An ion-exchange process with thermal regeneration. V. Multistage operation

1966 ◽  
Vol 19 (5) ◽  
pp. 791 ◽  
Author(s):  
DE Weiss ◽  
BA Bolto ◽  
R McNeill ◽  
AS MacPherson ◽  
R Siudak ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Ion Exchange ◽  
Peak Concentration ◽  
Ph Value ◽  
Exchange Process ◽  
Feed Water ◽  
Resin Column ◽  
Thermal Regeneration ◽  
Water Fraction ◽  
Ion Exchange Process ◽  
Exchange Resins

Multistage column experiments have been performed using a mixed bed of finely divided weakly acidic and weakly basic ion-exchange resins with thermal regeneration of the resins at 80�. A product water fraction with a concentration of 200- 250 p.p.m. can be obtained using such a column from a feed water containing 1000 p.p.m. of sodium chloride. When the same feed water is used as the regenerant at 803 an effluent having a peak concentration of about 5000 p.p.m. can be obtained. A solution of 1000 p.p.m. magnesium sulphate can be similarly demineralized. The performance of the resin column is highly dependent on the pH value to which it has been buffered by prior treatment with acid or alkali. It is also shown that thermal regeneration is feasible when the resins are used in a softening cycle.

An ion-exchange process with thermal regeneration. II. Properties of weakly basic resins

1966 ◽  
Vol 19 (4) ◽  
pp. 561 ◽  
Author(s):  
DE Weiss ◽  
BA Bolto ◽  
R McNeill ◽  
AS MacPherson ◽  
R Siudak ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Ion Exchange ◽  
Exchange Process ◽  
Secondary Amines ◽  
Maximum Effect ◽  
Cross Linking ◽  
Thermal Regeneration ◽  
Ion Exchange Process ◽  
Titration Curves ◽  
Exchange Resins ◽  
Basic Amine

Weakly basic ion-exchange resins have been synthesized by treating cross-linked chloromethylated polystyrene beads with primary and secondary amines and with polyamines. Titration curve data show that such resins may be either homo-functional and possess flat titration curves, or heterofunctional and possess sloping titration curves, depending on whether the basic sites within the resin have the same or different basicities. A comparison of the titration curves determined at c. 20� or 80� reveals that all amine resins become weaker bases when heated, but the maximum effect is shown by the resins with homo-functional structures; e.g. the plateau-shaped curves at c. 20� and 80� of a polyvinylbenzyldiethylamine resin differ by about 1.2 of a pH unit at half neutralization. The effect is fully reversible. The influence of amino group substituents, cross-linking, salt concentration, sulphate ions, and temperature on the titration curves of weakly basic amine resins has been studied. Titration curves of a variety of commercial amine resins have been determined at c. 20� and 80� and show that at least two resins with homo-functional structures are commercially available.

An ion-exchange process with thermal regeneration. III. Properties of weakly acidic ion-exchange resins

1966 ◽  
Vol 19 (4) ◽  
pp. 589 ◽  
Author(s):  
DE Weiss ◽  
BA Bolto ◽  
R McNeill ◽  
AS MacPherson ◽  
R Siudak ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Ion Exchange ◽  
Acrylic Acid ◽  
Methacrylic Acid ◽  
Ph Value ◽  
Exchange Process ◽  
Thermal Regeneration ◽  
Ion Exchange Process ◽  
Titration Curves ◽  
Acid Resin ◽  
Poly Acrylic Acid

A series of cross-linked poly(acrylic acid) and poly(methacrylic acid) resins has been synthesized. Their titration curves, and those of similar commercial resins, show that at c. 20� the pH value at half neutralization may be varied within about one unit by using acrylic or methacrylic acid monomers, or by changing the degree of cross-linking. The titration curves of such resins do not have a pronounced plateau although the acidity is due only to carboxyl groups. Resins with flatter titration curves can be made by copolymerizing acrylic or methacrylic acids with methyl methacrylate. Copolymerization reduces the effective acid strength of carboxylic acid resins but does not always produce a resin with a flatter titration curve. The effects of salt concentration, calcium ions, and temperature on the titration curves of a poly(acry1ic acid) resin have been studied. Heating the resins in a salt solution from c. 20 to 80� decreases their effective acidity slightly. A bigger reduction in acidity with heating is observed with several polymers in which a "snake" polymer, such as a poly(ethy1ene oxide), is incorporated within a cross-linked poly(acrylic acid) resin cage.

Removal of Copper-Cyanide Complexes from Electroplating Industry Effluents by Ion-Exchange Fiber

2012 ◽  
Vol 476-478 ◽  
pp. 1847-1850 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhan Qiang Cao ◽  
Ming Yu Li ◽  
Yao Ran Sun ◽  
Qing Xuan Zeng
Keyword(s):  
Ion Exchange ◽  
Room Temperature ◽  
Ph Value ◽  
Exchange Process ◽  
Packed Beds ◽  
Copper Cyanide ◽  
Ion Exchange Process ◽  
Cyanide Complexes ◽  
Ion Exchange Fiber ◽  
Industry Effluent

Removal of copper-cyanide complexes from electroplating industry effluent were studied by using an ion-exchange process. A kind of polypropylene strong alkaline anion exchange fiber was used to perform packed beds continuous experiments. The conditions of adsorption were wastewater pH value 9.0 and flow rate 90-120 BV•h-1 at room temperature. The packed beds were exhausted at 1300 bed volumes for copper-cyanide complexes The elution of copper-cyanide complexes from ion-exchange fiber was studied. The results showed that copper-cyanide complexes were easily eluted from ion exchange fiber using either 2.0 mol•L-1 NaNO3 or NaCl. With 1.0 mol•L-1 NaNO3 solution at 30 BV•h-1, the regenerating rate of copper-cyanide complexes was more than 95%.

An ion-exchange process with thermal regeneration VIII. Preliminary pilot plant results for the partial demineralisation of brackish waters

Desalination ◽  
1973 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 217-237 ◽  
Author(s):  
H.A.J. Battaerd ◽  
N.V. Blesing ◽  
B.A. Bolto ◽  
A.F.G. Cope ◽  
G.K. Stephens ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Ion Exchange ◽  
Pilot Plant ◽  
Exchange Process ◽  
Thermal Regeneration ◽  
Brackish Waters ◽  
Ion Exchange Process

An ion-exchange process with thermal regeneration XIV thermally regenerable resin systems with high capacities

Desalination ◽  
1980 ◽  
Vol 34 (3) ◽  
pp. 171-188 ◽  
Author(s):  
B.A. Bolto ◽  
K.H. Eppinger ◽  
M.B. Jackson ◽  
R.V. Siudak
Keyword(s):  
Ion Exchange ◽  
Exchange Process ◽  
Thermal Regeneration ◽  
Ion Exchange Process

An ion exchange process with thermal regeneration IX. A new type of rapidly reacting ion-exchange resin

Desalination ◽  
1973 ◽  
Vol 13 (3) ◽  
pp. 269-285 ◽  
Author(s):  
B.A. Bolto ◽  
K. Eppinger ◽  
A.S. Macpherson ◽  
R. Siudak ◽  
D.E. Weiss ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Ion Exchange ◽  
Exchange Resin ◽  
Exchange Process ◽  
Ion Exchange Resin ◽  
Thermal Regeneration ◽  
Ion Exchange Process ◽  
New Type

An ion-exchange process with thermal regeneration. IV. Equilibria in a mixed bed of weak-electrolyte resins

1966 ◽  
Vol 19 (5) ◽  
pp. 765 ◽  
Author(s):  
DE Weiss ◽  
BA Bolto ◽  
R McNeill ◽  
AS MacPherson ◽  
R Siudak ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Salt Solution ◽  
Titration Curve ◽  
Ph Value ◽  
Exchange Process ◽  
Effective Capacity ◽  
Thermal Regeneration ◽  
Ion Exchange Process ◽  
Titration Curves ◽  
Acid Resin ◽  
Base Resin

The titration curve data at c. 20� and 80� for weakly basic amine and carboxylic acid resins suggest that if a mixed bed of such resins is in equilibrium with a salt solution, then when the temperature of the system is raised, protons will be transferred from the base to the acid resin to an extent determined by the overlap of the titration curves of the resins. Maximum overlap would occur with two resins of appropriate acid and basic strength and which possess plateau-type titration curves, but such acid resins are not available. The theory has been confirmed by experiment. The change in salt adsorption on heating (effective capacity) depends critically on pH and may be enhanced for amine resins of homo-functional structure by increasing the ratio of acid to base resin. It is shown that to achieve the maximum effective capacity for each resin combination there is an optimum pH value and resin ratio. A screening procedure, which uses titration curve data at c. 20� and 80� and allows for the effect of pH and resin ratio, has been devised for selecting resin combinations. In a 0.030M salt solution the effective capacity of the commercial resins studied is greatest, for a poly(vinylbenzyldiethy1amine) resin in combination with a poly(acry1ic acid) resin. A-rigorous procedure has been devised for obtaining equilibrium data, which are presented for this resin combination at c. 20� and 80� in sodium chloride solutions with concentrations ranging from 0.0017 to 0.13M.

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