Occurrence of the Suberized Lamella in Leaves of Grasses of Different Photosynthetic Type. II. In Herbarium Material

1984 ◽  
Vol 32 (5) ◽  
pp. 465 ◽  
Author(s):  
PW Hattersley ◽  
S Perry
Keyword(s):  
Malic Enzyme ◽  
Cell Walls ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Herbarium Specimens ◽  
Mestome Sheath ◽  
Carbon Reduction ◽  
Suberized Lamella ◽  
Living Material ◽  
Photosynthetic Type ◽  
Pep Carboxykinase

Dead air-dried leaves have been conventionally prepared for transmission electron microscopy to ascertain if the occurrence of a suberized lamella in cell walls can be detected. Our species sample includes representatives of all known photosynthetic types within the Poaceae (viz. C3, C4 NAD-malic enzyme type, C4 NADP-malic enzyme type and PEP carboxykinase type). Each photosynthetic type exhibits a characteristic pattern of suberized lamella occurrence in mestome sheath and/or 'photosynthetic carbon reduction' (PCR or 'Kranz') cell walls, consistent with that in fixed living material. Plasmodesmatal structure, and even on occasion chloroplast structure, is remarkably well preserved. Leaves from herbarium specimens, therefore, could be used to assign C4 species to their C4 acid decarboxylation type. This has potential application in large-scale systematic surveys for which living material may be difficult to obtain.

Geographical Distribution of C4 Acid Decarboxylation Types and Associated Structural Variants in Native Australian C4 Grasses (Poaceae)

1989 ◽  
Vol 37 (3) ◽  
pp. 253 ◽  
Author(s):  
HDV Prendergast
Keyword(s):  
Geographical Distribution ◽  
Malic Enzyme ◽  
Cell Walls ◽  
Summer Rainfall ◽  
Carbon Reduction ◽  
High Soil Moisture ◽  
Historical Factors ◽  
Soil Moisture Availability ◽  
Pep Carboxykinase ◽  
Photosynthetic Carbon Reduction

The native Australian C4 grass (Poaceae) flora is estimated to comprise 347 (57%) NADP-ME (NADP- malic enzyme), 193 (32%) NAD-ME (NAD-malic enzyme), and 65 (11%) PCK (PEP carboxykinase) type species. All C4 types are best represented in northern tropical Queensland, within the megatherm seasonal (summer) rainfall bioclimate of Nix. NADP-ME species are numerically dominant in 48 out of 73 State and Territory subdivisions, including 23 wholly or partly within the megathermlmesotherm arid bioclimate which closely corresponds to the arid and semiarid zones covering c. 80% of Australia. NAD-ME species numbers are proportionately at their highest in this bioclimate; PCK species may be the most dependent there on high soil moisture availability. The extent of the megatherm seasonal bioclimate is parallelled by the distribution of most PCK species and of many species of all C4 types with a suberised lamella in the cell walls of their 'photosynthetic carbon reduction' (or Kranz) tissue. Whilst the physiological reasons for these correlations are unknown, it is clear that C4 type alone is neither the sole determinant of geographical distribution nor necessarily always an adaptation to a particular bioclimatic regime. Taxonomic, ecological and historical factors in relation to C4 type distribution are discussed.

New Structural/Biochemical Associations in Leaf Blades of C4 Grasses (Poaceae)

1987 ◽  
Vol 14 (4) ◽  
pp. 403 ◽  
Author(s):  
HDV Prendergast ◽  
PW Hattersley ◽  
NE Stone
Keyword(s):  
Malic Enzyme ◽  
Cell Walls ◽  
Panicum Virgatum ◽  
Structural Features ◽  
Grass Species ◽  
Vascular Bundles ◽  
Carbon Reduction ◽  
Photosynthetic Carbon ◽  
Pep Carboxykinase ◽  
Photosynthetic Carbon Reduction

Forty-three previously uninvestigated, mainly Australian, grass species (Poaceae) were assayed for activities of C4 acid decarboxylating enzymes (NADP-malic enzyme, NADP-ME; NAD-malic enzyme, NAD-ME; PEP carboxykinase, PCK). Twenty-five species exhibit long-established ('classical') associations between C4 type and structural features of leaf blade vascular bundles. However, Panicum virgatum and Triraphis mollis are NAD-ME species with structure like that of 'classical' PCK species. Seven Enneapogon species and Triodia scariosa are NAD-ME but are structurally intermediate between 'classical' NAD-ME and PCK species. Alloteropsis semialata (R.Br.) Hitch. is PCK, the first recorded non-NADP-ME XyMS - species, and Pheidochloa gracilis S.T. Blake and five Eriachne species are the first known XyMS+ NADP-ME species, with either centripetal or centrifugal/peripheral PCR (photosynthetic carbon reduction, or Kranz) cell chloroplasts. A suberised lamella is absent from the PCR cell walls of all species with an even PCR bundle sheath outline, irrespective of C4 type, as well as from NADP-ME Aristida, Eriachne and Pheidochloa; it is present in all other species with an uneven outline and centrifugal/peripheral chloroplasts. Pheidochloa gracilis and Eriachne spp. have unusually well-developed grana in PCR cell chloroplasts for NADP-ME species. This new-found structural/biochemical diversity is discussed in relation to high [CO2] maintenance in PCR cells.

Development of the Suberized Lamella in the Mestome Sheath of Wheat Leaves

1975 ◽  
Vol 23 (5) ◽  
pp. 783 ◽  
Author(s):  
TP O'Brien ◽  
J Kuo
Keyword(s):  
Cell Walls ◽  
Tracheary Element ◽  
Tracheary Elements ◽  
Mestome Sheath ◽  
Suberized Lamella ◽  
Tangential Wall ◽  
Sieve Tubes ◽  
Wheat Leaves ◽  
Cytoplasmic Structures ◽  
Sheath Cells

The suberized lamella in the cell walls of the mestome sheath of wheat leaves developed asynchronously. The lamella formed first in the cells which were adjacent to the protophloem sieve tubes and formed last in the cells that abutted on the tracheary elements. In the latter case, the suberized lamella formed first in the outer tangential and radial walls and last in the inner tangential wall adjacent to the tracheary element. Eventually, the suberization was completed opposite the tracheary elements and the cell walls developed tertiary thickenings in all mestome sheath cells. Cytoplasmic structures that were clearly involved in suberin synthesis and the development of tertiary thickenings could not be identified.

scholarly journals FlsnRNA-seq: protoplasting-free full-length single-nucleus RNA profiling in plants

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Yanping Long ◽  
Zhijian Liu ◽  
Jinbu Jia ◽  
Weipeng Mo ◽  
Liang Fang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Single Cell ◽  
Cell Walls ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Full Length ◽  
Cell Level ◽  
Root Cells ◽  
Rna Profiling ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Long Read ◽  
Single Nucleus

AbstractThe broad application of single-cell RNA profiling in plants has been hindered by the prerequisite of protoplasting that requires digesting the cell walls from different types of plant tissues. Here, we present a protoplasting-free approach, flsnRNA-seq, for large-scale full-length RNA profiling at a single-nucleus level in plants using isolated nuclei. Combined with 10x Genomics and Nanopore long-read sequencing, we validate the robustness of this approach in Arabidopsis root cells and the developing endosperm. Sequencing results demonstrate that it allows for uncovering alternative splicing and polyadenylation-related RNA isoform information at the single-cell level, which facilitates characterizing cell identities.

Lipid polymers accumulate in the epidermis and mestome sheath cell walls during low temperature development of winter rye leaves

PROTOPLASMA ◽  
1985 ◽  
Vol 125 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 53-64 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marilyn Griffith ◽  
N. P. A. Huner ◽  
K. E. Espelie ◽  
P. E. Kolattukudy
Keyword(s):  
Low Temperature ◽  
Cell Walls ◽  
Winter Rye ◽  
Sheath Cell ◽  
Mestome Sheath ◽  
Temperature Development

scholarly journals Herbarium specimens reveal substantial and unexpected variation in phenological sensitivity across the eastern United States

2018 ◽  
Vol 374 (1763) ◽  
pp. 20170394 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel S. Park ◽  
Ian Breckheimer ◽  
Alex C. Williams ◽  
Edith Law ◽  
Aaron M. Ellison ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Climatic Change ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Critical Role ◽  
Flowering Plant ◽  
Reproductive Phenology ◽  
Herbarium Specimens ◽  
Eastern United States ◽  
Regional Patterns ◽  
Continental Scale

Phenology is a key biological trait that can determine an organism's survival and provides one of the clearest indicators of the effects of recent climatic change. Long time-series observations of plant phenology collected at continental scales could clarify latitudinal and regional patterns of plant responses and illuminate drivers of that variation, but few such datasets exist. Here, we use the web tool CrowdCurio to crowdsource phenological data from over 7000 herbarium specimens representing 30 diverse flowering plant species distributed across the eastern United States. Our results, spanning 120 years and generated from over 2000 crowdsourcers, illustrate numerous aspects of continental-scale plant reproductive phenology. First, they support prior studies that found plant reproductive phenology significantly advances in response to warming, especially for early-flowering species. Second, they reveal that fruiting in populations from warmer, lower latitudes is significantly more phenologically sensitive to temperature than that for populations from colder, higher-latitude regions. Last, we found that variation in phenological sensitivities to climate within species between regions was of similar magnitude to variation between species. Overall, our results suggest that phenological responses to anthropogenic climate change will be heterogeneous within communities and across regions, with large amounts of regional variability driven by local adaptation, phenotypic plasticity and differences in species assemblages. As millions of imaged herbarium specimens become available online, they will play an increasingly critical role in revealing large-scale patterns within assemblages and across continents that ultimately can improve forecasts of the impacts of climatic change on the structure and function of ecosystems. This article is part of the theme issue ‘Biological collections for understanding biodiversity in the Anthropocene’.

scholarly journals Introducing ribosomal tandem repeat barcoding for fungi

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christian Wurzbacher ◽  
Ellen Larsson ◽  
Johan Bengtsson-Palme ◽  
Silke Van den Wyngaert ◽  
Sten Svantesson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Tandem Repeats ◽  
Reference Data ◽  
Reference Sequence ◽  
Herbarium Specimens ◽  
Nanopore Sequencing ◽  
Desktop Computer ◽  
Third Generation Sequencing ◽  
Ribosomal Operon ◽  
Sequencing Facility

AbstractSequence analysis of the various ribosomal genetic markers is the dominant molecular method for identification and description of fungi. However, there is little agreement on what ribosomal markers should be used, and research groups utilize different markers depending on what fungal groups are targeted. New environmental fungal lineages known only from DNA data reveal significant gaps in the coverage of the fungal kingdom both in terms of taxonomy and marker coverage in the reference sequence databases. In order to integrate references covering all of the ribosomal markers, we present three sets of general primers that allow the amplification of the complete ribosomal operon from the ribosomal tandem repeats. The primers cover all ribosomal markers (ETS, SSU, ITS1, 5.8S, ITS2, LSU, and IGS) from the 5’ end of the ribosomal operon all the way to the 3’ end. We coupled these primers successfully with third generation sequencing (PacBio and Nanopore sequencing) to showcase our approach on authentic fungal herbarium specimens. In particular, we were able to generate high-quality reference data with Nanopore sequencing in a high-throughput manner, showing that the generation of reference data can be achieved on a regular desktop computer without the need for a large-scale sequencing facility. The quality of the Nanopore generated sequences was 99.85 %, which is comparable with the 99.78 % accuracy described for Sanger sequencing. With this work, we hope to stimulate the generation of a new comprehensive standard of ribosomal reference data with the ultimate aim to close the huge gaps in our reference datasets.

Photosynthetic Pathway-Related Ultrastructure of C3, C4 and C3-Like C3-C4 Intermediate Sedges (Cyperaceae), With Special Reference to Eleocharis

1995 ◽  
Vol 22 (4) ◽  
pp. 521 ◽  
Author(s):  
JJ Bruhl ◽  
S Perry
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Assimilation ◽  
Mestome Sheath ◽  
Carbon Reduction ◽  
Peripheral Reticulum ◽  
Δ13c Value ◽  
Bundle Sheath Cells ◽  
Photosynthetic Carbon ◽  
Ultrastructural Characteristics ◽  
Photosynthetic Carbon Assimilation ◽  
Photosynthetic Carbon Reduction

The ultrastructure of photosynthetic organs (leaf blades and culms) was investigated in eight species from four genera of sedges: Fimbristylis (C, fimbristyloid anatomy), Pycreus (C4 chlorocyperoid anatomy), Rhynchospora (C4 rhynchosporoid anatomy) - all NADP-ME (malic enzyme) type, and uninvestigated C3, C4 (eleocharoid anatomy, NAD-ME type) and C3-like C3-C4 intermediate species of Eleocharis. Ultrastructural characteristics previously reported for the former anatomical types are largely confirmed, though some evidence of poorly developed peripheral reticulum in C4 rhynchosporoid sedges is presented. Sedges, regardless of anatomical and biochemical type, possess a suberised lamella in photosynthetic organs which is invariably present in and confined to the mestome sheath cell walls, though it is often incomplete in the radial walls. By contrast with other C4 sedges, NAD-ME Eleocharis species and the C3-like C3-C4 intermediate E. pusilla possess abundant mitochondria and chloroplasts with well-stacked grana in the photosynthetic carbon reduction (PCR) (Kranz)/bundle sheath cells. Peripheral reticulum is well developed in NAD-ME species in both PCR and photosynthetic carbon assimilation (PCA) (C4 mesophyll) chloroplasts, but differs from that seen in chlorocyperoid and fimbristyloid type sedges. The suberised lamella and starch grains (well preserved), and granal stacks (poorly preserved) are identifiable in dried herbarium material (Eleocharis). Prediction of C4 biochemical type of sedges should be possible by combining anatomical, ultrastructural and δ13C value data. The significance of the ultrastructural similarities between the C4 NAD-ME and C3-C4 intermediate Eleocharis species is discussed.

Photosynthetic Enzyme Activities in the C3-C4 Intermediate Neurachne minor S. T . Blake (Poaceae)

1986 ◽  
Vol 13 (3) ◽  
pp. 399 ◽  
Author(s):  
PW Hattersley ◽  
NE Stone
Keyword(s):  
Malic Enzyme ◽  
Acid Decarboxylase ◽  
Decarboxylase Activity ◽  
Carboxylase Activity ◽  
Pep Carboxylase ◽  
C3 Plant ◽  
Bisphosphate Carboxylase ◽  
C3 Species ◽  
Species Activity ◽  
Pep Carboxykinase

The activities of eight key photosynthetic enzymes were measured in leaf blade extracts of the C3-C4 intermediate Neurachne minor S. T. Blake, its C3 and C4 relatives, C3-C4 Panicum milioides Nees ex Trin., and controls (all Poaceae). Phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP) carboxylase (PEPC) activity in N. minor (5.46 �mol mg Chl-1 min-1) is higher than previously reported for any other C3-C3 plant, and the ratio of ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase activity to PEPC activity is lower than for P. milioides or C3 species. Activity of pyruvate,PI dikinase (up to 0.88 �mol mg Chl-1 min-1) is 3-5 times higher than in P. milioides. Assays of NADP-malic enzyme (NADP-ME), NAD-malic enzyme (NAD-ME) and PEP carboxykinase (PCK) show Paraneurachne muelleri (Hack.) S. T. Blake and Neurachne munroi (F. Muell.) F. Muell., N. minor's two close C4 relatives, to be NADP-ME type, as predicted from leaf anatomy. Aspartate and alanine aminotransferase activities in these species are higher than expected, however. N. minor (C3-C4) exhibits higher C4 acid decarboxylase activity than C3 species or P. milioides, for NADP-ME only (up to 1.07 �mol mg Chl-1 min-1). Our results suggest that N. minor possesses a limited C4 acid cycle, and that it is the most C4-like C3-C4 intermediate grass currently identified, comparable with some of the known C3-C4 Flaveria (Asteraceae) species.

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