The Effects of Seasonality and Waterlogging on the Root Systems of a Number of Hakea Species

1976 ◽  
Vol 24 (6) ◽  
pp. 691 ◽  
Author(s):  
B Lamont
Keyword(s):  
Redox Potential ◽  
Root System ◽  
Water Availability ◽  
Field Capacity ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Root Weight ◽  
Proteoid Roots ◽  
Growth Increase ◽  
Steep Decline ◽  
Proteoid Root

Proteoid and non-proteoid roots are produced only during winter-spring under the Mediterranean climatic conditions of south-western Australia. However, dormant roots can be induced to form new root structures in summer, if sufficient water is applied to that part of the root system. The seasonal occurrence of proteoid roots is therefore due to the annual variation in water available for growth of the surface parent roots. Both proteoid and non-proteoid root growth increase as water availability is increased from the permanent wilting point to one to two times field capacity, with a trebling in the proportion of proteoid roots by weight in the root system. This is followed by a steep decline in total root weight and in the proportion of proteoid roots in the root system as water availability is increased from two to three times field capacity. While the size of proteoid roots is greatest under non-waterlogged conditions (redox potential of 450-550 mV), their number per unit total root weight is greatest under moderately waterlogged conditions (redox potential of 120-350 mV).

Factors affecting the distribution of proteoid roots within the root systems of two Hakea species

1973 ◽  
Vol 21 (2) ◽  
pp. 165 ◽  
Author(s):  
B Lamont
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Root System ◽  
Root Systems ◽  
Physical Factors ◽  
Root Weight ◽  
Local Concentration ◽  
Horizontal Distance ◽  
Proteoid Roots ◽  
Local Soil ◽  
Proteoid Root

The proteoid roots of Hakea prostrata and H. laurina are concentrated in the surface soil horizons, even though the root systems penetrate to much greater depths. The relationships of a number of soil and plant factors to proteoid root occurrence in a given portion of the root system were examined. Pockets of humus-rich soil in any part of the root system greatly increased the proteoid root concentration in that region. The following factors, listed in their apparent order of importance, were analysed: local concentration of parent roots, local level of soil organic matter, local nitrogen availability, shoot growth, nitrogen concentration of the shoots, vertical distance of the region from the soil surface, local availability of calcium, magnesium, and potassium, local bulk density and certain other physical factors, nutrient status of the rest of the root system, horizontal distance of the region from the centre of the plant, relative maturity of parent roots in the region, and local soil pH and certain other chemical factors. The nitrogen component of soil regions high in organic matter largely accounted for their higher non-proteoid root concentration, smaller proteoid root size, greater number of laterals, and longer roots per unit weight, but not their much greater number of proteoid roots per unit total root weight. This suggests that other factors are also involved in proteoid root formation.

The morphology and anatomy of proteoid roots in the genus Hakea

1972 ◽  
Vol 20 (2) ◽  
pp. 155 ◽  
Author(s):  
B Lamont
Keyword(s):  
Special Reference ◽  
Root System ◽  
Plant Age ◽  
Proteoid Roots ◽  
Relative Contribution ◽  
Endophytic Microorganisms ◽  
As Species ◽  
The Family ◽  
Proteoid Root

This paper extends the introductory work of Purnell(1960) on proteoid roots in the family Proteaceae by a detailed study of the genus Hakea, with special reference to H. prostrata. The presence of proteoid roots is reported in 63 Hakea species. Their relative contribution to the root system is related to such plant factors as species, age, and cotyledon size. The dimensions of proteoid roots are dependent on plant age and species. The morphology and anatomy of these structures are described. Endophytic microorganisms are not normally associated with proteoid roots. Proteoid rootlets survive 2-3 months, though their parent roots last indefinitely. Proteoid roots are produced by the youngest roots in the root system. While proteoid rootlets arise laterally, the parent root may arise either laterally or adventitiously. Both proteoid and non-proteoid roots may be initiated within a proteoid root.

Distribution and density of the root system of macadamia on krasnozem soil and some effects of legume groundcovers on fibrous root density

2003 ◽  
Vol 43 (5) ◽  
pp. 503 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. J. Firth ◽  
R. D. B. Whalley ◽  
G. G. Johns
Keyword(s):  
Root System ◽  
Root Length ◽  
Root Length Density ◽  
Root Systems ◽  
Soil Cores ◽  
Fibrous Root ◽  
Proteoid Roots ◽  
Dry Conditions ◽  
Proteoid Root ◽  
Fibrous Roots

Whole-tree excavations, root-core and minirhizotron studies indicate that the grafted macadamia tree root system is relatively shallow and spreading, with a short taproot and most of the fibrous root system near the soil surface, while ungrafted trees have a longer taproot. The length of fibrous roots diminished with depth and distance from the trunk. This pattern is consistent with other fruit trees, in that the highest density is generally within 1 m of the trunk. Values obtained in core samples in this study were 4.97 (± 0.43) cm/cm3 and 1.67 (± 0.45) cm/cm3 for 0–10 cm and 10–20 cm at 0.5 m from the trunk, and 2.34 and 1.08 cm/cm3, respectively, at 1 m from the trunk at Clunes. These values were similar to those obtained in separate studies in 1991–93, involving assessments at 5�cm depth increments down to 15 cm, where mean root length densities were 2.0–3.5 cm/cm3 and 1.3–1.9 cm/cm3 at 0–5 cm and 5–15 cm depth, respectively, 1.4 m from the trunk. Root length under old trees in bare soil at Dorroughby and Clunes, using minirhizotrons (0.25–0.40 cm/cm2) and soil cores (1.14 and 3.50 cm/cm3, respectively), was similar to that found at other sites in the study area (minirhizotrons 0.28–0.33 cm/cm2; soil cores 1.25–2.80 cm/cm3). There is an apparent lower rate of decrease in root length density with increasing distance from the trunk at 10–20 cm compared with 0–10 cm. New root growth occurred predominantly in autumn, but some new fibrous roots were produced in early winter and spring. Proteoid roots were found in abundance in soil cores and adjacent to minirhizotron tubes and there were more of them in the root systems of younger trees at Clunes than with older trees at Dorroughby. Proteoid roots were found at a greater depth than previously recorded for other Proteaceae species, and appeared to retain their function in relatively dry conditions for more than a year. Non-proteoid fibrous roots at the minirhizotron surface appeared to be functional for about 1.5 years in relatively dry conditions, before decay after the onset of wet soil conditions.The effects of 2 newly established perennial legume groundcovers on the root systems of younger and older macadamia trees were studied over 2.5 years. In general, the presence of groundcover either had no effect on the growth of the macadamia roots or increased the root length density at some sampling dates and some depths. At Clunes, where the proteoid root length density was higher than at Dorroughby, the presence of groundcover was associated with higher proteoid root length density than that with bare ground. Arachis pintoi cv. Amarillo generally had a lower root length density than Lotus pedunculatus.

Growth and development of Hippophae rhamnoides L. introduced in Absheron

2020 ◽  
Vol 02 (03) ◽  
pp. 35-38
Author(s):  
Kamala Arastun Sadigov ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Root System ◽  
System Development ◽  
Growth Dynamics ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Hippophae Rhamnoides ◽  
Seedling Morphology ◽  
Hippophaë Rhamnoides ◽  
Root System Development ◽  
Hippophae Rhamnoïdes L ◽  
Seed Propagation

The presented article provides seed propagation, seedling morphology and growth dynamics, root system development in connection with the introduction of Hippophae rhamnoides L. species found in our natural flora in Absheron. The study found that the species Hippophae rhamnoides L. is well adapted to the soil and climatic conditions of Absheron and can be grown in cultural conditions. Key words: Hippophae rhamnoides L., introdiction, seed, repoduction, morphology, dewelopment, root system

scholarly journals Heliotropism and water availability effects on flowering dynamics and seed production in Macroptilium lathyroides

2006 ◽  
Vol 28 (2) ◽  
pp. 45-52 ◽  
Author(s):  
Armando Martins dos Santos ◽  
Luis Mauro Gonçalves Rosa ◽  
Lucia Brandão Franke ◽  
Carlos Nabinger
Keyword(s):  
Seed Production ◽  
Water Availability ◽  
Yield Components ◽  
Seed Weight ◽  
Field Capacity ◽  
Leaf Movements ◽  
Independent Effects ◽  
Total Seed ◽  
Macroptilium Lathyroides ◽  
Response To Water

The experiment was carried out in pots in a glasshouse, with one plant per pot and nine repetitions per treatment. The treatments consisted of free or restricted leaves, submited to 90-100% or 60-70% soil field capacity (FC). Only independent effects of water availability or leaf movement were observed on yield components. Plants under well-watered conditions and with freely orienting leaves were taller, and had a larger number of ramifications. The greater development favored the setting of a higher number of inflorescences per plant in these treatments. This behavior resulted in a high number of flowers, green and mature legumes per plant, thus resulting in high seed production which was the most evident response to water availability. Although individual seed weight was higher in the water stress treatment, total seed production was higher for well-watered plants, with no statistically significant effect of leaf movements.

scholarly journals EFFECT OF IRRIGATION ON ROOT DEVELOPMENT OF COFFEE PLANTS

Irriga ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 24 (2) ◽  
pp. 378-391
Author(s):  
Marcelo Rossi Vicente ◽  
Everardo Chartuni Mantovani ◽  
André Luís Teixeira Fernandes ◽  
Júlio Cesar Lima Neves ◽  
Edmilson Marques Figueredo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Root System ◽  
Root Development ◽  
Coffea Arabica ◽  
Crop Yields ◽  
Root Length Density ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Minas Gerais ◽  
Root Weight ◽  
Coffee Plants ◽  
Coffea Arabica L

EFFECT OF IRRIGATION ON ROOT DEVELOPMENT OF COFFEE PLANTS     MARCELO ROSSI VICENTE1; EVERARDO CHARTUNI MANTOVANI2; ANDRÉ LUÍS TEIXEIRA FERNANDES3; JÚLIO CÉSAR LIMA NEVES4; EDMILSON MARQUES FIGUEREDO5 E FÁBIO TEIXEIRA DELAZARI6   1 Instituto Federal do Norte de Minas Gerais, Campus Salinas, Fazenda Varginha, Rodovia Salinas – Taiobeiras, Km 2, 39560-00, Salinas, Minas Gerais, Brasil, [email protected] 2 Departamento de Engenharia Agrícola e Ambiental, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Campus Universitário, Viçosa, 36570.900, Minas Gerais, Brasil, [email protected] 3 Universidade de Uberaba, Av. Nenê Sabino, n° 1801, 38055-500, Uberaba, Minas Gerais, Brasil, [email protected] 4 Departamento de Solos, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Campus Universitário, Viçosa, 36570-900, Minas Gerais, Brasil, [email protected] 5 Bahia Farm Show, Av. Ahylon Macedo, n° 919, 97810-035, Barreiras, Bahia, Brasil, [email protected] 6 Departamento de Fitotecnia, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Campus Universitário, Viçosa, 36570-900, Minas Gerais, Brasil, [email protected]     1 ABSTRACT   Increasing the development and deepening of the root system in coffee crops ensures higher water and nutrient uptakes as a result of improved soil utilization, ultimately leading to greater crop yields and longevity. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of irrigation levels on the root system of drip-irrigated coffee plants in western Bahia State (BA), Brazil. The experiment was carried out on Café do Rio Branco farm, located in Barreiras - BA, using adult plants (approximately 3.5 years old) of coffee variety Catuaí Vermelho IAC 144. The experiment was set up as a randomized block design with three treatments corresponding to the irrigation depths of 75, 100 and 150% as determined using Irriplus software. After the fourth harvest, the coffee root system was assessed to determine root length density (RLD) and root weight density (RWD) in different sampled layers. A greater concentration of roots (RLD and RWD) was observed in the surface layer (0-20 cm) and under the lateral line (at 30 and 70 cm from the orthotropic branch). The irrigation depth of 75% provided the highest concentration of roots (RLD and RWD) in the 0-10 cm layer.   Keywords: Drip irrigation, Coffea arabica L, root system.     VICENTE, M.R.; MANTOVANI, E.C.; FERNANDES, A.L.T.; NEVES, J.C.L.; FIGUEREDO, E.M.; DELAZARI, F.T EFEITO DA IRRIGAÇÃO NO DESENVOLVIMENTO RADICULAR DO CAFEEIRO     2 RESUMO   Um maior desenvolvimento e aprofundamento do sistema radicular garante ao cafezal um aumento da absorção de água e nutrientes devido a maior exploração do solo, com isto maior produtividade e longevidade da lavoura. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar os efeitos de diferentes lâminas de irrigação sobre o sistema radicular do cafeeiro irrigado por gotejamento na região Oeste da Bahia. Realizou-se o trabalho na fazenda Café do Rio Branco, localizada em Barreiras - BA em cafeeiros adultos, aproximadamente 3,5 anos de idade, da variedade Catuaí Vermelho IAC 144. O experimento ocorreu no delineamento em blocos casualizados, composto de 3 tratamentos, correspondentes à 75, 100 e 150% da lâmina de irrigação determinada pelo software Irriplus. Após a quarta safra, procedeu-se às avaliações do sistema radicular do cafeeiro, onde foi determinada a densidade de comprimento radicular - DCR e a densidade radicular – DR em diferentes camadas amostradas. Observou-se maior concentração de raízes, DCR e DR, na camada superficial (0-20 cm) e sob a linha lateral (30 e 70 cm de distância do ramo ortotrópico). A lâmina de irrigação correspondente a 75% proporcionou maior concentração de raízes (DCR e DR) na camada de 0 a 10 cm.   Palavras - chaves: Irrigação localizada, Coffea arábica L, sistema radicular

scholarly journals Evaluation of Vegetative Growth, Chemical Composition, and Antioxidant Capacity of Essential Oil of Peppermint Under Water Regimes

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 197
Author(s):  
Diogo Mendes da Silva ◽  
Suzan Kelly Vilela Bertolucci ◽  
Smail Aazza ◽  
Alexandre Alves de Carvalho ◽  
Simony Carvalho Mendonça ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Antioxidant Activity ◽  
Water Stress ◽  
Chemical Composition ◽  
Essential Oil ◽  
Water Availability ◽  
Vegetative Growth ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Field Capacity ◽  
Mentha Piperita

The purpose of the present work was to evaluate the vegetative growth of Mentha piperita L. cultivated under different water availability, as well its influence in content, chemical composition and in vitro antioxidant activity of its essential oil. Plants were propagated by mother plants microcutting and scions were transplanted to 5 L pots with soil and cattle manure. Afterward, were kept at field capacity for 30 days and under treatment for 40 days. It was treated with different levels of water deficit treatments: (T1): 100 of field capacity (FC); (T2): 80 of FC; (T3): 60 of FC; (T4) 40 of FC with 5 blocks. Vegetative growth was evaluated by dry matter contents of all part of plants and by root/aerial rate. The essential oil of the leaves was extracted by hydrodistillation, analyzed by GC-FID and GC-MS and in vitro antioxidant potential was evaluated. A significant decrease in the dry matter of leaves and stems accompanied with a decrease in the roots dry matter was observed with an increase in the water stress. Quantitative chemical differences were observed in the chemical composition of the essential oil, according water availability. Total antioxidant activity showed a gradual increase as water stress progressed.

scholarly journals ROOT SYSTEM IN MAIZE PLANTS CULTIVATED UNDER WATER DEFICIT AND APPLICATION OF CHITOSAN

2020 ◽  
Vol 19 ◽  
pp. 11
Author(s):  
LORENA GABRIELA ALMEIDA ◽  
EDER MARCOS DA SILVA ◽  
PAULO CÉSAR MAGALHÃES ◽  
DÉCIO KARAM ◽  
CAROLINE OLIVEIRA DOS REIS ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Plant Growth ◽  
Root System ◽  
Water Deficit ◽  
Water Availability ◽  
Agricultural Production ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Flowering Stage ◽  
Specific Behavior ◽  
Maize Plants ◽  
Corn Plants

Low water availability is characterized as an abiotic stressthat limits the agricultural production. Due to the physical and chemicalcharacteristics of the chitosan (CHT), this substance might stimulatephysiological responses on plants to tolerate the water deficit. In this sense,we submitted corn plants to water deficit and application of chitosan on theleaves (140 mg/L) during pre flowering stage. It were analyzed two cornhybrids genotypes contrasting for water deficit tolerance: DKB 390 (tolerant)and BRS1010 (sensitive). Then, we performed evaluations on the rootsystem and production components. Corn plants submitted to the applicationof chitosan presented a specific behavior: when compared the hybrids,the tolerant one presented a root system that was more developed and anexpressive agronomical yield. These results highlight the fact that the chitosanstimulates plant growth, enhancing their root system and contributing toincrease the availability and absorption of water and nutrients. The chitosanpresents a potential to reduce the negative effects of water deficit on the rootsystems, without compromising the agronomical yield.

scholarly journals Growth of and partitioning between shoot and storage root of carrot in a northern climate

2000 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 49-59 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. SUOJALA
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Area ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Yield Potential ◽  
High Yield ◽  
Root Weight ◽  
Leaf Production ◽  
Relative Growth Rates ◽  
Yield Production ◽  
Northern Climate

Matching the growth pattern of a vegetable cultivar with the seasonal changes in climate is a prerequisite for successful yield production in a northern climate. This paper describes the growth characteristics of two carrot cultivars in relation to climatic conditions in two years, with special reference to the factors associated with high yield. Cv. Fontana produced twice as large a leaf area and shoot weight as cv. Panther. Increased partitioning to shoot in the former cultivar also resulted in a higher root yield. Uniformity in relative growth rates during the period of analysis suggests that intervarietal differences in the shoot to root ratio and in the yield potential appear very early. Nearly half of the root weight at final harvest was gained after mid-August, when temperature and daily irradiance began to decrease. A large leaf area may ensure better utilisation of diminishing growth resources at the end of the growing season. In the more favourable growing season, 1997, plants invested more in leaf production than they did in 1996: shoot fresh and dry weights were considerably higher but leaf area was not much higher.;

Microtopographic refugia against drought in temperate forests: Lower water availability but more extensive fine root system in mounds than in pits

2020 ◽  
Vol 476 ◽  
pp. 118439
Author(s):  
Florence Tauc ◽  
Daniel Houle ◽  
Angélique Dupuch ◽  
Frédérik Doyon ◽  
Audrey Maheu
Keyword(s):  
Root System ◽  
Water Availability ◽  
Fine Root ◽  
Temperate Forests
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