

Response of newborn lambs to CO-induced hypoxia

1988 ◽  
Vol 64 (5) ◽  
pp. 1870-1877 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. A. Bureau ◽  
J. L. Carroll ◽  
E. Canet
Keyword(s):  
Minute Ventilation ◽  
Blood Gases ◽  
Periodic Breathing ◽  
Respiratory Frequency ◽  
Gas Mixture ◽  
Arterial Blood Gases ◽  
Small Shift ◽  
Arterial Blood ◽  
The Right ◽  
Very High

This study was undertaken to measure the neonate's response to CO-induced hypoxia in the first 10 days of life. CO breathing was used to induce hypoxia because CO causes tissue hypoxia with no or minimal chemoreceptor stimulation. An inspired gas mixture of 0.25 to 0.5% CO in air was used to raise the blood carboxyhemoglobin (HbCO) progressively from 0 to 60% over approximately 20 min. The study, conducted in awake conscious lambs aged 2 and 10 days, consisted in measuring the response of ventilation and the change in arterial blood gases during the rise of HbCO. The results showed that the 2- and 10-day-old lambs tolerated very high HbCO levels without an increase in minute ventilation (VE) and without metabolic acidosis. At both ages, HbCO caused no VE change until HbCO levels rose to between 45 and 50% after which the VE change was exponential in some animals but minimal in others. The VE change was brought about by a rise in tidal volume and respiratory frequency. During the period of maturation from 2 to 10 days, there was a small shift to the right in the VE-HbCO response. In the 10-day-old lambs the VE response to high HbCO was greater than that of the 2-day-olds because of the lambs' higher respiratory frequency response. Six of the 10-day-old lambs but only two of the 2-day-old lambs showed a hypoxic tachypnea to HbCO of 55–65%. None of the lambs developed periodic breathing, dysrhythmic breathing, or recurrent apneas with an HbCO level as high as 60%.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

scholarly journals Studi Penentuan Kalor Jenis Air dan Larutan Garam Menggunakan Mikrokontroler Arduino Uno

2019 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 86-97
Author(s):  
Valentinus Galih Vidia Putra ◽  
Andrian Wijayono ◽  
Endah Purnomosari ◽  
Ngadiono Ngadiono ◽  
Irwan Irwan
Keyword(s):  
Specific Heat ◽  
Salt Solution ◽  
Temperature Sensor ◽  
Measurement Method ◽  
Water Solution ◽  
Pure Water ◽  
Heating Wire ◽  
Arduino Uno

This research was conducted to determine specific heat of pure water and salt solution using the calorimeter measurement method based on the Arduino Uno microcontroller. The salt solution and pure water solution were heated by the heating wire with 2.4 A and 0.54 Ω. The temperature of the pure water and the salt solution was measured using the Arduino Uno microcontroller and DS18B20 temperature sensor. In this study, the Cv of pure water and salt solution has been found.

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