Distribution and cytology of Australian Neurachne and its allies (Poaceae), a group containing C3, C4 and C3-C4 Intermediate species

1985 ◽  
Vol 33 (3) ◽  
pp. 317 ◽  
Author(s):  
HDV Prendergast ◽  
PW Hattersley
Keyword(s):  
Evolutionary History ◽  
C4 Photosynthesis ◽  
Phenotypic Expression ◽  
Base Number ◽  
Photosynthetic Pathway ◽  
Intermediate Species ◽  
Chromosome Counts ◽  
C3 Species ◽  
C3 Grasses ◽  
Arid And Semiarid

Cytological, phytogeographical and habitat data are presented for the Neurachneae (Poaceae), a tribe endemic to Australia and containing seven C3 two C4 and one C3-C4 intermediate species. Chromosome counts for 34 accessions Australia-wide reveal a typical eu-panicoid base number (x = 9). Three species are diploid (Neurachne tenuifolia C3, Thyridolepis mitchelliana C3 and T. xerophila C3,); four species (Paraneurachne muelleri C4, N. minor C3-C4, N. lanigera C3, T. multiculmis C3) are tetraploid only, one (N. queenslandica C3) is hexaploid only, while two (N. alopecuroidea C3 and N. munroi C4) are variable. Aneuploidy was found in individuals of N. minor (2n = 4x+1) and N. queenslandica (2n = 6x -1). Chromosomes are small (mean c. 2 �m) and metacentric or submetacentric. Using localities derived from all known collections in Australian herbaria, actual and computer-predicted distributions were mapped using the Bioclimate Prediction System (BIOCLIM) developed by H. A. Nix and J. R. Busby. Species distributions, habitats and chromosome counts are discussed in relation to photosynthetic pathway, present and past climates and evolutionary history. The Neurachneae are mainly subtropical, arid and semiarid zone plants. However, the distribution of their C3 species contrasts with those of other C3 eu-panicoids and C3 grasses as a whole. The temperate species N. alopecuroidea is the only native C3 eu-panicoid known from south-western Australia. It is suggested that phenotypic expression of C4, photosynthesis in the Neurachneae occurred independently of other grasses and that they did not extend into arid and semiarid regions from a mesic temperate zone.

Physiological, anatomical and biochemical characterisation of photosynthetic types in genus Cleome (Cleomaceae)

2007 ◽  
Vol 34 (4) ◽  
pp. 247 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elena V. Voznesenskaya ◽  
Nuria K. Koteyeva ◽  
Simon D. X. Chuong ◽  
Alexandra N. Ivanova ◽  
João Barroca ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Anatomy ◽  
C4 Photosynthesis ◽  
C3 Plants ◽  
Intermediate Species ◽  
Δ13c Values ◽  
C4 Species ◽  
Cleome Gynandra ◽  
The Family ◽  
C3 Species ◽  
C4 Pathway

C4 photosynthesis has evolved many times in 18 different families of land plants with great variation in leaf anatomy, ranging from various forms of Kranz anatomy to C4 photosynthesis occurring within a single type of photosynthetic cell. There has been little research on photosynthetic typing in the family Cleomaceae, in which only one C4 species has been identified, Cleome gynandra L. There is recent interest in selecting and developing a C4 species from the family Cleomaceae as a model C4 system, since it is the most closely related to Arabidopsis, a C3 model system (Brown et al. 2005). From screening more than 230 samples of Cleomaceae species, based on a measure of the carbon isotope composition (δ13C) in leaves, we have identified two additional C4 species, C. angustifolia Forssk. (Africa) and C. oxalidea F.Muell. (Australia). Several other species have δ13C values around –17‰ to –19‰, suggesting they are C4-like or intermediate species. Eight species of Cleome were selected for physiological, anatomical and biochemical analyses. These included C. gynandra, a NAD–malic enzyme (NAD–ME) type C4 species, C. paradoxa R.Br., a C3–C4 intermediate species, and 6 others which were characterised as C3 species. Cleome gynandra has C4 features based on low CO2 compensation point (Γ), C4 type δ13C values, Kranz-type leaf anatomy and bundle sheath (BS) ultrastructure, presence of C4 pathway enzymes, and selective immunolocalisation of Rubisco and phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase. Cleome paradoxa was identified as a C3–C4 intermediate based on its intermediate Γ (27.5 μmol mol–1), ultrastructural features and selective localisation of glycine decarboxylase of the photorespiratory pathway in mitochondria of BS cells. The other six species are C3 plants based on Γ, δ13C values, non-Kranz leaf anatomy, and levels of C4 pathway enzymes (very low or absent) typical of C3 plants. The results indicate that this is an interesting family for studying the genetic basis for C4 photosynthesis and its evolution from C3 species.

scholarly journals Polyploidy and Speciation in Pteris (Pteridaceae)

2012 ◽  
Vol 2012 ◽  
pp. 1-7 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yi-Shan Chao ◽  
Ho-Yih Liu ◽  
Yu-Chung Chiang ◽  
Wen-Liang Chiou
Keyword(s):  
Reproductive Biology ◽  
Evolutionary History ◽  
Base Number ◽  
Ploidy Levels ◽  
Cytological Data ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Complex Evolutionary History

The highest frequency of polyploidy among plants is considered to occur in the Pteridophytes. In this study, we focused on polyploidy displayed by a specific fern taxon, the genus Pteris L. (Pteridaceae), comprising over 250 species. Cytological data from 106 Pteris species were reviewed. The base number of chromosomes in Pteris is 29. Polyploids are frequently found in Pteris, including triploids, tetraploids, pentaploids, hexaploids, and octoploids. In addition, an aneuploid species, P. deltodon Bak., has been recorded. Furthermore, the relationship between polyploidy and reproductive biology is reviewed. Among these 106 Pteris species, 60% exhibit polyploidy: 22% show intraspecific polyploidy and 38% result from polyploid speciation. Apogamous species are common in Pteris. Diploids are the most frequent among Pteris species, and they can be sexual or apogamous. Triploids are apogamous; tetraploids are sexual or apogamous. Most Pteris species have one to two ploidy levels. The diverse ploidy levels suggest that these species have a complex evolutionary history and their taxonomic problems require further clarification.

Evolutionary History of Blepharis (Acanthaceae) and the Origin of C4 Photosynthesis in Section Acanthodium

2015 ◽  
Vol 176 (8) ◽  
pp. 770-790 ◽  
Author(s):  
Amanda E. Fisher ◽  
Lucinda A. McDade ◽  
Carrie A. Kiel ◽  
Roxana Khoshravesh ◽  
Melissa A. Johnson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Evolutionary History ◽  
C4 Photosynthesis ◽  
History Of

Molecular systematics of Australian Calotis (Asteraceae: Astereae)

2006 ◽  
Vol 19 (2) ◽  
pp. 155 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. Watanabe ◽  
K. Kosuge ◽  
R. Shimamura ◽  
N. Konishi ◽  
K. Taniguchi
Keyword(s):  
Evolutionary History ◽  
Life Form ◽  
Arid Zone ◽  
Its Region ◽  
Base Number ◽  
Multiple Origins ◽  
Matk Gene ◽  
History Of ◽  
Ancestral States ◽  
Generic Relationships

The intra-generic relationships of the Australian genus Calotis, with various chromosome base numbers from x = 8 to x = 4, were examined by the comparison of nucleotide sequences of the complete ITS region of nuclear rDNA and of the matK gene of chloroplast DNA. Within a monophyletic Calotis, four lineages were identified. Reconstruction of ancestral states suggests that the chromosome base number for Calotis is x = 8. Dysploidal reductions in chromosome base number from x = 8 to x = 7 and from x = 8 to x = 5 or 4 have occurred independently at least three times. Lower base numbers of x = 7, 5, and 4 are found predominantly in the arid and semi-arid zone species of Central and Western Australia. Total karyotypic length (genome size) is greater in perennials than in annuals within the genus Calotis. The elaborated pappus and surface structures of cypsela, and life form of species seem to be homoplasous with multiple origins in the evolutionary history of the lineage.

A new species of Trigonella sect. Ellipticae (Leguminosae-Papilionoideae) from Iran, including cytogenetic and anatomical notes

Phytotaxa ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 202 (1) ◽  
pp. 26 ◽  
Author(s):  
Massoud Ranjbar ◽  
ZAHRA HAJMORADI
Keyword(s):  
New Species ◽  
Chromosome Number ◽  
Related Species ◽  
Somatic Chromosome ◽  
Base Number ◽  
Somatic Chromosome Number ◽  
Chromosome Counts ◽  
Closely Related Species ◽  
A New Species

A new species, Trigonella bakhtiarica, from the Iranian province Chahar Mahal Va Bakhtiari is described, illustrated and compared to its most closely related species, T. aphanoneura. Trigonella bakhtiarica has a longer corolla and differs in the shape, surface and size of its pods, which are taxonomically informative characters in Trigonella sect. Ellipticae. Chromosome counts and meiosis assays show that both species are diploid, and that their euploid plants possess a somatic chromosome number of 2n = 2x = 16, which is consistent with the predicted base number of x = 8.

scholarly journals Reconstructed protein sequence evolution consistent with the evolution of C4 photosynthesis via a C2 ancestor in the Paniceae

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel S. Carvalho ◽  
Sunil Kumar Kenchanmane Raju ◽  
Yang Zhang ◽  
James C. Schnable
Keyword(s):  
Protein Sequence ◽  
Evolutionary History ◽  
C4 Photosynthesis ◽  
Sequence Evolution ◽  
Ancestral Branch ◽  
History Of ◽  
Grass Genomes ◽  
Protein Sequence Evolution

AbstractThe grass tribe Paniceae includes a monophyletic subclade of species, the MPC clade, which specialize in each of the three primary C4 sub-pathways NADP-ME, NAD-ME and PCK. The evolutionary history of C4 photosynthesis in this subclade remains ambiguous. Leveraging newly sequenced grass genomes and syntenic orthology data, we estimated rates of protein sequence evolution on ancestral branches for both core enzymes shared across different C4 sub-pathways and enzymes specific to C4 sub-pathways. While core enzymes show elevated rates of protein sequence evolution in ancestral branches consistent with a transition from C3 to C4 photosynthesis in the ancestor for this clade, no subtype specific enzymes showed similar patterns. At least one protein involved in photorespiration also showed elevated rates of protein sequence evolution in the ancestral branch. The set of core C4 enzymes examined here combined with the photorespiratory pathway are necessary for the C2 photosynthetic cycle, a previously proposed intermediate between C3 and C4 photosynthesis. The patterns reported here are consistent with, but not conclusive proof that, C4 photosynthesis in the MPC clade of the Paniceae evolved via a C2 intermediate.

scholarly journals The diversification of downy mildew species was not driven by the loss of mycorrhizal associations or the evolution of C4 photosynthesis

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
William J Davis ◽  
Jo Anne Crouch
Keyword(s):  
Secondary Metabolites ◽  
Host Plant ◽  
Downy Mildew ◽  
Host Plants ◽  
C4 Photosynthesis ◽  
Plant Secondary Metabolites ◽  
Free Carbon ◽  
Photosynthetic Pathway ◽  
Mycorrhizal Associations ◽  
C3 Photosynthesis

There are approximately 700 obligate biotrophic species grouped into 20 genera (Oomycota, Peronosporaceae) that cause downy mildew diseases. Dick hypothesized in 2001 that diversification of downy mildew species was driven, in part, by host plant secondary metabolites. Dick further speculated that this was driven by the transition of host plants away from mycorrhizal associations or the evolution of C4 photosynthesis. Specifically, loss of mycorrhizal associations or the use of C4 photosynthesis would result in more free carbon that the plants could then use to produce more secondary metabolites. If true, then there should be more downy mildew species that infect hosts from plant lineages that lack mycorrhizal associations or use C4 photosynthesis. However, analysis of 677 downy mildew species for host plant mycorrhizal associations and host plant photosynthetic pathway type show that this is not what occurred. Seventy percent of downy mildew species parasitize hosts that form mycorrhizal associations and 94% of downy mildew species parasitize hosts that use C3 photosynthesis. From this, it is concluded that the diversification of downy mildew species was not driven by the loss of mycorrhizal associations or the evolution of C4 photosynthesis. However, 85% of downy mildew species that parasitize Poaceae (grasses) parasitize C4 hosts. Thus, it is possible that C4 photosynthesis plays a role in the diversification of these genera.

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