The Synthesis of Membrane Permeant Derivatives of myo-Inositol 1,4,5-Trisphosphate

2006 ◽  
Vol 59 (12) ◽  
pp. 887 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stuart J. Conway ◽  
Jan W. Thuring ◽  
Sylvain Andreu ◽  
Brynn T. Kvinlaug ◽  
H. Llewelyn Roderick ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Second Messenger ◽  
Protecting Groups ◽  
Subsequent Removal ◽  
Inositol 1,4,5 Trisphosphate ◽  
Intracellular Enzymes ◽  
Derivatives Of

In order to enable the study of the intracellular second messenger d-myo-inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate (InsP3) and its receptors (InsP3Rs), it has been desirable to develop protected derivatives of InsP3 that are able to enter the cell, upon extracellular application. The subsequent removal of the lipophilic protecting groups, by intracellular enzymes, releases InsP3 and leads to the activation of InsP3Rs. Two syntheses of d-myo-inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate hexakis(butyryloxymethyl) ester (d-InsP3/BM) and one of l-InsP3/BM are reported. It is demonstrated that extracellular application of the d-enantiomer results in Ca2+ release, which is thought to occur via InsP3Rs. Application of the l-enantiomer resulted in little Ca2+ release.

On the Chemistry of Ingenol, III [1] Synthesis of 3-Deoxy-3-oxoingenol, Some 5-Esters and of Ethers and Acetals of Ingenol

1982 ◽  
Vol 37 (12) ◽  
pp. 1640-1647 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bernd Sorg ◽  
Erich Hecker
Keyword(s):  
Good Yield ◽  
Protecting Groups ◽  
Silyl Ether ◽  
Subsequent Removal ◽  
Mouse Ear

3-Deoxy-3-oxoingenol (3) was prepared from ingenol-5,20-acetonide (25) by oxidation and subsequent removal of the acetonide. 3 was acylated to give homologous 5,20-diacylates 5-9. From these the 5-monoacylates 14, 15 and 17 were obtained in only moderate yields. Therefore the 20-silyl ether 10 (prepared from 3) was acylated. After smooth removal of the silyl ether the homologous 5-acylates 16. 18 and 19 resulted in good yield. The 5,20-dibutyrate 6 and all 5-acylates prepared (14-19) showed no irritant activity on the mouse ear. The 3-oxo-5-acylates 14-19 could not be reduced to give ingenol-5-acylates (24). Therefore various ingenol derivatives, 29-32, with suitable protected hydroxyl functions as well as the corresponding 5-clecanoates 35-38 were synthesized. The protecting groups of the derivatives 35-38 could however not be cleaved off to yield ingenol-5- decanoate (24)

Selective permeability of different connexin channels to the second messenger inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate

2000 ◽  
Vol 113 (8) ◽  
pp. 1365-1372 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. Niessen ◽  
H. Harz ◽  
P. Bedner ◽  
K. Kramer ◽  
K. Willecke
Keyword(s):  
Gap Junctions ◽  
Hela Cells ◽  
Second Messenger ◽  
Pancreatic Acinar Cells ◽  
Cell Coupling ◽  
Liver Parenchymal ◽  
Fura 2 ◽  
Inositol 1,4,5 Trisphosphate ◽  
Messenger Molecules ◽  
Parenchymal Cells

Intercellular propagation of signals through connexin32-containing gap junctions is of major importance in physiological processes like nerve activity-dependent glucose mobilization in liver parenchymal cells and enzyme secretion from pancreatic acinar cells. In these cells, as in other organs, more than one type of connexin is expressed. We hypothesized that different permeabilities towards second messenger molecules could be one of the reasons for connexin diversity. In order to investigate this, we analyzed transmission of inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate-mediated calcium waves in FURA-2-loaded monolayers of human HeLa cells expressing murine connexin26, -32 or -43. Gap junction-mediated cell coupling in different connexin-transfected HeLa cells was standardized by measuring the spreading of microinjected Mn(2+) that led to local quenching of FURA-2 fluorescence. Microinjection of inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate into confluently growing HeLa connexin32 transfectants induced propagation of a Ca(2+) wave from the injected cell to neighboring cells that was at least three- to fourfold more efficient than in HeLa Cx26 cells and about 2.5-fold more efficient than in HeLa Cx43 transfectants. Our results support the notion that diffusion of inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate through connexin32-containing gap junctions is essential for the optimal physiological response, for example by recruiting liver parenchymal cells that contain subthreshold levels of this short lived second messenger.

Bis(ether) derivatives of tetrakis(2-hydroxyphenyl)ethene — Direct synthesis of (E)- and (Z)-bis(2-hydroxyphenyl)-bis(2-methoxyphenyl)ethene via the McMurry olefination reaction

2006 ◽  
Vol 84 (10) ◽  
pp. 1250-1253 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mee-Kyung Chung ◽  
Paul Fancy ◽  
Jeffrey M Stryker
Keyword(s):  
Supramolecular Chemistry ◽  
Direct Synthesis ◽  
Protecting Groups ◽  
Tert Butyl ◽  
Orthogonal Protection ◽  
Protection Strategies ◽  
Titanium Trichloride ◽  
Sterically Hindered ◽  
Derivatives Of

The direct synthesis of sterically hindered, partially etherified derivatives of tetrakis(2-hydroxyphenyl)ethene is reported by using the McMurry reductive olefination reaction on a range of differentially substituted 2,2′-dialkoxy benzophenone substrates. Three orthogonal protection strategies are demonstrated, incorporating β-silylethyl, 3-butenyl, and tert-butyl protecting groups, respectively, into the starting benzophenones. The latter proved most efficient, with both the McMurry coupling and deprotection steps occurring concomitantly under the McMurry conditions to directly yield the desired bis(2-hydroxyphenyl)-bis(2-methoxyphenyl)ethene as a 1:1 mixture of E- and Z-diastereoisomers.Key words: preorganized polyaryloxide ligands, McMurry olefination, titanium trichloride, supramolecular chemistry, tetrakis(2-hydroxyphenyl)ethene, 2,2′-disubstituted benzophenone.

Calmodulin: an introduction

1983 ◽  
Vol 61 (8) ◽  
pp. 906-910 ◽  
Author(s):  
Frits C. Stevens
Keyword(s):  
Calcium Binding ◽  
Binding Proteins ◽  
Second Messenger ◽  
Calcium Binding Proteins ◽  
Physiological Processes ◽  
Intracellular Enzymes ◽  
Second Messenger Systems

Calmodulin is the most widely distributed and most versatile member of a family of calcium-binding proteins which probably serve as receptors for the Ca2+ signal. Through the regulation of a wide variety of intracellular enzymes, calmodulin plays a key role in many physiological processes. An understanding of the different mechanisms by which calmodulin exerts its influence is beginning to emerge and an interesting hypothesis regarding the interrelationship between the cAMP and Ca2+ second messenger systems has recently been put forward.

scholarly journals Pyrimidine N-oxides. IV. The N,N'-dihydroxy derivatives of phenobarbital and veronal

1982 ◽  
Vol 35 (4) ◽  
pp. 795 ◽  
Author(s):  
W Cowden ◽  
NW Jacobsen
Keyword(s):  
Protecting Groups ◽  
Derivatives Of

5-Ethyl-1,3-dihydroxy-5-phenylbarbituric acid (N,N'-dihydroxyphenobarbital) and 5,5-diethyl-1,3-dihydroxybarbituric acid (N,N'-dihydroxyveronal) have been prepared by the condensation of 1,3-dibenzyloxyurea with ethylphenylmalonyl dichloride and diethylmalonyl dichloride respectively, followed by the removal of the benzyl protecting groups from the intermediate dibenzyloxy derivatives.

scholarly journals Actions of inositol phosphates on Ca2+ pools in guinea-pig hepatocytes

1984 ◽  
Vol 224 (3) ◽  
pp. 741-746 ◽  
Author(s):  
G M Burgess ◽  
R F Irvine ◽  
M J Berridge ◽  
J S McKinney ◽  
J W Putney
Keyword(s):  
Endoplasmic Reticulum ◽  
Guinea Pig ◽  
Inositol Phosphates ◽  
Second Messenger ◽  
Release Mechanism ◽  
Specific Receptor ◽  
Rapid Release ◽  
Inositol 1,4,5 Trisphosphate

In permeabilized hepatocytes, inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate, inositol 2,4,5-trisphosphate and inositol 4,5-bisphosphate induced rapid release of Ca2+ from an ATP-dependent, non-mitochondrial vesicular pool, probably endoplasmic reticulum. The order of potency was inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate greater than inositol 2,4,5-trisphosphate greater than inositol 4,5-bisphosphate. The Ca2+-releasing action of inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate is not inhibited by high [Ca2+], nor is it dependent on [ATP] in the range of 50 microM-1.5 mM. These results suggest a role for inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate as a second messenger in hormone-induced Ca2+ mobilisation, and that a specific receptor is involved in the Ca2+-release mechanism.

Introduction of 9-fluorenylmethyloxycarbonyl, trichloroethoxycarbonyl, and benzyloxycarbonyl amine protecting groups into O-unprotected hydroxyamino acids using succinimidyl carbonates

1982 ◽  
Vol 60 (8) ◽  
pp. 976-980 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alenka Paquet
Keyword(s):  
Benzyl Ester ◽  
Protecting Groups ◽  
Efficient Conversion ◽  
Hydroxyamino Acids ◽  
High Yields ◽  
Derivatives Of ◽  
Acid Esters ◽  
Efficient Reagent

9-Fluorenylmethyl succinimidyl, pentachlorophenyl, and benzotriazole-1-yl carbonates were prepared and their reactivity with L-serine and L-serine benzyl ester was compared. The most efficient reagent, 9-fluorenylmethyl succinimidyl carbonate, was used for the preparation of 9-fluorenylmethyloxycarbonyl derivatives of other hydroxyamino acids and hydroxyamino acid esters in high yields. The use of trichloroethyl and benzyl succinimidyl carbonates for an efficient conversion of hydroxyamino acids and their esters into the corresponding N-trichloroethoxycarbonyl and benzyloxycarbonyl derivatives is described.

Synthesis and Biological Effects of Acyclic Analogs of Deazapurine Nucleosides

1993 ◽  
Vol 58 (3) ◽  
pp. 629-648 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hana Dvořáková ◽  
Antonín Holý ◽  
Ivan Votruba ◽  
Milena Masojídková
Keyword(s):  
Biological Activity ◽  
Acid Hydrolysis ◽  
Acid Medium ◽  
Biological Effects ◽  
Protecting Groups ◽  
Diethyl Acetal ◽  
Subsequent Removal ◽  
Antiviral Activities ◽  
Cesium Salts

Deaza analogs of three basic types of S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine hydrolase (SAHase) inhibitors, (S)-DHPA (I), eritadenine (II) and AHPA (III), were prepared. Alkylation of 3-deazaadenine (V), 3-deazapurine (VI), 1-deazaadenine (VII) and 4-amino-6-bromo-5-cyanopyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidine (XXII) with (R)-2,2-dimethyl-4-tosyloxymethyl-1,3-dioxolane (XIIIb), followed by acid hydrolysis, afforded the corresponding (S)-2,3-dihydroxypropyl derivatives XVIIa -XIXa and XXV. Reaction of V and VII with 2,3-O-cyclohexylidene-D-erythrono lactone (XXIX) and subsequent removal of the protecting groups in an acid medium gave eritadenine analogs XXVII and XXVIII. Compounds V and VII were alkylated with bromoacetaldehyde diethyl acetal to give N-(2,2-diethoxyethyl) derivatives XXXII and XXXIII from which the substituted acetaldehyde derivatives were liberated in situ and converted into compounds XXX and XXXI by cyanohydrine reaction followed by acid hydrolysis. The alkylations were performed in dimethylformamide with sodium or cesium salts of the bases. Biological activity was observed only with 3-deazaadenine derivatives XVIIa, XXVII and XXX, which exhibit both enzyme-inhibitory and antiviral activities.

1,3-syn-Diaxial Repulsion of Typical Protecting Groups Used in Carbohydrate Chemistry in 3-O-Substituted Derivatives of Isopropyl d-Idopyranosides

2017 ◽  
Vol 82 (17) ◽  
pp. 8897-8908 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bozhena S. Komarova ◽  
Alexey G. Gerbst ◽  
Anastasiia M. Finogenova ◽  
Andrey S. Dmitrenok ◽  
Yury E. Tsvetkov ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Protecting Groups ◽  
Carbohydrate Chemistry ◽  
Derivatives Of
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