The reaction of Carbon with Hydrogen at High Pressure

1959 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 14 ◽  
Author(s):  
JD Blackwood
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
High Pressure ◽  
Partial Pressure ◽  
Total Pressure ◽  
Rapid Evolution ◽  
The Other ◽  
Methane Formation ◽  
Kcal Mole ◽  
Straight Line ◽  
Active Centres

A study has been made of the reactions of a number of carbons with hydrogen at pressures up to 40 atm and in the temperature range 650-870 �C. The effect of total pressure and hydrogen partial pressure has been examined and the rate of methane formation for a given carbon can be expressed as ��������������������� rate= kpH2. Values of log k when plotted against 1/T give a straight line and the "apparent" energy of activation is approximately 30 kcal mole-1. The value of the constant k for a given temperature of reaction is dependent on the oxygen content of the carbon which is, in turn, dependent on the temperature of preparation of the carbon. For carbons containing no oxygen the methane rate is zero, The oxygen appears to be associated with at least two types of active centres. One type, considered to have a lactone structure, is responsible for an initial rapid evolution of methane and water and is destroyed during the first few minutes of hydrogenation. The other centre, responsible for the slow steady evolution of methane, appears to be associated with structures such as chromene or benzpyran which activate certain sites on the carbon crystallite. Neither steam nor carbon dioxide will activate the carbon for the formation of methane.

Thermal decomposition of di-tert-butyl peroxide at high pressure

1968 ◽  
Vol 46 (16) ◽  
pp. 2721-2724 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. H. Shaw ◽  
H. O. Pritchard
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Thermal Decomposition ◽  
High Pressure ◽  
Shock Tube ◽  
Total Pressure ◽  
Order Rate Constant ◽  
Kcal Mole ◽  
First Order ◽  
Tert Butyl ◽  
Butyl Peroxide

The thermal decomposition of di-tert-butyl peroxide has been studied in the presence of carbon dioxide at total pressures from 0.05 to 15 atm and temperatures from 90–130 °C. The first-order rate constant for the decomposition is independent of total pressure in this range, with Arrhenius parameters E = 37.8 ± 0.3 kcal/mole and log A(s−1) = 15.8+0.2. A reevaluation of previous data on this reaction leads us to recommend E = 37.78 ± 0.06 kcal/mole and log A(s−1) = 15.80 ± 0.03 over the temperature range 90–350 °C; extension of this range to higher temperatures using a shock tube would be worthwhile.

Investigation on Insulated Tubing Corrosion in Nanbu 35-2 Multi-Thermal Fluid Project

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tongchun Hao ◽  
Liguo Zhong ◽  
Cheng Wang ◽  
Tianyin Zhu ◽  
Jianbin Liu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
High Pressure ◽  
High Temperature ◽  
Corrosion Rate ◽  
Partial Pressure ◽  
Corrosion Inhibitor ◽  
Carbon Dioxide Partial Pressure ◽  
Fluid Injection ◽  
Injection Wells ◽  
P110 Steel

Abstract Multi-thermal fluid simulation was conducted for offshore heavy oil reservoir such as Nanbu 35-2 in Bohai Bay Oilfield since 2008. Field well integrity testing result shows that Insulated tubing corrosion is found in many multi-thermal fluid injection wells. Insulated tubing corrosion has become one of the largest problems in the multi-thermal fluid project. It will negatively affect the development performance and also indeed a risky operation under high temperature and high pressure. In order to effectively prevent the corrosion problem of insulated tubing, the principles of insulated tubing corrosion and preventive measures are investigated. At first, temperature-pressure measurement and gas analysis were carried out in the multi-thermal fluid injection wells in Nanbu 35-2 heavy oilfield. Secondly, the corrosion laws of N80 and P110 steel in high temperature and high pressure CO2/O2 system were studied. At last, the corrosion mitigation effect of imidazoline corrosion inhibitor was evaluated through dynamic coupon test method. The results indicated that temperature, oxygen partial pressure and carbon dioxide partial pressure have effect on corrosion rate. Two peaks of corrosion rate of N80 and P110 steel appeared at 60°C and 180°C respectively, in the CO2/O2 system, even a little amount of O2 (partial pressure of 0.02MPa) could remarkably speed up corrosion. The corrosion rate drastically increased when carbon dioxide partial pressure exceeded 2MPa. The imidazoline corrosion inhibitor could lower the corrosion rate to 0.11 mm/a when the concentration was set at 750mg/L, and corrosion inhibition rate was high up 94.17%. The performance of the imidazoline corrosion inhibitor has been tested in field and results showed that the insulated tubing wasn’t corroded after using the corrosion inhibitor, which indicated that the corrosion inhibitor could meet the corrosion protection requirement of P110 steel in high temperature CO2/O2 system. The principles of insulated tubing corrosion in multi-thermal fluid injection wells is complicate because of multicomponent of multi-thermal fluid and high temperature and high pressure during its injection process. This study can provide basis for the design of insulated tubing in multi-thermal fluid project.

scholarly journals Human physiology under high pressure: I. Effects of Nitrogen, Carbon dioxide, and Cold

1941 ◽  
Vol 41 (3) ◽  
pp. 225-249 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. M. Case ◽  
J. B. S. Haldane
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
High Pressure ◽  
Partial Pressure ◽  
Atmospheric Pressure ◽  
Good Deal ◽  
Considerable Effect ◽  
Manual Dexterity ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
Partial Pressures ◽  
Rapid Decompression

We confirm the finding of Behnke,et al.(1935) that air at 8·6 atm. pressure has a somewhat intoxicating effect on human beings, and that this effect is due to nitrogen. The nitrogen effect reaches its maximum after about 3 min. There was no reduction of manual dexterity in the test used by us, but a considerable effect on performance of arithmetic, and on most practical activities. At 10 atm. these effects were somewhat enhanced, and manual dexterity was lowered in some cases. When helium or hydrogen was substituted for nitrogen there was no intoxication.3–4% of carbon dioxide at atmospheric pressure caused no deterioration in manual or arithmetical skill, and in the two subjects tested, 6% of carbon dioxide caused no deterioration.When air containing about 0·4% of carbon dioxide, and therefore with a partial pressure of about 4%, was breathed at 10 atm., there was a marked deterioration in manual dexterity, and a good deal of confusion. When breathing carbon dioxide at partial pressures of 6·6–9·7% at 10. atm., eight subjects lost consciousness in 1–5 min., but some could tolerate partial pressures of over 8% for 5 min. or more. With half an hour's exposure to a partial pressure of 6–7% of carbon dioxide, one subject lost consciousness after 7 min. at 10 atm. pressure, and another nearly did so.We consider that the percentage of carbon dioxide in air at 10 atm. pressure should be kept below 0·3%. Exposure to high partial pressures of carbon dioxide at 10 atm. does not increase the liability to ‘bends’ or other symptoms due to rapid decompression.Immersion in water below 40° F. did not enhance the effects of high-pressure air, or of carbon dioxide at atmospheric pressure, but somewhat enhanced those of high pressure and carbon dioxide together.In certain breathing apparatus the resistance became so great at 10 atm. as to be intolerable.Few subjects experienced serious trouble during compression, or during or after decompression. But one developed a unilateral pneumothorax.

Conduction block in mammalian nerve produced by O2 at high pressure

1959 ◽  
Vol 197 (6) ◽  
pp. 1243-1246 ◽  
Author(s):  
Phanor L. Perot ◽  
S. N. Stein
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
High Pressure ◽  
Partial Pressure ◽  
Metabolic Activity ◽  
Peripheral Nerves ◽  
Conduction Block ◽  
Oxygen Toxicity ◽  
High Pressure Oxygen ◽  
Time Required ◽  
Mammalian Nerve

Oxygen at high pressure causes a block of conduction in the peripheral nerves of mammals. The interval between initiation of exposure to high oxygen pressure and the onset of block is inversely related to the partial pressure of the oxygen. If the block is not maintained for more than a few minutes, recovery of the ability to conduct returns to the nerve upon decompression. The sensitivity of mammalian nerve to the toxic effects of oxygen at high pressure is decreased when the partial pressure of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere is high, whereas if the partial pressure of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere is lower than normal, the sensitivity of the nerve to the effects of high pressure oxygen increases. This is contrary to the effect carbon dioxide has on oxygen toxicity in frog peripheral nerves. Increased metabolic activity, as occurs at high stimulation frequencies, shortens the time required for block; decreased metabolic activity, as occurs when nerves are cooled, delays the onset of block.

scholarly journals The degradation of cellulose in ionic mixture solutions under the high pressure of carbon dioxide

RSC Advances ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (6) ◽  
pp. 3484-3494
Author(s):  
Sumarno ◽  
Prida Novarita Trisanti ◽  
Bramantyo Airlangga ◽  
Novi Eka Mayangsari ◽  
Agus Haryono
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
High Pressure ◽  
Hydrothermal Process ◽  
Reducing Sugar

Cellulose processing by a hydrothermal process as well as in combination with a sonication pretreatment under a CO2 pressurization that affects the morphology and reducing sugar products.

scholarly journals Effects of the Tibetan High and the North Pacific High on the Occurrence of Hot or Cool Summers in Japan

Atmosphere ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
pp. 307
Author(s):  
Makoto Inoue ◽  
Atsushi Ugajin ◽  
Osamu Kiguchi ◽  
Yousuke Yamashita ◽  
Masashi Komine ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
High Pressure ◽  
North Pacific ◽  
Lower Stratosphere ◽  
The Other ◽  
Summer Climate ◽  
The North ◽  
Several Variables ◽  
Western Japan ◽  
Cool Summer ◽  
The North Pacific

In this study, we investigated the effects of the Tibetan High near the tropopause and the North Pacific High in the troposphere on occurrences of hot or cool summers in Japan. We first classified Japan into six regions and identified hot and cool summer years in these regions from a 38-year sample (1980–2017) based on the monthly air temperature. To investigate the features of circulation fields over Asia during hot and cool summers in Japan, we calculated the composite differences (hot summer years minus cool summer years) of several variables such as geopotential height, which indicated significant high-pressure anomalies in the troposphere and lower stratosphere. These results suggest that both the North Pacific and the Tibetan Highs tend to extend to Japan during hot summer years, while cool summers seem to be associated with the weakening of these highs. We found that extension of the Tibetan High to the Japanese mainland can lead to hot summers in Northern, Eastern, and Western Japan. On the other hand, hot summers in the Southwestern Islands may be due to extension of the Tibetan High to the south. Similarly, the latitudinal direction of extension of the North Pacific High is profoundly connected with the summer climate in respective regions.

High-pressure serpentinization and abiotic methane formation in metaperidotite from the Appalachian subduction, northern Vermont

Lithos ◽  
2021 ◽  
pp. 106190
Author(s):  
Antoine Boutier ◽  
Alberto Vitale Brovarone ◽  
Isabelle Martinez ◽  
Olivier Sissmann ◽  
Sara Mana
Keyword(s):  
High Pressure ◽  
Methane Formation ◽  
Abiotic Methane
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