Roots of Jarrah Forest Plants .I. Mycorrhizal Associations of Shrubs and Herbaceous Plants

1991 ◽  
Vol 39 (5) ◽  
pp. 445 ◽  
Author(s):  
MC Brundrett ◽  
LK Abbott
Keyword(s):  
Natural Habitat ◽  
Root Hairs ◽  
Arbuscular Mycorrhizal ◽  
Cluster Roots ◽  
Jarrah Forest ◽  
Eucalyptus Marginata ◽  
Mycorrhizal Associations ◽  
Mycorrhizal Association ◽  
Eucalypt Woodland ◽  
Forest Plants

This survey included 109 plants native to the jarrah forest (a mediterranean eucalypt woodland in south-western Australia dominated by Eucalyptus marginata and E. calophylla). Mycorrhizal formation by seedlings of these plants was examined after inoculation with isolates of vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal (VAM) fungi, or after growth in intact cores of natural habitat soil containing VAM and ectomycorrhizal (ECM) fungi. These methods were supplemented by examining roots from mature forest-grown plants, so that different methods and criteria for designating mycorrhizal association types could be considered. Most plants had one of the following types of mycorrhizal association: VAM only (56% of species); both ECM and VAM (16% of species); or non-mycorrhizal roots (25% of species, which also had long root hairs and/or cluster roots). Plants with dual ECM/VAM associations often formed ECM more readily than VAM. With the exception of the large and diverse families, Papilionaceae, Myrtaceae and Anthericaceae, plants within a family had consistent mycorrhizal relations, as did the members of most genera.

scholarly journals Phosphorus uptake and toxicity is delimited by mycorrhizal symbiosis in P-sensitive Eucalyptus marginata but not in P-tolerant Acacia celastrifolia

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mark Tibbett ◽  
Matthew I Daws ◽  
Megan H Ryan
Keyword(s):  
Mycorrhizal Fungus ◽  
Phosphorus Uptake ◽  
Arbuscular Mycorrhizal ◽  
Evidence Base ◽  
Dry Mass ◽  
P Uptake ◽  
Mycorrhizal Symbiosis ◽  
Eucalyptus Marginata ◽  
Mycorrhizal Associations ◽  
Leaf P

Many plant species from regions with ancient, highly-weathered nutrient-depleted soils have specialised adaptations for acquiring P and are sensitive to excess P-supply. Mycorrhizal associations may regulate P-uptake at high external P-concentrations, potentially reducing P-toxicity. We predicted that excess P-application will negatively impact species from the nutrient-depleted jarrah forest of Western Australia and that mycorrhizal inoculation will reduce P-toxicity by regulating P-uptake. For seedlings of the N2-fixing legume Acacia celastrifolia and the tree species Eucalyptus marginata, we measured growth at P-concentrations of 0 to 90 mg kg-1 soil and in relation to inoculation with the arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus (AMF) Rhizophagus irregularis. Non-inoculated A. celastrifolia maintained leaf P-concentrations at <2 mg g-1 dry mass (DM) across the range of external P-concentrations. However, for non-inoculated E. marginata, as external P-concentrations increased leaf P also increased, reaching >9 mg g-1 DM at 30 mg P kg-1 soil. A. celastrifolia DM increased with increasing external P-concentrations, while E. marginata DM was maximal at 15 mg P kg-1 soil, declining at higher external P concentrations. Neither DM nor leaf P of A. celastrifolia were affected by inoculation with AMF. For E. marginata, even at 90 mg P kg-1 soil, inoculation with AMF resulted in leaf P remaining <1 mg g-1 DM, and DM being maintained. These data strengthen the evidence base that AMF may not only facilitate P-uptake at low external P-concentrations, but are also important for moderating P-uptake at elevated external P-concentrations and maintaining plant P concentrations within a relatively narrow concentration range.

Soil and fertilizer phosphorus: Effects on plant P supply and mycorrhizal development

2005 ◽  
Vol 85 (1) ◽  
pp. 3-14 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cynthia Grant ◽  
Shabtai Bittman ◽  
Marcia Montreal ◽  
Christian Plenchette ◽  
Christian Morel
Keyword(s):  
Crop Yield ◽  
Management Practices ◽  
Phosphorus Uptake ◽  
Arbuscular Mycorrhizal ◽  
Yield Potential ◽  
Soil P ◽  
Mycorrhizal Associations ◽  
Mycorrhizal Association ◽  
Mycorrhizal Development ◽  
P Supply

Plants require adequate P from the very early stages of growth for optimum crop production. Phosphorus supply to the crop is affected by soil P, P fertilizer management and by soil and environmental conditions influencing P phytoavailability and root growth. Phosphorus uptake in many crops is improved by associations with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi. Cropping system and long-term input of P through fertilizers and manures can influence the amount and phytoavailability of P in the system and the development of mycorrhizal associations. Optimum yield potential requires an adequate P supply to the crop from the soil or from P additions. Where early-season P supply is low, P fertilization may improve P nutrition and crop yield potential. Alternately, under low-P conditions, encouragement of arbuscular mycorrhizal associations may enhance P uptake by crops early in the growing season, improving crop yield potential and replacing starter fertilizer P applications. Soil P supply that exceeds P requirements of the crop may preclude mycorrhizal development. To encourage arbuscular mycorrhizal association, threshold levels of soil solution P that restrict mycorrhizal development must not be exceeded. Sustainable P management practices must be applied both in conventional and in alternative biologically based agricultural systems. Key words: Microbiology, fertility, colonization

Vesicular-Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Associations of Vascular Plants on Heron Island, a Great Barrier Reef Coral Cay

1985 ◽  
Vol 33 (6) ◽  
pp. 669 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rl Peterson ◽  
AE Ashford ◽  
WG Allaway
Keyword(s):  
Root Length ◽  
Arbuscular Mycorrhizae ◽  
Reef Coral ◽  
Arbuscular Mycorrhizal ◽  
Differential Interference Contrast Microscopy ◽  
Vegetation Zones ◽  
Mycorrhizal Associations ◽  
Mycorrhizal Association ◽  
Vesicular Arbuscular ◽  
Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Associations

Roots of 42 species of angiosperms collected from all vegetation zones on Heron Island were cleared, stained with chlorazol black E and assessed for vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizae (VAM). Percentage of root length colonized was determined using the gridline intersect method, while stages in internal development of the mycorrhizal association were determined by mounting cleared root pieces on microscope slides and examining them with Nomarski differential interference contrast microscopy. Fifty-seven percent of the species had VAM and of these the percentage of root length colonized varied from 3 to 100%. There were no statistically significant differences among the four vegetation zones of the island in the number of species colonized. About the same proportion of trees and shrubs had VAM as did the herbs. Two species of Brassicaceae, Lepidium virginicum and Sisymbrium orientale, had VAM. All but three species with VAM had both arbuscules and vesicles; arbuscules were not found in Casuarina equisetifolia var. incana, Sisymbrium orientale and Tribulus cistoides.

scholarly journals Nitrogen Fertilisation Increases Specific Root Respiration in Ectomycorrhizal but Not in Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Plants: A Meta-Analysis

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bahareh Bicharanloo ◽  
Timothy R. Cavagnaro ◽  
Claudia Keitel ◽  
Feike A. Dijkstra
Keyword(s):  
Root Respiration ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Soil Nutrient ◽  
Arbuscular Mycorrhizal ◽  
Am Fungi ◽  
P Uptake ◽  
N Availability ◽  
Mycorrhizal Associations ◽  
Mycorrhizal Association ◽  
Multi Level

Plants spend a high proportion of their photosynthetically fixed carbon (C) belowground to support mycorrhizal associations in return for nutrients, but this C expenditure may decrease with increased soil nutrient availability. In this study, we assessed how the effects of nitrogen (N) fertiliser on specific root respiration (SRR) varied among mycorrhizal type (Myco type). We conducted a multi-level meta-analysis across 1,600 observations from 32 publications. SRR increased in ectomycorrhizal (ECM) plants with more than 100 kg N ha−1 applied, did not change in arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) and non-mycorrhizal (NM) plants, but increased in plants with a dual mycorrhizal association in response to N fertilisation. Our results suggest that high N availability (&gt;100 kg N ha−1) could disadvantage the growth of ECM plants because of increased C costs associated with maintaining higher root N concentrations, while the insensitivity in SRR by AM plants to N fertilisation may be because AM fungi are more important for phosphorus (P) uptake.

scholarly journals Impacts of Urbanization Undermine Nestedness of the Plant–Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungal Network

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Litao Lin ◽  
Yun Chen ◽  
Guorui Xu ◽  
Yuxin Zhang ◽  
Shuang Zhang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Host Plants ◽  
Arbuscular Mycorrhizal ◽  
Am Fungi ◽  
Illumina Miseq ◽  
Forest Park ◽  
Mycorrhizal Associations ◽  
Mycorrhizal Association ◽  
Fungal Associations

Cities are prone to ecological problems, yet the impacts of rapid global urbanization on the feedback between above- and belowground subsystems remain largely unknown. We sampled the roots of 8 common herbaceous plants within the Fifth Ring (urban areas) and in Jiufeng National Forest Park (rural areas) in Beijing (China) to assess the impacts of urbanization on the network of plant-arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungal associations. Using Illumina MiSeq sequencing, 81 AM fungal OTUs were identified in 78 herb root samples. The Shannon, Simpson, and Pielou indices of root AM fungi in urban areas were significantly higher than those in rural areas. In this study, a significantly nested mycorrhizal association network was observed in rural areas (NODF = 64.68), whereas a non-nested pattern was observed in urban areas (NODF = 55.50). The competition index C-score (0.0769) of AM fungi in urban areas was slightly lower than that in rural areas (0.1431), and the species specialization (d’) of 8 host plants and fungal dissimilarity among 8 host plants in urban areas were significantly lower than those in rural areas. Convergent associations among hosts may be an important factor influencing this non-nested pattern of the plant-AM fungi network in urban areas. Generalists, rather than specialists, were enhanced during the establishment of mycorrhizal associations in urban areas. Our results suggest that reduced selectivity of host plants, and generalist promotion and specialist reduction of AM fungi during urbanization may contribute to the non-nested network of plant-AM fungal associations.

Tree Species Preferences of Foraging Birds in Jarrah Forest in Western Australia.

1985 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
pp. 461 ◽  
Author(s):  
I Abbott ◽  
PV Heurck
Keyword(s):  
Western Australia ◽  
Tree Species ◽  
Bird Species ◽  
Selective Logging ◽  
Jarrah Forest ◽  
Eucalyptus Marginata ◽  
Silvicultural Treatments ◽  
Species Preferences

A study of foraging by 10 bird species suggests that selective logging of large Eucalyptus marginata will only have affected Melithreptus lunatus, but that proposed silvicultural treatments, including removal of Banksia grandis, may affect several other bird species.

Optimising smoke treatments for jarrah (Eucalyptus marginata) forest rehabilitation

2006 ◽  
Vol 54 (6) ◽  
pp. 571 ◽  
Author(s):  
Melanie A. Norman ◽  
Julie A. Plummer ◽  
John M. Koch ◽  
Greg R. Mullins
Keyword(s):  
Rehabilitation Program ◽  
Forest Species ◽  
Dormancy Breaking ◽  
Jarrah Forest ◽  
Eucalyptus Marginata ◽  
Bauxite Mining ◽  
Application Methods ◽  
Forest Rehabilitation ◽  
Irreversible Nature ◽  
Smoke Water

Alcoa is undertaking rehabilitation in the jarrah (Eucalyptus marginata D.Don ex Sm.) forest of Western Australia, following bauxite mining. One of the methods used in the rehabilitation program is broadcasting seeds; however, about two-thirds of species require seed-dormancy-breaking treatments. Smoke overcomes dormancy and enhances the germination of many jarrah forest species. Smoke-application methods were investigated to find the best seed treatment for 64 jarrah forest species. The optimum duration of seed imbibition in aqueous smoke and dilution of the aqueous smoke product were also investigated. The method of smoke application was important. Smoke water enhanced the germination of 12% of species, whereas aerosol smoke enhanced the germination of 6% of species. Both Grevillea pilulifera (Lindl.) Druce and Velleia trinervis Labill. had germination enhanced by both smoke-application methods. Aerosol smoke inhibited the germination of Clematis pubescens Endl. and Hypocalymma angustifolium (Endl.) Schauer. A total of 78% of species did not exhibit significantly enhanced germination when smoke treated, including the two species inhibited by smoke treatment. Germination was equivalent following 1- and 12-h imbibition in the aqueous smoke extract. Dilutions of the aqueous extract Regen 2000 Smokemaster from 1 to 3% were optimal for the germination of Marianthus bicolor (Putt.) F.Muell and Stylidium amoenum R.Br., even after subsequent washing with water, demonstrating the irreversible nature of smoke treatments. For species that did not exhibit smoke-enhanced germination, other dormancy-breaking treatments may be required before a response to smoke is elicited. These results have application to a wide variety of natural managed lands, disturbed and designed landscapes.

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