Growth of and Phosphorus Partitioning in Eucalyptus pilularis Smith Seedlings Raised in a Phosphorus-Deficient Soil

1985 ◽  
Vol 33 (3) ◽  
pp. 245 ◽  
Author(s):  
DR Mulligan ◽  
JW Patrick
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Soil Phosphorus ◽  
Phase 1 ◽  
Dry Matter Production ◽  
Phase 2 ◽  
Phosphorus Acquisition ◽  
Leaf Production ◽  
Matter Production ◽  
Eucalyptus Pilularis

Eucalyptus pilularis Smith seedlings were raised in a glasshouse for 260 days in a phosphorus-deficient forest soil. Over this period, growth was divided into two major phases. Phase 1 was characterized by an initially high but rapidly declining relative growth rate and, at least after 26 days from sowing, a very low rate of phosphorus acquisition. Phase 2, delineated at around 116-134 days from sowing and previously correlated with the degree of ectomycorrhizal development, commenced with an abrupt increase in the rate of both parameters. Over the last 90 days of Phase 1 the roots received an increasing proportion of shoot dry matter production and accumulated 86% of current phosphorus acquisition. Continued, but slow, shoot development during this time was made possible by high re-use of phosphorus within the shoot. During Phase 2, increased transfer of phosphorus to the shoot (50% of total net uptake) reduced the dependence on remobilized phosphorus and resulted in a marked stimulation of leaf production. In addition to utilizing the limited phosphorus available for dry matter production very efficiently, it is proposed that the success of this typically fast-growing species under such a degree of phosphorus stress was aided by the finely tuned responsiveness of both phosphorus deployment and growth rate to fluctuations in the soil phosphorus supply.

Changes in growth rate and morphology of perennial ryegrass swards at high and low nitrogen levels

1971 ◽  
Vol 77 (1) ◽  
pp. 123-134 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alison Davies
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Perennial Ryegrass ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Crop Growth ◽  
Dry Matter Production ◽  
Appreciable Effect ◽  
Crop Growth Rate ◽  
Nitrogen Levels ◽  
Matter Production ◽  
Time Of Year

SummaryThe nitrogen requirements for maximum production of perennial ryegrass swards in August/September were shown to be of the order of 4 kg N/ha/day. Further increases above this level had no appreciable effect on dry-matter production, leaf area or light intercepted, but maximum tiller numbers were considerably enhanced. Shortage of nitrogenous fertilizer had comparatively little effect on crop growth rate in the early stages of regrowth, but thereafter caused the rate to fall increasingly short of potential. At high fertilizer levels crop growth rate based on total above-ground parts was linearly related to percentage light intercepted in the first month after defoliation, but values subsequently became erratic and at times negative. This change in crop growth rate and the resulting halt in effective net dry-matter production could be associated with the overall pattern of leaf and tiller formation and death, maximum net yield being achieved at the point in time when three new leaves had been produced on each tiller since cutting. It is concluded that in August and September worth-while increases in harvestable net dry matter are unlikely to occur after this stage has been reached, and that managements based on the maintenance of a complete crop cover are not likely to be successful at this time of year.

The growth and performance of cotton in a desert environment: II. Dry matter production

1969 ◽  
Vol 73 (1) ◽  
pp. 75-86 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. B. Hearn
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Initial Period ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Dry Matter Production ◽  
Area Index ◽  
Vegetative Phase ◽  
Matter Production ◽  
Sink Size ◽  
And Performance

SUMMARYVariety, water and spacing were treatments in two experiments with cotton in 1963 and 1964 in which fruiting points, flowers and bolls were counted and the dry weights and leaf areas of plants were measured at intervals during the season.Until leaf-area index, L, started to decrease, the equation described how dry weight, W, changed. The equation gave smoothed estimates of crop growth rate, C, which were consistent with estimates of photosynthesis made with de Wit's (1965) model. The relationship between G and L conformed to , derived from Beer's Law, rather than C = aL — bL2 derived from the linear regression of E on L. When L > 3 the crop appeared to use most of the available light, so that C approached a maximum. Treatments initially affected dry-matter production through the numbers and types of branches and nodes, which in turn affected the sinks available and thus the proportion of dry matter reinvested in new leaf. This initial period, when growth was simple to describe in conventional terms, was denned as the vegetative phase of growth.The start of the reproductive phase of growth overlapped the vegetative phase. The change from one to the other was completed when the rate of dry weight increase of the bolls, CB, equalled C. This indicated that the sink formed by the bolls had increased sufficiently in size to use all the assimilates available for growth. Sink size increased as the crop flowered and was estimated from the product of the number of bolls and the growth rate of a single boll.When CB equalled C, bolls were shed which prevented the size of the sink to increase beyond the ability of the plant to supply it with assimilates. This agrees with Mason's nutritional theory of boll shedding. Because of the crop's morphology and because age decreased the photosynthesis of the crop, the size of the sink inevitably increased out of phase with the supply of assimilates. The extent to which this was so determined when CB equalled C. It is postulated that environment, genotype and agronomic practice affect yield according to whether they increase or decrease the extent to which the sink size and the supply of assimilates are out of phase.

scholarly journals Morphological characteristics, dry matter production, and nutritional value of winter forage and grains under grazing and split nitrogen fertilization

2017 ◽  
Vol 38 (3) ◽  
pp. 1483
Author(s):  
Loreno Egidio Taffarel ◽  
Paulo Sérgio Rabello de Oliveira ◽  
Euclides Reuter de Oliveira ◽  
Elaine Barbosa Muniz ◽  
Eduardo Eustáquio Mesquita ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Dry Matter ◽  
Morphological Characteristics ◽  
N Fertilization ◽  
Neutral Detergent Fiber ◽  
Dry Matter Production ◽  
Leaf Production ◽  
Nutritional Values ◽  
Dry Matter Digestibility ◽  
Matter Production

Morphological characteristics, dry matter production, and nutritional values of winter forage and grains were evaluated. This study was conducted from April 24, 2012 to November 7, 2013 in the Western Paraná State University (UNIOESTE), Marechal Cândido Rondon, Brazil. Pastures under one grazing and non-grazing conditions were evaluated under 120 kg N ha-1 fertilization split into two 60 kg N ha-1 treatments. Two pastures received 40 kg N ha-1 three times. IPR 126 oat, BRS Tarumã wheat, and IPR 111 triticale were the test crops. Topdressing with 40 or 60 kg N ha-1 did not change morphological characteristics until 60 d after sowing. Pastures under non-grazing that received 120 kg N ha-1 treatments were taller than the controls, whereas those under grazing that received 80 or 120 kg N ha-1 presented with higher leaf production than did the controls. Total average dry matter (DM) production in 2012 and 2013 was, respectively, 5,275 kg ha-1 and 6,270 kg ha-1 for oat, 3,166 kg ha-1 and 7,423 kg ha-1 for wheat, and 4,552 kg ha-1 and 7,603 kg ha-1 for triticale. Split N fertilization did not cause differences in the levels of crude protein (CP), neutral detergent fiber (NDF), and acid detergent fiber (ADF) in the forage. Nevertheless, increases in in vitro dry matter digestibility (IVDMD) were observed in oat and wheat receiving 60 kg N ha-1 during the first graze. IVDMD did not change in oat, wheat, and triticale forages receiving 80 or 120 kg N ha-1 during the second graze. Grazing did not affect the nutritional values of wheat and triticale grains, but reduced those of oat. Therefore, the results of the present study suggest that grazing lengthens the crop cycles, and so allow the staggered sowing of summer crops.

Effects of Allelopathic Chemicals on Growth and Physiological Responses of Soybean (Glycine max)

Weed Science ◽  
1981 ◽  
Vol 29 (1) ◽  
pp. 53-59 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. T. Patterson
Keyword(s):  
Glycine Max ◽  
Chlorogenic Acid ◽  
Leaf Area ◽  
Chlorophyll Content ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Dry Matter Production ◽  
Sulfosalicylic Acid ◽  
Leaf Production ◽  
Unit Leaf ◽  
Matter Production

The effects of caffeic acid, chlorogenic acid,t-cinnamic acid,p-coumaric acid, ferulic acid, gallic acid,p-hydroxybenzaldehyde, 5-sulfosalicylic acid, vanillic acid, and vanillin on growth, photosynthesis, water relations, and chlorophyll content of 3-week-old soybeans [Glycine max(L.) Merr. ‘Tracy’] grown in aerated nutrient solution were determined. At concentrations of 10−3M, caffeic,t-cinnamic,p-coumaric, ferulic, gallic, and vanillic acids significantly reduced dry matter production, leaf expansion, height, leaf production, net assimilation rate (rate of dry matter production per unit leaf area), and leaf area duration (total leaf area present during treatment interval). Chlorogenic acid,p-hydroxybenzaldehyde, 5-sulfosalicylic acid, and vanillin at 10−3M did not inhibit growth. None of the 10 compounds at 10−4M inhibited growth. At concentrations of 10−3M, caffeic,t-cinnamic,p-coumaric, ferulic, gallic, and vanillic acids severely reduced net photosynthetic rate and stomatal conductance of single, fully expanded leaves. These same compounds also caused marked reductions in leaf chlorophyll content, with net losses of chlorophyll occurring over an 86-h period after treatment.

Nutrition of irrigated crops on an alkaline brown clay soil at Trangie, New South Wales. 1. Lucerne

1986 ◽  
Vol 26 (4) ◽  
pp. 445
Author(s):  
DK Muldoon
Keyword(s):  
Dry Matter ◽  
Soil Phosphorus ◽  
Dry Matter Production ◽  
Yield Response ◽  
Phosphorus Concentration ◽  
Alkaline Soil ◽  
Phosphorus Level ◽  
South Wales ◽  
Matter Production ◽  
Available Soil Phosphorus

The elements nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, sulfur and zinc were sequentially omitted from a 'complete' fertiliser applied to plots on an alkaline soil, and lucerne (Medicago sativa) was sown immediately afterwards. The dry matter production of lucerne was measured in repeated cuts over 2 years; its mineral composition was determined periodically. In a second experiment 4 rates of phosphorus were applied to a l -year-old stand of lucerne and dry matter production recorded for 1 year. Lucerne yields in the first year were reduced from 17-1 8 t/ha to less than 14 t/ha by omitting phosphorus. Yields universally decreased in the second year as the 50 kg/ha P applied at sowing was depleted through the removal of 40 kg/ha P in forage. Following this depletion a linear yield response up to 80 kg/ha P was found (experiment 2). Omitting phosphorus fertiliser reduced the plant phosphorus concentration from 0.23 to 0.21% when sampled 15 months after sowing. The plant phosphorus concentration decreased with time in all treatments. The available soil phosphorus level decreased from an initial 12 to 6-7 �g/g after 6 months and further to 2 �g/g after 30 months. Fertiliser phosphorus raised the soil phosphorus level but this also was depleted to 2-3 �g/g in 30 months. Omitting zinc reduced the plant zinc concentration. However, neither the omission of nitrogen, potassium, sulfur nor zinc from the fertiliser had any effect on lucerne yields.

The growth of swards of subterranean clover with particular reference to leaf area

1958 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 53 ◽  
Author(s):  
JL Davidson ◽  
CM Donald
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Area ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Substantial Reduction ◽  
Ground Surface ◽  
Subterranean Clover ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Dry Matter Production ◽  
Leaf Production ◽  
Area Index ◽  
Matter Production

An experiment was conducted to study the growth of subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum L.) sown at different densities; the control swards were not defoliated while others were subjected to a single defoliation at various dates. During the final month the rate of dry matter production (tops only) increased to a maximum when the leaf area index (the ratio of the area of the leaves to the area of the ground surface — L.A.I.) was about 4-5, falling by about 30 per cent. as the L.A.I. increased to 8.7. The rate of leaf production was greatest at about L.A.I. 4-5, falling to zero at L.A.I. 8.7. Climatic conditions during the growing season influenced the relationship of L.A.I. to growth; as conditions became more favorable the values of the optimum LA.1. for growth and of the ceiling L.,4.1. progressively rose. Irrespective of the density, all swards tended towards a common ceiling L.A.I. and yield by the end of the season. The effect of defoliation depended on the L.A.I. at which defoliation occurred, on the value to which the L.A.I. was reduced, and on current climatic conditions. If swards near the ceiling L.A.I. were defoliated, total dry matter production was slightly increased and there was a great increase in leaf production. On the other hand, defoliation of swards from about the optimum L.A.I. to very low L.A.I. values led to a substantial reduction in both dry matter and leaf production. It is suggested that all these effects depend on the light relationships within the sward and their influence on the balance of photosynthesis and respiration. Pasture at the optimum L.A.I. will give greater production than swards of lower or higher L.A.I.; defoliation can give greatly increased leaf production, unless L.A.I. is reduced to very low values.

The response of barrel medic pasture to topdressed and placed superphosphate in central western New South Wales

1973 ◽  
Vol 13 (65) ◽  
pp. 705 ◽  
Author(s):  
BJ Scott
Keyword(s):  
Dry Matter ◽  
New South ◽  
Soil Phosphorus ◽  
New South Wales ◽  
Phosphorus Uptake ◽  
Dry Matter Production ◽  
Barrel Medic ◽  
South Wales ◽  
Matter Production ◽  
Methods Of Application

The dry matter production of a pasture of barrel medic (Medicago truncatula cv. Jemalong) under different rates and methods of application of superphosphate was examined, during 1971 and 1972, on a phosphorus deficient soil at Condobolin, New South Wales. The treatments were factorial combinations of four rates of superphosphate (0, 126, 376, and 753 kg ha-1) and four methods of application of superphosphate (surface spread i.e. topdressed, surface applied in bands, placed at 5 cm depth, and placed at 1 0 cm depth). The dry matter production and phosphorus uptake results demonstrated the effectiveness of subsurface placement of superphosphate, but relative ineffectiveness of surface application during the dry winters experienced. The results also showed that root development in the dry 0-2 cm zone was restricted compared with that in the deeper moist soil layers. Soil phosphorus tests showed that one year after topdressing phosphorus had not moved below the 2-4 cm depth layer, even at 753 kg ha-1 of superphosphate.

Phosphorus and Carbon Budgets of Eucalyptus pilularis Smith Seedlings During Their Cotyledonary Phase of Growth

1985 ◽  
Vol 12 (5) ◽  
pp. 535 ◽  
Author(s):  
DR Mulligan ◽  
JW Patrick
Keyword(s):  
Seedling Growth ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Soil Phosphorus ◽  
Phosphorus Acquisition ◽  
Carbon Distribution ◽  
Phosphate Ion ◽  
Eucalyptus Pilularis ◽  
Available Soil Phosphorus ◽  
Partitioning Pattern ◽  
Phosphorus Export

The budgeting of phosphorus and carbon in Eucalyptus pilularis Smith seedlings raised in a phosphorus-deficient sandy podzol was examined for the first 35 days of seedling growth. During this period, the photosynthetic cotyledons were a major source of both phosphorus and carbon. At 7 days from sowing, the cotyledons were gross importers of assimilated phosphorus but switched to gross (day 15) and then net (day 20) export in response to the current rate of phosphorus acquisition and the phosphorus demand by other organs. However, the cotyledons retained the capacity to revert to phosphorus import. This strategy would permit the seedlings to take advantage of any favourable fluctuations that may occur in soil phosphorus supply. Initial cotyledonary phosphorus export was directed basipetally to the roots and soil. From 20 days after sowing the partitioning pattern altered, with exported phosphorus moving solely to the expanding leaves. Carbon exported from the cotyledons initially supplied all sinks although, once the first leaf pair was self-supportive for carbon, the roots and stem received a higher proportion of exported cotyledonary carbon. The efficiency of phosphorus redistribution was considered to minimize the consequences of a rapidly depleted pool of readily available soil phosphorus on seedling growth. The seedlings also possessed a strategy of maximizing the investment of carbohydrate into dry matter by keeping respiratory losses to a minimum. A proposed link between the distribution of the limiting phosphate ion and carbon distribution may be a contributing factor to the success of E. pilularis in the phosphorus-deficient soil.

scholarly journals Response of Epidendrum Ibaguense (orchidaceae) to the application of lime rates to the pot

2010 ◽  
Vol 34 (3) ◽  
pp. 793-800 ◽  
Author(s):  
Donizetti Tomaz Rodrigues ◽  
Roberto Ferreira Novais ◽  
Víctor Hugo Alvarez V ◽  
José Maria Moreira Dias ◽  
Ecila Mercês de Albuquerque Villani
Keyword(s):  
Dry Matter ◽  
Dry Matter Production ◽  
Water Volume ◽  
Nutrient Concentrations ◽  
Zn Deficiency ◽  
Leaf Production ◽  
A Value ◽  
Matter Production ◽  
Zinc Concentrations ◽  
Cultivation Substrate

In the best cultivation methods of orchids, in particular of the genus Phalaenopsis, liming is a common practice. The objective of this study was to evaluate the influence of lime rates (0.0; 1.0; 2.0; 3.0; 4.0; and 5.0 g dm-3 of substrate) applied to the cultivation substrate (xaxim) on the growth of Epidendrum ibaguense seedlings. In a greenhouse, 1-L plastic pots filled with 0.8 dm³ of xaxim were irrigated such that no leachate was lost during the experiment. N, P, K, Ca, Mg, S, Fe, Zn, B, and Mn contents in roots, stems and leaves were measured. Leachate was collected by applying a sufficient water volume to obtain 25 mL from each pot. Fourteen days after lime application of 3 g dm-3, the pH of the collected leachate reached values above 7 and a value of 6.29 with the highest lime rate at the end of the experiment. The lime rate did not influence plant height, probably due to a Zn deficiency at high pH levels and a Ca deficiency in the control. Nevertheless, there was a large increase in leaf production, for number as well as for dry matter mass. There was no statistical difference between treatments in root dry matter production. Maximum dry matter production was obtained at a lime rate of 4.09 g dm-3. Zinc concentrations diminished linearly with increasing lime rates; the concentrations in all treatments were below the levels suggested as adequate in the literature (25-200 mg kg-1). Nutrient concentrations in leaves indicated deficiency of N, S, and B at the highest lime rates (4.0 and 5.0 g dm-3), and of Ca in the treatment without liming.

scholarly journals Genotypic evaluation of cowpea germplasm for salinity tolerance at germination and during seedling growth

2021 ◽  
Vol 54 (1) ◽  
pp. 71-88
Author(s):  
Eric Bertrand Kouam ◽  
Toscani Ngompe-Deffo ◽  
Honoré Beyegue-Djonko ◽  
Marie Solange Mandou ◽  
Asafor Henry Chotangui ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Salt Stress ◽  
Water Content ◽  
Seedling Growth ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Growth Characteristics ◽  
Dry Matter Production ◽  
Matter Production ◽  
Improvement Programs ◽  
Germination Traits

Abstract Soil salinity represents a major constraint limiting crop production in arid and semi-arid countries. The effect of salinity induced by sodium chloride (NaCl) at five levels (0, 50, 100, 150 and 200 mM) was investigated on four germination traits and thirteen seedling growth characteristics in twenty cowpea [Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp.] genotypes (ET11, KEB-CP004, KEB-CP006, KEB-CP009, KEB-CP 010, KEB-CP020, KEB-CP033, KEB-CP038, KEB-CP039, KEB-CP045, KEB-CP051, KEB-CP054, KEB-CP057, KEB-CP060, KEB-CP067, KEB-CP068, KEB-CP118, MTA22, NO74 and NO1036). The germination tests were carried out on Petri dishes in the laboratory while seedling growth experiments continued in plastic pots in the greenhouse, both setting up using a randomised complete block design with three replications. Genotypic responses were significant for all germination traits (p < 0.001). Germination percentage, germination rate index, and coefficient of velocity of germination were all decreased by salt stress. However, the mean germination time increased with increasing saline conditions. Significant differences were found between genotypes for most growth attributes. Growth rate (centimeter increased in height per week) decreased significantly with increasing salinity, starting at 100 mM NaCl (24.20% reduction, 2.66 cm / week) with maximum reduction (38.58%) corresponding to 2.16 cm/week observed at 200 mM NaCl, compared to control (3.51 cm/week growth rate). Also, significant decline in shoot weights, number of functional leaves and dry matter production were observed under salinity. Salinity also reduced water content in shoot and root and did not affect root weights. Under salinity, significant correlations were found between all germination variables (p < 0.001). Growth rate was significantly associated with ten out of the twelve other seedling growth traits. Also, the dry matter production under salinity was significantly associated with all other seedling growth characteristics with the exception of root water content. Given the effect of salt stress, cowpea genotypes, namely NO1036, KEB-CP004, KEB-CP038 and KEB-CP051, were the most tolerant while KEB-CP068 and ET11 were the most sensitive ones. The results confirm substantial genetic variation in salt stress tolerance among the studied genotypes. The most tolerant genotypes should be further explored in genetic improvement programs and should be promoted for culture in regions affected by salinity.

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