The physical properties of anomalous water

1971 ◽  
Vol 24 (4) ◽  
pp. 675 ◽  
Author(s):  
WW Mansfield
Keyword(s):  
Electrical Conductivity ◽  
Surface Tension ◽  
Melting Point ◽  
Aqueous Solutions ◽  
Physical Properties ◽  
Vapour Pressure ◽  
Column Length ◽  
Anomalous Water

The properties of anomalous aqueous condensates, prepared in the manner described by Deryagin,1 vary with aqueous vapour pressure. The changes of column length and of melting point are similar to those of ordinary aqueous solutions. There is no sound evidence that the condensate exhibits abnormal viscosity, density, electrical conductivity, or surface tension.

scholarly journals The conductivity of uni-univalent salts in methyl alcohol at 25°C

1925 ◽  
Vol 109 (750) ◽  
pp. 351-368 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Electrical Conductivity ◽  
Aqueous Solutions ◽  
Physical Properties ◽  
Methyl Alcohol ◽  
Experimental Work ◽  
Complete Understanding ◽  
Systematic Data ◽  
The Past ◽  
Aqueous Solvent ◽  
Solutions Of Electrolytes

The physical properties of solutions of electrolytes in non-aqueous solvents have been investigated in the past by a number of workers, but until recently the work in this field has been characterised to some extent by lack of accuracy and of co-ordination. The need for accurate experimental work in this direction is clear when it is realised that modern theories of the behaviour of electrolytes in solution are based almost entirely on data obtained for solutions in water. It is probable that a more complete understanding of the nature of solutions can come only through experimental work extending over a range of solvents: the peculiar properties of water as a solvent have tended hitherto to obscure many of the fundamental difficulties of the problem by cloaking them in the garb of simplicity. The work which forms the substance of this paper was undertaken with a view to obtaining some systematic data for the electrical conductivity of dilute solutions of uni-univalent salts in a non-aqueous solvent, of an accuracy comparable with that of Kohlrausch and his co-workers in the case of aqueous solutions. The choice of methyl alcohol as a solvent was governed by the fact that it is most closely allied to water in type, and is experimentally well suited for such an investigation.

Thermodynamics and Transport Properties

2021 ◽  
pp. 72-181
Author(s):  
Thorvald Abel Engh ◽  
Geoffrey K. Sigworth ◽  
Anne Kvithyld
Keyword(s):  
Electrical Conductivity ◽  
Surface Tension ◽  
High Temperature ◽  
Physical Properties ◽  
Transport Properties ◽  
Thermochemical Data ◽  
Molten Metals ◽  
Free Energies ◽  
Interaction Coefficients ◽  
Chemical Equilibria

The fundamentals of thermodynamics are reviewed, focusing on the chemistry of high-temperature metals, oxides (slags), and salts. Thermochemical data are provided for important molten metals: the free energies of solution of alloy elements, and interaction coefficients. Standard free energies of reactions are also provided, so the reader may calculate important chemical equilibria. Example calculations are provided for the deoxidation of steel. The removal of sulfur and phosphorus are also described. The second half of the chapter considers fundamental aspects of important physical properties: viscosity, surface tension, diffusion, and thermal and electrical conductivity.

THE SURFACE TENSION OF SOME DILUTE SOLUTIONS

1938 ◽  
Vol 16a (11) ◽  
pp. 207-214 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. C. Fisher ◽  
C. A. Mackay
Keyword(s):  
Surface Tension ◽  
Melting Point ◽  
Aqueous Solutions ◽  
Sodium Oleate ◽  
Lauric Acid ◽  
Methyl Acetate ◽  
Recent Theory ◽  
Dilute Solutions

Surface tension measurements have been made on lauric acid at temperatures above its melting point, on aqueous solutions of butyric and lauric acids, and on methyl acetate and sodium oleate. The results for the solutions are compared with those calculated by means of a recent theory.

Applications of Nanoparticles in Various Fields

2021 ◽  
pp. 221-236
Author(s):  
Vijeta Singh ◽  
Sunishtha Singh Yadav ◽  
Vandana Chauhan ◽  
Shikha Shukla ◽  
Krishan Kumar Vishnolia
Keyword(s):  
Electrical Conductivity ◽  
Silver Nanoparticles ◽  
Optical Properties ◽  
Melting Point ◽  
Physical Properties ◽  
Data Storage ◽  
Chemical Stability ◽  
Scientific Interest ◽  
Gold And Silver Nanoparticles ◽  
Shape And Size

Nanoparticles (NPs) are tiny particles having dimensions ranging from 1 nm to 100 nm. Nanoparticles are field of profound scientific interest, on account of diverse conceivable applications in various fields such as electronic, optical, agriculture, biomedical, etc. Many of the interesting properties of nanoparticles are intimately linked on shape and size of nanomaterials. In nanoparticles, percentage of surface atoms are high; nanoparticles show properties dependent on shape which are utilized in catalysis, optics, data storage, etc. Further, the physical properties of nanoparticles such as melting point, density, optical properties, electrical conductivity, chemical stability, etc. make them suitable candidates to be utilized in several fields. Many of the nanoparticles have been widely studied and many applications explored for example gold and silver nanoparticles, while research is being carried out to investigate the probable applications in several other fields. This review provides the readers a summary of the applications of various nanoparticles.

scholarly journals The molecular dimensions of organic compounds. Part III.-The viscosity of vapours: Thiophen and α - Methylthiophen, pyridine and thiazole

1929 ◽  
Vol 123 (792) ◽  
pp. 704-713 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Surface Tension ◽  
Critical Temperature ◽  
Melting Point ◽  
Vapour Pressure ◽  
Pressure Curve ◽  
Special Importance ◽  
Middle Fraction ◽  
Vapour Pressure Curve ◽  
Benzene Toluene ◽  
Molecular Dimensions

The measurements described below were made with the purpose of determining the effect of replacing two methenyl-groups in the benzene ring by an atom of sulphur. This investigation differed from those described in Part II, in that the substances were no longer available in indefinitely large quantities, and that in consequence of this difficulty of supply a large number of their physical properties were still undetermined. Thus, in addition to the viscosities of the vapours, which were the only measurements that it was necessary to make in the case of benzene, toluene and cyclohexane, the experiments on thiophen included measurements of density and of vapour-pressure, and those on methylthiophen included measurements of the melting point of the solid, and of the boiling point, critical temperature, vapour pressure, viscosity and surface tension of the liquid. Moreover, even in the measurements of vapour viscosity, certain modifications were introduced as a result of the altered conditions of working. In particular, trials were made to find out how the transpiration-apparatus would work when the “condensation pressure” was reduced to zero, since this method of working would make it possible to determine the viscosity of a vapour without determining also the vapour-pressure curve, a point of special importance when the substance can only be obtained in small quantities. (a) Thiophen .—The thiophen was fractionally distilled over sodium, and a middle fraction was used which boiled within one-tenth of a degree at 84·3° under 760 mm. pressure at 30·3°.

scholarly journals Water Activity

2012 ◽  
Vol 27 ◽  
pp. 565-569 ◽  
Author(s):  
O. F. Nielsen ◽  
M. Bilde ◽  
M. Frosch
Keyword(s):  
Surface Tension ◽  
Vapor Pressure ◽  
Aqueous Solutions ◽  
Vapour Pressure ◽  
Pure Water ◽  
Free Water ◽  
Water Molecules ◽  
Pressure Measurements ◽  
Metabolic Activities ◽  
Vapor Pressure Measurements

Microorganisms require water for their metabolic activities. Only a fraction of water in foodstuffs, the so-called free water, is available for this purpose. The amounts of free water previously estimated by two different methods (Frosch et al. (2010), Frosch et al. (2011), and Low (1969)) are compared for aqueous solutions of four electrolytes, NaCl, NH4Cl, Na2SO4, (NH4)2SO4: (i) vapour pressure measurements of the solutions relative to that of pure water (water activities) and (ii) low-wavenumber Raman spectra in the R(ν)-representation. For each electrolyte deviations were found between results from the two methods. All water molecules in the illuminated volume contribute to the Raman data. The vapor pressure measurements refer to water molecules at the water/atmosphere interface where surface tension is important. Differences in surface tension for the four electrolytes qualitatively explain deviations between the amounts of “free water” observed by the two methods.

Fluids and fluid properties

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marcel Escudier
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Structure ◽  
Surface Tension ◽  
Shear Stress ◽  
Physical Properties ◽  
Vapour Pressure ◽  
Continuum Hypothesis ◽  
Absolute Temperature ◽  
Perfect Gas ◽  
Fluid Properties ◽  
The Continuum

In this chapter it is shown that the differences between solids, liquids, and gases have to be explained at the level of the molecular structure. The continuum hypothesis makes it possible to characterise any fluid and ultimately analyse its response to pressure difference Δ‎p and shear stress τ‎ through macroscopic physical properties, dependent only upon absolute temperature T and pressure p, which can be defined at any point in a fluid. The most important of these physical properties are density ρ‎ and viscosity μ‎, while some problems are also influenced by compressibility, vapour pressure pV, and surface tension σ‎. It is also shown that the bulk modulus of elasticity Ks is a measure of fluid compressibility which determines the speed at which sound propagates through a fluid. The perfect-gas law is introduced and an equation derived for the soundspeed c.

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