Embryogenic Callus Production, Plant Regeneration and Transient Gene Expression Following Particle Bombardment in the Pasture Grass, Cenchrus ciliaris (Gramineae)

1995 ◽  
Vol 43 (2) ◽  
pp. 193 ◽  
Author(s):  
AH Ross ◽  
JM Manners ◽  
RG Birch
Keyword(s):  
Particle Bombardment ◽  
Embryogenic Callus ◽  
Transient Gene Expression ◽  
Production Plant ◽  
Cenchrus Ciliaris ◽  
Embryogenic Calli ◽  
Pasture Grass ◽  
Buffel Grass ◽  
Regenerated Plants ◽  
Shoot Production

Callus initiated from surface sterilised, mature seeds of buffel grass (Cenchrus ciliaris L.) gave rise to an embryogenic form when cultured on Murashige and Skoog's nutrient medium supplemented with 3% sucrose, 5% coconut water and 4 mg L-1 2,4-D. Multiple green shoots regenerated on 20% to 50% of embryogenic calli after transfer to hormone-free medium and incubation in the light. Variations in cytokinin concentration and light intensity during regeneration did not significantly increase the regeneration frequency or the number of shoots produced. Regenerated plants developed normally when transplanted to soil. A high frequency of transient expression of the β-glucuronidase gene resulted following transfer into embryogenic callus by particle bombardment. This is a promising system for production of transformed buffel grass plants, if the frequency of shoot production can be increased.

Grazing pressure, land condition, productivity and profitability of beef cattle grazing buffel grass pastures in the subtropics of Australia: a modelling approach

2018 ◽  
Vol 58 (8) ◽  
pp. 1451 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. K. Bowen ◽  
F. Chudleigh
Keyword(s):  
Beef Cattle ◽  
Plant Biomass ◽  
Economic Effect ◽  
Economic Benefits ◽  
Grazing Pressure ◽  
Production Plant ◽  
Pasture Grass ◽  
Buffel Grass ◽  
Utilisation Rate ◽  
Land Condition

There is widespread evidence that beef cattle land managers in Queensland are using stocking rates for perennial pastures that are substantially higher than recommended guidelines, and some indication that these decisions are motivated by perceived financial and economic benefits. Considerable effort has been, and is currently being, applied by public-sector organisations to encourage producers to reduce grazing pressure from beef cattle across Queensland’s pastoral lands. A better understanding of the relationships among stocking rate, land condition and profitability of beef-grazing enterprises is imperative to better inform cattle producers and policy makers. The present study assessed the effect of grazing pressure and land condition on the productivity and profitability of a steer-turnover enterprise utilising buffel grass (Cenchrus ciliaris) pastures in central Queensland. A property-level, regionally relevant herd model was used to determine whole-of-business productivity and profitability over a 30-year investment period. Growth paths for steers from weaning to marketing were developed for 16 scenarios encompassing a range of pasture-utilisation rates (30%, 35% and 50% of annual biomass growth), land condition (A, B and C) and market targets (feedlot entry at 474 kg or slaughter at 605 kg). The economic effect of each scenario was assessed by comparison to a base scenario of 30% pasture utilisation and turn-off of slaughter steers. Our analyses demonstrated a large economic advantage from increasing grazing pressure above 30% utilisation for buffel grass pastures, even with assumptions of declining land condition and animal performance. For instance, producing slaughter steers under a 50% pasture-utilisation regime with a continuous decline in land condition from A to C (and, hence, productivity) over Years 10–30 was AU$21 772/annum more profitable than was a 30% pasture-utilisation strategy, which is widely recommended as closer to a long-term, safe utilisation rate. The present research has provided insights into the relationship between grazing pressure and economic returns of beef producers over the medium term. However, it should be considered as a scoping study due to the paucity of data for effects of utilisation rate on the productivity of buffel grass pastures and, hence, on land-condition rating. Further research is required to better understand the effects of utilisation rate of buffel grass, and other sown pasture grass and legume species, on plant biomass production, plant-diet quality for cattle, land-condition decline and cattle productivity.

Habitat use and behaviour of birds in areas invaded by buffel grass (Cenchrus ciliaris L.) and in restored habitat

2014 ◽  
Vol 41 (5) ◽  
pp. 379 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lauren Young ◽  
Christine Schlesinger
Keyword(s):  
Bird Species ◽  
Individual Species ◽  
Ground Vegetation ◽  
Microhabitat Use ◽  
Negative Consequences ◽  
Cenchrus Ciliaris ◽  
Pasture Grass ◽  
Small Areas ◽  
Buffel Grass ◽  
Foraging Guilds

Context Buffel grass (Cenchrus ciliaris L.) is an introduced pasture grass that has spread over large areas of semiarid Australia with potentially significant negative consequences for biodiversity. Previous studies suggest that the response of bird communities to the changes in habitat associated with buffel grass invasion is complex. Aims This study compares the behaviour of birds between sub-sites with predominantly native vegetation where buffel grass had been removed and control sub-sites with buffel grass, which were left unmanaged, at two locations in central Australia. Our objective was to evaluate whether removing buffel grass at small scales had measurable benefits for local bird species and to better understand how the presence of buffel grass affects bird behaviour. Methods We assessed differences in microhabitat use and behaviour of all species combined and when separated into above ground, flexible and ground foraging guilds. We also tested for direct correlations between different cover types and the microhabitat use and behaviour of birds within guilds, with some further analyses of three common species individually. Key results Management of buffel grass was associated with changes in the microhabitat use and behaviour of birds when all species were combined and for all foraging guilds. Buffel grass cover was negatively correlated with the proportional time birds spent on the ground and with proportional time spent foraging. However, of the three species examined individually only the behaviour of white-winged trillers (Lalage tricolor) was consistently correlated with ground vegetation cover. Our observations also suggest birds spent less time overall at sites with high buffel grass. Conclusions Managing buffel grass in small areas creates islands of habitat that provide important opportunities for foraging at a localised scale. Buffel grass and other ground cover affects the behaviour of birds collectively, but individual species responses vary. Implications Management of buffel grass in small areas with high conservation value should be considered. Our study will help to inform land managers of the benefits of controlling buffel grass on a localised scale.

scholarly journals Transient Expression of β-Glucuronidase (GUS) Activity in Embryogenic Callus Tissue of Alkaligrass (Puccinellia distans) using Particle Bombardment

HortScience ◽  
1995 ◽  
Vol 30 (4) ◽  
pp. 913A-913
Author(s):  
Aaron Brown ◽  
Harrison G. Hughes
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Transient Expression ◽  
Particle Bombardment ◽  
Callus Induction ◽  
Embryogenic Callus ◽  
Callus Tissue ◽  
Transient Gene Expression ◽  
Plant Cells ◽  
Gus Activity ◽  
Puccinellia Distans

Callus induction and regeneration of alkaligrass (Puccinellia distans) was developed in our laboratory for use in transformation studies of turfgrass. Particle bombardment of the embryogenic callus is being evaluated using a helium particle inflow gun constructed at Colorado State Univ., according to the design of Philippe et al. (Ohio State Univ., 1993). Its utility in delivering DNA to plant cells is being tested by measuring the frequency of transient gene expression of a reporter gene (GUS pBI121) in embryogenic callus of alkaligrass. Varying pressure of helium and the distance of the calli in the chamber are also being evaluated for efficiency in transformation.

The influence of buffel grass (Cenchrus ciliaris) on biodiversity in an arid Australian landscape

2009 ◽  
Vol 31 (3) ◽  
pp. 307 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Smyth ◽  
M. Friedel ◽  
C. O'Malley
Keyword(s):  
Community Dynamics ◽  
Functional Group ◽  
Ground Vegetation ◽  
Cenchrus Ciliaris ◽  
Native Flora ◽  
Buffel Grass ◽  
Hot Climate ◽  
Environmental Weed ◽  
Grazing Lands ◽  
Land Types

Buffel grass [Cenchrus ciliaris L. syn. Pennisetum ciliare (L.) Link] is an exotic species that has been widely planted in Australian arid and semi-arid grazing lands, and has become an important resource for livestock. It establishes readily and has expanded into such a diversity of land types beyond grazing lands that it is also regarded as a serious environmental weed. Although there is an abundance of literature on the production benefits of buffel grass, there is relatively little about its influence on native flora and fauna in arid Australia, particularly when its cover levels are low. This study attempted to clarify the influence of buffel grass and environmental patterns on the occurrence of ground vegetation, birds, reptiles and ants in a gneissic hill habitat in central Australia where buffel grass has encroached. Despite poor conditions for growth, we were able to distinguish the influence of buffel grass from that of other variables like overstorey cover, soil pH, fire and transect orientation. Cover of buffel grass did not exceed ~20% but it still accounted for a small amount of the variation in the composition of ground vegetation and birds, and of the ‘ground-dwelling’ bird guild and the ‘hot climate specialist’ functional group of ants. There were insufficient reptiles for analysis. We conclude that, even when cover is low, buffel grass can have a detectable influence on some aspects of community dynamics. Given the evidence from published literature and from this study, we expect the influence of buffel grass on the diversity of native flora and fauna to increase, particularly if buffel grass expands into land types previously thought unsuited to its environmental needs.

scholarly journals Can Ethylene Inhibitors Enhance the Success of Olive Somatic Embryogenesis?

Plants ◽  
2022 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 168
Author(s):  
Muhammad Ajmal Bashir ◽  
Cristian Silvestri ◽  
Amelia Salimonti ◽  
Eddo Rugini ◽  
Valerio Cristofori ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Somatic Embryogenesis ◽  
Salicylic Acid ◽  
Silver Nitrate ◽  
Embryogenic Callus ◽  
Somatic Embryos ◽  
Cobalt Chloride ◽  
Zygotic Embryos ◽  
Ethylene Inhibitors ◽  
Embryogenic Calli ◽  
Stimulatory Action

An efficient in vitro morphogenesis, specifically through somatic embryogenesis, is considered to be a crucial step for the application of modern biotechnological tools for genetic improvement in olive (Olea europaea L.). The effects of different ethylene inhibitors, i.e., cobalt chloride (CoCl2), salicylic acid (SA), and silver nitrate (AgNO3), were reported in the cyclic somatic embryogenesis of olive. Embryogenic callus derived from the olive immature zygotic embryos of the cultivar Leccino, was transferred to the expression ECO medium, supplemented with the ethylene inhibitors at 20 and 40 µM concentrations. Among these, the maximum number of somatic embryos (18.6) was obtained in media containing silver nitrate (40 µM), followed by cobalt chloride (12.2 somatic embryos @ 40 µM) and salicylic acid (40 µM), which produced 8.5 somatic embryos. These compounds interfered on callus traits: white friable embryogenic calli were formed in a medium supplemented with 40 µM cobalt chloride and salicylic acid; in addition, a yellow-compact embryogenic callus appeared at 20 µM of all the tested ethylene inhibitors. The resulting stimulatory action of silver nitrate among all the tested ethylene inhibitors on somatic embryogenesis, clearly demonstrates that our approach can efficiently contribute to the improvement of the current SE protocols for olive.

Effect of Herbicides on the Production of Common Buffelgrass (Cenchrus ciliaris)

Weed Science ◽  
1984 ◽  
Vol 32 (1) ◽  
pp. 8-12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rodney W. Bovey ◽  
Hugo Hein ◽  
Robert E. Meyer
Keyword(s):  
Acetic Acid ◽  
Cenchrus Ciliaris ◽  
Shoot Production ◽  
Anisic Acid ◽  
Growth Production ◽  
Dichlorophenoxy Acetic Acid ◽  
Relative Differences

Dicamba (3,6-dichloro-o-anisic acid), 2,4-D [(2,4-dichlorophenoxy)acetic acid], 2,4,5-T [(2,4,5-trichlorophenoxy)acetic acid], 3,6-dichloropicolinic acid, picloram (4-amino-3,5,6-trichloropicolinic acid), triclopyr {[(3,5,6-trichloro-2-pyridinyl)oxy] acetic acid}, tebuthiuron {N-[5-(1,1-dimethylethyl)-1,3,4-thiadiazol-2-yl]-N,N′-dimethylurea}, and hexazinone [3-cyclohexyl-6-(dimethylamino)-1-methyl-1,3,5-triazine-2,4(1H,3H)-dione] were applied at rates of 0.3, 0.6, 1.1, and 2.2 kg/ha pre- and postemergence to greenhouse-grown common buffelgrass (Cenchrus ciliarisL. ♯3PESCI). Buffelgrass tolerated preemergence sprays of 3,6-dichloropicolinic acid up to and including 1.1 kg/ha. All other treatments except picloram and 2,4,5-T at 0.3 kg/ha were phytotoxic to emerging buffelgrass. Buffelgrass tolerated early postemergence applications of 2,4-D, picloram, and tebuthiuron at 0.3 kg/ha; dicamba and 2,4,5-T at 0.6 kg/ha; and 3,6-dichloropicolinic acid at 2.2 kg/ha based on oven-dry shoot production 1 month after treatment. Regrowth of buffelgrass from stubble 1 month after original harvest of the early postemergence treatment occurred only with all rates of 3,6-dichloropicolinic acid and 2,4,5-T at 0.3 kg/ha. When treated at 45 days after planting, buffelgrass tolerated dicamba, 2,4-D, 2,4,5-T, 3,6-dichloropicolinic acid, and picloram at 2.2 kg/ha, but top growth production was significantly reduced by most rates of hexazinone and tebuthiuron. Relative differences in regrowth of buffelgrass 1 month after the original harvest were similar to those of the original harvest. Mature buffelgrass (90 or 150 days old) responded similarly to herbicides as the 45-day-old buffelgrass.

scholarly journals Ajuste de las especificaciones técnicas del test de viabilidad por tetrazolio en semillas de Cenchrus ciliaris L. (buffel grass)

Agriscientia ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 36 (2) ◽  
pp. 81-88
Author(s):  
César Germán Agüero
Keyword(s):  
Cenchrus Ciliaris ◽  
Buffel Grass

El objetivo del estudio fue establecer lineamientos para realizar el test de viabilidad de semillas por tetrazolio en Cenchrus ciliaris utilizando los protocolos de Panicum (ISTA, 2012). Se trabajó con fascículos (unidad de dispersión) de Cenchrus ciliaris del cultivar Texas de los cuales se extrajeron cariópsides para realizar los ensayos. Se determinó el método apropiado de corte de cariópsides y los tiempos de tinción; se probaron dos concentraciones de solución de tetrazolio. Además, se desarrollaron protocolos de evaluación. Las condiciones adecuadas para realizar el test de viabilidad son: 18 h de humedecimiento entre papel a temperatura de 20 °C; corte longitudinal incompleto a través del embrión; concentración de tetrazolio al 0,5 o 1 % y 10 h de tinción a 30 °C. Los mapas de tinción permiten diferenciar de forma precisa la viabilidad de las cariópsides.

scholarly journals Obtaining calli and regenerated plants in anther cultures of pea

2014 ◽  
Vol 50 (No. 2) ◽  
pp. 123-129 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Bobkov
Keyword(s):  
Developmental Stages ◽  
Callus Formation ◽  
Naphthaleneacetic Acid ◽  
Embryogenic Calli ◽  
Nutrient Media ◽  
Shoot Morphogenesis ◽  
Regenerated Plants ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
2,4 Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid ◽  
Anther Cultures

Pea (Pisum sativum L.) is a species for which there is no efficient method for the recovery of haploid plants yet. This research investigated the influence of various genotypes, nutrient media, and stress treatments on callus formation, embryogenesis and plant regeneration in anther cultures of pea. A wide range of pea genotypes and nutrient media was studied. Morphogenic calli were initiated on media supplemented with &alpha;-naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA), 6-benzyladenine (BA), and 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) without application of stress treatments. Embryogenic calli and embryos were regenerated on media with low sucrose content in the presence of 2,4-D or indole-3-butyric acid (IBA) after cold stress (4&deg;C) of isolated buds, alone or in combination with in&nbsp;vitro treatment of isolated anthers at higher temperatures (35&ndash;38&deg;C). The efficiency of regeneration via shoot morphogenesis on different nutrient media and the peculiarities of regeneration from embryogenic calli were investigated. Green embryogenic calli initiated on 2,4-D were able to develop through shoot morphogenesis on a medium supplemented with BA and NAA. This process led to regeneration of hypertrophic embryos at various developmental stages. The origin of regenerated plants (i.e. from microspores or somatic anther cells) was estimated using marker alleles determining morphological traits. Almost all R<sub>0</sub> regenerants derived from morphogenic calli originated from anther somatic cells.

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