The Impact of Browsing Animals on the Stand Dynamics of Monotypic Mountain Beech (Nothofagus solandri) Forests in Canterbury, New Zealand

1994 ◽  
Vol 42 (2) ◽  
pp. 113 ◽  
Author(s):  
GT Jane
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
Cervus Elaphus ◽  
Basal Area ◽  
Stand Density ◽  
Natural Disturbance ◽  
Basic Relationship ◽  
Basic Parameters ◽  
The 1960S ◽  
Logarithmic Relationship ◽  
The Impact

Mountain beech is frequently the sole canopy species in the montane forests of Canterbury, New Zealand and often the only significant tree or shrub present over large areas and this allows examination of a very simple ecosystem. Data from remeasurement of over 400 permanent quadrats in six areas are examined to elucidate the impact of browsing animals on natural processes. The changes in basic parameters such as stand density and basal area over a decade form consistent patterns in both visual and statistical techniques and this allows identification of important quadrats for detailed study. The basic relationship between density and basal area follows well an established semi-logarithmic relationship, even in decade by decade changes on individual quadrats. Deviations in this pattern can be related to natural disturbance events. The impact of browsing animals, mainly red deer (Cervus elaphus) varied between the different areas. Although numbers peaked in the 1930s and 1940s and declined through commercial hunting in the 1960s-1980s, the impact on the vegetation remains and will persist for many decades.

scholarly journals The relationship between volume increment and stand density in Norway spruce plantations

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Micky Allen ◽  
Andreas Brunner ◽  
Clara Antón-Fernández ◽  
Rasmus Astrup
Keyword(s):  
Norway Spruce ◽  
Basal Area ◽  
Stand Density ◽  
Management Objectives ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Volume Increment ◽  
Basic Relationship ◽  
Stand Density Index ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Experimental Plots

Abstract An understanding of the relationship between volume increment and stand density (basal area, stand density index, etc.) is of utmost importance for properly managing stand density to achieve specific management objectives. There are two main approaches to analyse growth–density relationships. The first relates volume increment to stand density through a basic relationship, which can vary with site productivity, age, and potentially incorporates treatment effects. The second is to relate the volume increment and density of thinned experimental plots relative to that of an unthinned experimental plot on the same site. Using a dataset of 229 thinned and unthinned experimental plots of Norway spruce, a growth model is developed describing the relationship between gross or net volume increment and basal area. The models indicate that gross volume increases with increasing basal area up to 50 m2 and thereafter becomes constant out to the maximum basal area. Alternatively, net volume increment was maximized at a basal area of 43 m2 and decreased with further increases in basal area. However, the models indicated a wide range where net volume increment was essentially constant, varying by less than 1 m3 ha−1 year−1. An analysis of different thinning scenarios indicated that the relative relationship between volume increment and stand density was dynamic and changed over the course of a rotation.

scholarly journals Facing the Past: Looking Back at Refugee Childhood in New Zealand

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
◽  
Ann Beaglehole
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
Cultural Transmission ◽  
Jewish History ◽  
Relevant Literature ◽  
Refugee Children ◽  
Growing Up ◽  
Anti Semitism ◽  
The People ◽  
The 1960S ◽  
The Impact

<p>The experiences of child refugees and children of refugees from Hitler growing up in New Zealand in the period from the late 1930s to the end of the 1960s are the subject of this study. By means of tape-recorded conversations with the former children, now men and women in their thirties, forties and fifties, the study focuses, in particular, on two issues. First, the lingering legacy of Nazi persecution, whether it was experienced directly or indirectly by the children or their parents; second, the effects of growing up, often isolated from others of a similar background, in a monocultural country by and large free from overt anti-Semitism but intolerant of cultural differences. The first chapter is concerned with the aims of the study, with methodology and with a survey of relevant literature. Some aspects of recent Jewish history and the Central and Eastern European refugee world are examined in Chapter 2. The features of New Zealand society most closely interwoven with the interviewees' experiences are also considered in that chapter. The third chapter turns to the memories, interpretations and explanations of the former refugees and children of refugees. It introduces the people in the study and some of the main concerns and preoccupations of their childhood. Chapter 4 is about refugee children and children of refugees at school, Chapter 5 about some aspects of a refugee adolescence and Chapter 6 about language, culture and identity. Chapter 7 looks specifically at the impact of a traumatic history on the people in the study. Chapter 8 is concerned with adult issues in the lives of the interviewees. It examines ethnic identity, cultural transmission and assimilation. The study concludes with biographical information about the interviewees which fill in some of the details not covered in the text.</p>

scholarly journals Facing the Past: Looking Back at Refugee Childhood in New Zealand

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
◽  
Ann Beaglehole
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
Cultural Transmission ◽  
Jewish History ◽  
Relevant Literature ◽  
Refugee Children ◽  
Growing Up ◽  
Anti Semitism ◽  
The People ◽  
The 1960S ◽  
The Impact

<p>The experiences of child refugees and children of refugees from Hitler growing up in New Zealand in the period from the late 1930s to the end of the 1960s are the subject of this study. By means of tape-recorded conversations with the former children, now men and women in their thirties, forties and fifties, the study focuses, in particular, on two issues. First, the lingering legacy of Nazi persecution, whether it was experienced directly or indirectly by the children or their parents; second, the effects of growing up, often isolated from others of a similar background, in a monocultural country by and large free from overt anti-Semitism but intolerant of cultural differences. The first chapter is concerned with the aims of the study, with methodology and with a survey of relevant literature. Some aspects of recent Jewish history and the Central and Eastern European refugee world are examined in Chapter 2. The features of New Zealand society most closely interwoven with the interviewees' experiences are also considered in that chapter. The third chapter turns to the memories, interpretations and explanations of the former refugees and children of refugees. It introduces the people in the study and some of the main concerns and preoccupations of their childhood. Chapter 4 is about refugee children and children of refugees at school, Chapter 5 about some aspects of a refugee adolescence and Chapter 6 about language, culture and identity. Chapter 7 looks specifically at the impact of a traumatic history on the people in the study. Chapter 8 is concerned with adult issues in the lives of the interviewees. It examines ethnic identity, cultural transmission and assimilation. The study concludes with biographical information about the interviewees which fill in some of the details not covered in the text.</p>

Digital Government and Criminal Justice

2011 ◽  
pp. 186-199
Author(s):  
J. William Holland
Keyword(s):  
Criminal Justice ◽  
Historical Context ◽  
Individual Liberty ◽  
Digital Government ◽  
New Model ◽  
History Of ◽  
Group A ◽  
Basic Parameters ◽  
The 1960S ◽  
The Impact

This chapter outlines the history of digital government in criminal justice, starting with the Johnson Administration’s findings concerning automation in its report, “The Challenge of Crime in a Free Society,” the development of the national criminal justice network, and the creation of SEARCH Group, a consortium of states that led the effort to create computerized criminal histories of individual offenders. A brief discussion of the issues these efforts attempted to solve will be developed. The narrative will describe how these initial activities created the basic parameters for all subsequent developments in the area of criminal justice automation. Several major problems and controversies of criminal justice automation will be described and placed in their historical context. Examples of criminal justice initiatives will be provided and their success in solving some of the problems discussed will be described. The chapter concludes that it is time to rethink the older criminal justice digital government paradigm from the 1960s and create a new model more in tune with today’s developments in a highly mobile, digital and integrated society. Questions about the impact of this new model on traditional constitutional safeguards, including individual liberty and privacy will be raised.

Institutions and port performance: A case study of the Port of Tauranga, New Zealand

2017 ◽  
Vol 29 (2) ◽  
pp. 276-306 ◽  
Author(s):  
Justin Pyvis ◽  
Malcolm Tull
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
Path Dependency ◽  
1960S And 1970S ◽  
The 1960S ◽  
The Impact

This article examines the impact of path dependency and changing institutions on the Port of Tauranga. Through an institutional lens it examines the port’s development in five stages from 1945, through periods of amalgamation and containerisation in the 1960s and 1970s, and then looks at the period of reform and privatisation in the 1980s, and the legacy this created.

scholarly journals Analysis of spatial correlation in predictive models of forest variables that use LiDAR auxiliary information

2017 ◽  
Vol 47 (6) ◽  
pp. 788-799 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. Mauro ◽  
V.J. Monleon ◽  
H. Temesgen ◽  
L.A. Ruiz
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Correlation ◽  
Linear Models ◽  
Auxiliary Information ◽  
Basal Area ◽  
Stand Density ◽  
Model Errors ◽  
Quadratic Mean ◽  
Quadratic Mean Diameter ◽  
Model Residuals ◽  
The Impact

Accounting for spatial correlation of LiDAR model errors can improve the precision of model-based estimators. To estimate spatial correlation, sample designs that provide close observations are needed, but their implementation might be prohibitively expensive. To quantify the gains obtained by accounting for the spatial correlation of model errors, we examined (i) the spatial correlation patterns of residuals from LiDAR linear models developed to predict volume, total and stem biomass per hectare, quadratic mean diameter (QMD), basal area, mean and dominant height, and stand density and (ii) the impact of field plot size on the spatial correlation patterns in a standwise managed Mediterranean forest in central Spain. For all variables, the correlation range of model residuals consistently increased with plot radius and was always below 60 m except for stand density, where it reached 85 m. Except for QMD, correlation ranges of model residuals were between 1.06 and 8.16 times shorter than those observed for the raw variables. Based on the relatively short correlation ranges observed when the LiDAR metrics were used as predictors, the assumption of independent errors in many forest management inventories seems to be reasonable and appropriate in practice.

scholarly journals Impact of a spruce budworm outbreak in balsam fir and subsequent stand development over a 40-year period

2008 ◽  
Vol 84 (1) ◽  
pp. 60-69 ◽  
Author(s):  
David A MacLean ◽  
Allison R Andersen
Keyword(s):  
Stand Structure ◽  
Abies Balsamea ◽  
Basal Area ◽  
Stand Density ◽  
Spruce Budworm ◽  
Balsam Fir ◽  
Stand Development ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Break Up ◽  
The Impact

Nine 0.04-ha plots were established in 1956 (age 35 years) in a balsam fir (Abies balsamea [L.] Mill.) stand in northwestern New Brunswick, Canada to determine the impact of an uncontrolled spruce budworm (Choristoneura fumiferana [Clem.]) outbreak on stand development. The plots were measured annually from 1956 to 1961 and at five-year intervals from 1965 to 1995. Moderate to severe defoliation occurred from 1951 to 1957 and again in 1975 to 1977, 1981, and 1986 to 1988. Budworm-caused mortality from 1956 to 1961 (age 35 to 40 years) varied considerably among plots, reducing volume by 35 to 113 m3/ha (34%-84%), and resulting in a wide range of post-outbreak plot densities. Plots were grouped into three post-budworm outbreak (1965, age 45 years) basal area classes, of ≤ 20 m2/ha, 21 to 27 m2/ha, and ≥ 28 m2/ha, to examine stand recovery. Recovery of volume up to age 60 years ranged from 72 to 132 m3/ha, in the lowest to highest basal area classes, respectively. From age 60 to 75 years, five plots declined in volume due to the onset of stand break-up and four plots increased in volume. By age 60 years, survivor growth was greatest in the high basal area plots, ranging from 6.2 to 9.0 m3/ha/yr in seven plots, versus 2.6 to 3.2 m3/ha/yr in two low basal area plots. From age 60 to 75 years, survivor growth averaged only 2.8 to 5.2 m3/ha/yr, and the stand exhibited major decline, with 63%, 74%, and 78% mortality of fir ≤ 15 cm DBH in the low to high basal area plots, respectively. Budworm-caused "thinning" in the 1950s largely determined subsequent stand development and the rate of stand break-up 25 to 35 years later. The timing and rate of natural stand decline was strongly influenced by post-outbreak stand density. Key words: budworm-caused mortality, stand structure, stand development, growth, mortality, stand density

Digital Government and Criminal Justice

E-Justice ◽  
2010 ◽  
pp. 152-164
Author(s):  
J. William Holland
Keyword(s):  
Criminal Justice ◽  
Historical Context ◽  
Individual Liberty ◽  
Digital Government ◽  
New Model ◽  
History Of ◽  
Group A ◽  
Basic Parameters ◽  
The 1960S ◽  
The Impact

This chapter outlines the history of digital government in criminal justice, starting with the Johnson Administration’s findings concerning automation in its report, “The Challenge of Crime in a Free Society,” the development of the national criminal justice network, and the creation of SEARCH Group, a consortium of states that led the effort to create computerized criminal histories of individual offenders. A brief discussion of the issues these efforts attempted to solve will be developed. The narrative will describe how these initial activities created the basic parameters for all subsequent developments in the area of criminal justice automation. Several major problems and controversies of criminal justice automation will be described and placed in their historical context. Examples of criminal justice initiatives will be provided and their success in solving some of the problems discussed will be described. The chapter concludes that it is time to rethink the older criminal justice digital government paradigm from the 1960s and create a new model more in tune with today’s developments in a highly mobile, digital and integrated society. Questions about the impact of this new model on traditional constitutional safeguards, including individual liberty and privacy will be raised.

scholarly journals Long-term response of understorey cover, basal area and diversity to stand density in a mixed oak forest on the Síkfőkút plot in Hungary

2013 ◽  
Vol 59 (No. 8) ◽  
pp. 319-327 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. Misik ◽  
K. Varga ◽  
Zs. Veres ◽  
I. Kárász ◽  
B. Tóthmérész
Keyword(s):  
Structural Information ◽  
Basal Area ◽  
Stand Density ◽  
Natural Disturbance ◽  
Diversity Indices ◽  
Oak Forest ◽  
Oak Decline ◽  
Shrub Species ◽  
Shrub Layer ◽  
Cornus Mas

The serious oak decline was reported for the 1979&ndash;80 period and 63.0% of adult oaks died in a mixed oak forest in the S&iacute;kfők&uacute;t site, Hungary. The data were used to obtain (1) quantitative information on diversity indices of shrub layer and shrub canopy, including foliage cover percentage of the shrub layer, mean cover of shrub species before and after the oak decline and (2) structural information on shrub basal area and shrub foliage arrangement. Since 1972 we have determined diversity indices, cover percentage and basal area of shrubby vegetation on the monitoring and plus plots. A negative relation was detected between Shannon-Wiener and Evenness indices of the shrub layer and living oak tree density. A positive relation was confirmed between basal area and mean cover of dominant woody species (Acer campestre, Acer tataricum and Cornus mas). The mean cover of shrub species except of A. campestre increased non-significantly after the oak decline on the 48 m &times; 48 m plot. The findings of the study indicate that diversity indices of the shrub layer and mean cover of A. campestre can be used as a principal indicator of natural disturbance in the studied mature stand and the species of the shrub layer respond differently to the decreasing stand density. &nbsp;

scholarly journals Privacy and the global media in the information age

2007 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 40-57
Author(s):  
William Akel
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
Information Age ◽  
Codes Of Conduct ◽  
Privacy Rights ◽  
Right To Privacy ◽  
The Right To Privacy ◽  
The 1960S ◽  
The Right ◽  
High Court Of Australia ◽  
The Impact

The protection of privacy is being increasingly recognised worldwide by the courts, and media regulators, as a result of what is seen as a more powerful and intrusive media, and the effect of the internet. A right to privacy may even apply in a public place. This article examines the impact this has on the media in the information age? New Zealand now has a tort of interference with privacy. The criminal courts are also considering privacy values in issues ranging from suppression orders to release of court information to the public. The Broadcasting Standards Authority has revised its privacy principles. Codes of conduct with regard to the print media also acknowledge privacy. But the protection of privacy has its genesis in the 1890s and not in the digital age. A seminal article by Warren and Brandeis, ‘The Right to Privacy’ (1890), was a reaction to what was at that time seen as an over-powerful media. United States jurisprudence evolved to the Prosser and Keeton formulation in the 1960s. New Zealand jurisprudence has relied on this formulation to advance privacy rights. The English courts have taken a similar approach in the much publicised Douglas v Hello! and Naomi Campbell cases. The European courts, as a reaction to an overactive paparazzi, have pushed the bounds of privacy in the Peck and Princess Caroline cases. The High Court of Australia considered privacy in Lenah Game Meats Pty Ltd.  Finally, the International Covenants and protection of privacy.

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