Annual Increment of Eucalyptus marginata Trees on Sites Infested With Phytophthora cinnamomi

1988 ◽  
Vol 36 (1) ◽  
pp. 101 ◽  
Author(s):  
EM Davison ◽  
FCS Tay
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rates ◽  
Phytophthora Cinnamomi ◽  
The Other ◽  
Annual Increment ◽  
Eucalyptus Marginata ◽  
Infested Area

The annual increment of Eucalyptus marginata in forest infested with Phytophthora cinnamomi was compared with the growth of matched trees in adjacent uninfested forest, on two sites, for at least 4 years. On one site, trees in the infested area grew significantly faster than trees in the uninfested forest. On the other site growth rates were similar.

Rhizosphere Microorganisms From the Jarrah Forest of Western Australia and Their Effects on Vegetative Growth and Sporulation in Phytophthora cinnamomi Rands

1987 ◽  
Vol 35 (5) ◽  
pp. 567 ◽  
Author(s):  
DIL Murray
Keyword(s):  
Vegetative Growth ◽  
Mycelial Growth ◽  
Phytophthora Cinnamomi ◽  
Inhibitory Effect ◽  
The Other ◽  
Microbial Competition ◽  
Eucalyptus Marginata ◽  
Rhizosphere Microflora ◽  
Dual Cultures ◽  
Zoospore Discharge

Soil dilution plate techniques were used to compare the numbers of bacteria, actinomycetes and fungi in the rhizospheres of Acacia pulchella, Banksia grandis and Eucalyptus marginata (jarrah). The most frequently isolated microorganisms and those detected in significantly different numbers in the rhizospheres of the three species were tested for their effects on sporangium production, zoospore discharge, zoospore germination and mycelial growth of the jarrah dieback pathogen Phytophthora cinnamomi. The total population of fungi in rhizosphere soil from B. grandis was much greater than that found in the rhizospheres of the other two species while the convesse was true for bacteria and actinomycetes, of which the largest populations were associated with A. pulchella. Penicillium spinulosum outnum- bered the combined population of other fungi in the Banksia rhizosphere but formed a much smaller proportion of the jarrah and Acacia rhizosphere microfloras, particularly the latter. P. spinulosum had no effect on mycelial growth or zoospore discharge in P. cinnamomi; it had some ability to stimulete sporangium production and, although it partly suppressed spore germination, the inhibitory effect was less pronounced than that noted for most other microorganisms. In contrast, microorganisms which strongly inhibited mycelial growth, zoospore discharge and germination represented a greater proportion of the Acacia rhizosphere microflora compared with the other microfloras, especially that of B. grandis. While some actinornycetes and fungi produced antibiotics that inhibited vegetative growth of P. cinnamomi in dual cultures, mycelial inhibition was often attributable to nutrient depletion of agar media by the test microorganisms. Similarly, nutrient deprivation resulting from microbial competition for substrates was also considered to be the stimulus for sporangium production in liquid media. The results are discussed in relation to previously reported suppression of P. cinnamomi in forest soils beneath stands of A. pulchella and the associated implications of this for biological control of jarrah dieback.

Infection by Phytophthora cinnamomi Rands of Roots of Eucalyptus calophylla R.Br. and Eucalyptus marginata Donn. ex Sm

1977 ◽  
Vol 25 (5) ◽  
pp. 483 ◽  
Author(s):  
N Malajczuk ◽  
AJ Mccomb ◽  
CA Parker
Keyword(s):  
Phytophthora Cinnamomi ◽  
Light And Electron Microscopy ◽  
Inhibitory Effect ◽  
Lateritic Soil ◽  
Root Damage ◽  
Mature Trees ◽  
Cortical Cells ◽  
Eucalyptus Marginata ◽  
Seedling Roots ◽  
Loam Soil

On lateritic podzolic soils in Western Australia Eucalyptus calophylla is resistant to Phytophthora cinnamomi whereas Eucalyptus marginata is susceptible and eventually killed by the pathogen. On loam soils both eucalypts are resistant. Possible mechanisms for resistance of E. calophylla in lateritic soil and the inhibitory action of loam soils were investigated. Aseptically raised eucalypt seedlings succumbed to infection in liquid culture tubes. The mechanism of infection was compared by light and electron microscopy which showed similar fungal invasion and penetration into roots of both eucalypt species. Vegetative hyphae initially penetrated intercellularly and proliferated rapidly within cortical and stelar tissue. Intracellular invasion of these tissues occurred 48hr after initial infection through dissolution of the host cell wall. Chlamydospores were formed within a number of cortical cells. Unsuberized roots of mature trees produced aseptically showed reactions to invasion similar to those of the eucalypt seedling roots. Suberized roots were not invaded. The addition of small quantities of lateritic soil to sterile sand so as to introduce soil micro-organisms without altering the chemical and physical status of the sand, and subsequent inoculation of the sand with P.cinnamomi, resulted in a reduction of root damage on both eucalypts when compared with seedlings raised in sterile sand. Roots of E.calophylla were less severely damaged than those of E.marginata. The addition of small quantities of loam soil significantly reduced root damage in seedlings of both species. These results parallel both pot experiments and field observations, and suggest that microorganisms of the rhizosphere may be an important factor in the resistance of E.calophylla to infection, and in the inhibitory effect of loam soil on P.cinnamomi.

Concentrations of glucose, albumin, inorganic phosphate and sodium in the blood of beef calves at 2 ½ months of age and their relationships with subsequent weight gain

1980 ◽  
Vol 94 (1) ◽  
pp. 95-104 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. J. Rowlands
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Blood Glucose ◽  
Growth Rates ◽  
Inorganic Phosphate ◽  
The Body ◽  
The Other ◽  
Growth Depression ◽  
Blood Samples ◽  
Beef Calves ◽  
Body Weights

SummaryBlood samples were taken at 9, 10 and 11 weeks of age from 230 male Hereford × Friesian calves, the progeny of 12 Hereford bulls. Concentrations of blood glucose, serum albumin, inorganic phosphate and sodium were measured and correlated with body weights and growth rates until slaughter at 19½ months of age.Correlations between growth rates and glucose concentrations (0·44) and between growth rates and albumin concentrations (0·38) were observed until 4 months of age. Similar correlations between body weights and blood glucose or albumin concentrations persisted until 6 months of age. By 10 months, however, the correlations had begun to decline, and by slaughter they had become insignificant.Correlations between growth rates and inorganic phosphate or sodium concentrations were smaller, and also decreased with age.The effect of hypoglycaemia on growth rate was compared with the effect of enzootic pneumonia. Although the 10% of calves with the lowest glucose concentrations were growing 24% more slowly than the other calves at the time of sampling, this growth depression was not related to pneumonia, and they subsequently made up for most of the early loss of growth.Three blood samples were also taken from 22 Hereford bulls. No significant correlations were observed between the blood composition of the bulls and the body weights or weight gains of their progeny.

scholarly journals Pathogenicity of four Phytophthora species on kauri in vitro and glasshouse trials

2014 ◽  
Vol 67 ◽  
pp. 54-59 ◽  
Author(s):  
I.J. Horner ◽  
E.G. Hough
Keyword(s):  
Plant Growth ◽  
Forest Soils ◽  
Phytophthora Cinnamomi ◽  
Phytophthora Species ◽  
The Other ◽  
Root Damage ◽  
Soil Inoculation

In kauri forest soils surveys Phytophthora taxon Agathis (PTA) P cinnamomi P multivora and P cryptogea were detected frequently In vitro and glasshouse studies determined that all four Phytophthora species produced lesions on excised kauri leaves and stems Lesion advance was significantly slower with P cinnamomi P multivora and P cryptogea than with PTA When 2yearold kauri seedlings were trunkinoculated lesion spread was rapid with PTA trunks were girdled and all trees died within 46 weeks Phytophthora cinnamomi P multivora and P cryptogea produced substantially smaller lesions than PTA no trees died and plant growth was only slightly suppressed Following soil inoculation with PTA all kauri seedlings died within 10 weeks There were no deaths following soil inoculation with P cinnamomi P multivora or P cryptogea although feeder root damage was observed and the respective pathogens were reisolated Results suggest that PTA is an aggressive pathogen and the other three species are weaker pathogens of kauri

scholarly journals Investigation of the Biological Treatability of Pistachio Processing Industry Wastewaters in a Batch-operated Aerobic Bioreactor

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sevtap Tırınk ◽  
Alper Nuhoğlu ◽  
Sinan Kul
Keyword(s):  
Kinetic Parameters ◽  
Growth Rates ◽  
Specific Growth ◽  
Batch Reactor ◽  
The Other ◽  
Batch Experiments ◽  
Processing Industry ◽  
Specific Growth Rates ◽  
Biological Treatability ◽  
Best Fit

Abstract This study encompasses investigation of treatment of pistachio processing industry wastewaters in a batch reactor under aerobic conditions, calculation of kinetic parameters and comparison of different inhibition models. The mixed microorganism culture used in the study was adapted to pistachio processing industry wastewaters for nearly one month and then concentrations from 50-1000 mg L− 1 of pistachio processing industry wastewaters were added to the medium and treatment was investigated in batch experiments. The Andrews, Han-Levenspiel, Luong and Aiba biokinetic equations were chosen for the correlations between the concentration of pistachio processing industry wastewaters and specific growth rates, and the kinetic parameters in these biokinetic equations were calculated. The µmax, Ks and Ki parameters, included in the Aiba biokinetic equation providing best fit among the other equations, had values calculated as 0.25 h− 1, 19 mg L− 1, and 516 mg L− 1, respectively.

scholarly journals Growth Rates for Subclasses of $\mathrm{Av}(321)$

10.37236/413 ◽  
2010 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
M. H. Albert ◽  
M. D. Atkinson ◽  
R. Brignall ◽  
N. Ruškuc ◽  
Rebecca Smith ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rates ◽  
The Other ◽  
Original Class

Pattern classes which avoid $321$ and other patterns are shown to have the same growth rates as similar (but strictly larger) classes obtained by adding articulation points to any or all of the other patterns. The method of proof is to show that the elements of the latter classes can be represented as bounded merges of elements of the original class, and that the bounded merge construction does not change growth rates.

scholarly journals Re-evaluation of Phytophthora Species Isolated During 30 Years of Vegetation Health Surveys in Western Australia Using Molecular Techniques

Plant Disease ◽  
2009 ◽  
Vol 93 (3) ◽  
pp. 215-223 ◽  
Author(s):  
Treena I. Burgess ◽  
Janet L. Webster ◽  
Juanita A. Ciampini ◽  
Diane White ◽  
Giles E. StJ. Hardy ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
New Taxa ◽  
Western Australia ◽  
Dna Sequences ◽  
Phytophthora Cinnamomi ◽  
Sequence Data ◽  
Phytophthora Species ◽  
Molecular Techniques ◽  
Similar Species ◽  
Eucalyptus Marginata ◽  
Similar Morphology

For 30 years, large-scale aerial photography has been used to map the extent of Phytophthora dieback disease in native forests in the southwest of Western Australia, with validation of the observations involving routine testing of soil and root samples for the presence of Phytophthora cinnamomi. In addition to P. cinnamomi, six morpho-species have been identified using this technique: P. citricola, P. megasperma, P. cryptogea, P. drechsleri, P. nicotianae, and P. boehmeriae. In recent years, many new Phytophthora species have been described worldwide, often with similar morphology to existing species; thus, as many of the isolates collected in Western Australia have been difficult to identify based on morphology, molecular identification of the morpho-species is required. Based on amplification of the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region of the rDNA gene, sequence data of more than 230 isolates were compared with those of existing species and undescribed taxa. P. inundata, P. asparagi, P. taxon PgChlamydo, P. taxon personii, and P. taxon niederhauserii were identified based on sequence data. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that nine potentially new and undescribed taxa can be distinguished. Several of the new taxa are morphologically indistinguishable from species such as P. citricola, P. drechsleri, and P. megasperma. In some cases, the new taxa are closely related to species with similar morphology (e.g., P.sp.4 and P. citricola). However, the DNA sequences of other new taxa such as P.sp.3 and P.sp.9 show that they are not closely related to morphologically similar species P. drechsleri and P. megasperma, respectively. Most of the new taxa have been associated with dying Banksia spp., while P.sp.2 and P.sp.4 have also been isolated from dying Eucalyptus marginata (jarrah). Some taxa (P.sp.3, 6, and 7) appear to have limited distribution, while others like P.sp.4 are widespread.

Paradoxes of Pluralism, Privilege, and Persecution: Explaining Christian Growth and Decline Worldwide

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nilay Saiya ◽  
Stuti Manchanda
Keyword(s):  
Time Series ◽  
Time Series Analysis ◽  
Population Growth ◽  
Growth Rates ◽  
The Other ◽  
Faith Traditions ◽  
Statistical Approaches ◽  
State Relations ◽  
Christian Population ◽  
Cross National

Abstract This article examines the effect of church–state relations on rates of Christian population growth or decline worldwide. It makes the paradoxical argument that contexts of both pluralism and persecution do not impede Christian growth rates. In these environments, Christians do not have the luxury of becoming complacent. On one hand, pluralism means that Christianity must actively compete with other faith traditions in order to gain and maintain adherents. On the other hand, persecution can, paradoxically, sometimes strengthen Christianity by deepening attachments to faith and reinforcing solidarity among Christians. Rather, it is a third type of relationship—privilege, or state support for Christianity—that corresponds to the greatest threat to growth in Christianity. Countries where Christianity is privileged by the state encourage apathy and the politicization of religion, resulting in a less dynamic faith and the overall decline of Christian populations. We test these propositions using a cross-national, time-series analysis of a global sample of countries from 2010 to 2020. Our findings provide support for our theory that Christianity suffers in contexts of privilege but not in environments of pluralism or persecution. The finding is robust to a number of model specifications and statistical approaches.

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