Phialophora and Phialophora-Like Fungi Occurring in the Root Region of Wheat

1975 ◽  
Vol 23 (1) ◽  
pp. 193 ◽  
Author(s):  
K Sivasithamparam
Keyword(s):  
Western Australia ◽  
Gaeumannomyces Graminis ◽  
Wheat Seedlings ◽  
Wheat Field ◽  
Root Region ◽  
Field Soils ◽  
Australian Wheat ◽  
Western Australian ◽  
Gaeumannomyces Graminis Var Tritici

Fungi belonging to the genera Phialophora and Rhinocladiella have been encountered in the root region of wheat in Western Australia. P. verrucosa, P. cyclaminis, P. fastigiata, P. malorum, P. hoffmannii, P, mutabilis, P. lignicola, the Phialophora state of Gaeumannomyces graminis, and some i solates which could not be matched with any described species of the genus Phialophora are described. P. malorum, P. fastigiata and P. hoffmannii (strain WUFG 1.481) each reduced the pathogenicity of Gaeumannomyces graminis var. tritici to wheat seedlings growing in unsterilized sand, when inoculated along with it. Rhinocladiella mansonii is very common in Western Australian wheat-field soils, but the strains are highly variable. Strains of the fungus R , pedrosoi, which is usually associated with chromo-blastomycosis in man, have also been isolated. It is possible that both these species of Rhinocladiella, even though they are known to have strains pathogenic to man and animals, are not pathogenic but live only as soil saprophytes.

Biological suppression of the saprophytic growth of Gaeumannomyces graminis var. tritici in soil

1987 ◽  
Vol 33 (6) ◽  
pp. 515-519 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Simon ◽  
K. Sivasithamparam ◽  
G. C. MacNish
Keyword(s):  
Disease Severity ◽  
Gaeumannomyces Graminis ◽  
Seminal Root ◽  
Adjacent Area ◽  
Wheat Seedlings ◽  
Γ Radiation ◽  
Filter Membrane ◽  
History Of ◽  
Gaeumannomyces Graminis Var Tritici ◽  
Take All

The biological suppression of the saprophytic growth of Gaeumannomyces graminis var. tritici in soil in the absence of host roots appeared to be related to suppression of take-all disease of wheat seedlings. When soil collected from a plot which in 1984 and 1985 had grown wheat continuously for 7 and 8 years, respectively, was added at a level of 1% (w/w) to the same soil treated by γ-radiation, saprophytic growth of pigmented hyphae of G. graminis var. tritici on a filter membrane in a soil sandwich was suppressed relative to that occurring in irradiated soil. A soil of the same type from an adjacent area with a history of cereal–pasture alternate rotation did not significantly suppress saprophytic growth of G. graminis var. tritici. Biological suppression of disease of wheat caused by G. graminis var. tritici was tested in a pot bioassay by adding the same two soils, collected in 1985, at a level of 1% (w/w) to fumigated sand infested with oat kernels axenically colonized by the pathogen. Disease severity, measured as the percentage of the seminal root axes with discoloured stele, was reduced by 42 and 6% with the addition of continuous wheat and cereal–pasture rotation soils, respectively, to infested sand, compared with disease severity in unamended, infested sand alone.

Calcined rock phosphate as fertilizer for pasture and cereal production in Western Australia

1969 ◽  
Vol 9 (36) ◽  
pp. 99 ◽  
Author(s):  
MG Mason ◽  
WJ Cox
Keyword(s):  
Low Temperature ◽  
Western Australia ◽  
Rock Phosphate ◽  
Sandy Loam ◽  
Annual Rainfall ◽  
Research Station ◽  
Christmas Island ◽  
Cereal Production ◽  
Australian Wheat ◽  
Western Australian

Calcined rock phosphate is prepared by low temperature (500�F) calcination of 'C' grade Christmas Island rock phosphate that is unsuitable for superphosphate production. It was compared with superphosphate and with mixtures of superphosphate and calcined rock phosphate for pasture and cereal production at two sites in the 12-18 in. annual rainfall zone of the Western Australian wheat belt. At equivalent levels of applied phosphorus, superphosphate was a better fertilizer than calcined rock phosphate over the two years of the trials. There was evidence that the phosphorus in superphosphate was less available when mixtures of superphosphate and calcined rock phosphate were applied, than when superphosphate was applied alone. A pasture response to sulphur occurred at Chapman Research Station on a red-brown sandy loam. There was no response to sulphur by cereals.

scholarly journals Genetic Diversity and Biological Control Activity of Novel Species of Closely Related Pseudomonads Isolated from Wheat Field Soils in South Australia

2000 ◽  
Vol 66 (4) ◽  
pp. 1609-1616 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ian L. Ross ◽  
Younes Alami ◽  
Paul R. Harvey ◽  
Wafa Achouak ◽  
Maarten H. Ryder
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Diversity ◽  
Biological Control ◽  
Novel Species ◽  
Acid Methyl Ester ◽  
South Australia ◽  
Gaeumannomyces Graminis ◽  
Control Activity ◽  
Wheat Field ◽  
Field Soils ◽  
Take All

ABSTRACT Rhizobacteria closely related to two recently described species of pseudomonads, Pseudomonas brassicacearum andPseudomonas thivervalensis, were isolated from two geographically distinct wheat field soils in South Australia. Isolation was undertaken by either selective plating or immunotrapping utilizing a polyclonal antibody raised against P. brassicacearum. A subset of 42 isolates were characterized by amplified 16S ribosomal DNA restriction analysis (ARDRA), BIOLOG analysis, and gas chromatography-fatty acid methyl ester (GC-FAME) analysis and separated into closely related phenetic groups. More than 75% of isolates tested by ARDRA were found to have >95% similarity to either Pseudomonas corrugata or P. brassicacearum-P. thivervalensis type strains, and all isolates had >90% similarity to either type strain. BIOLOG and GC-FAME clustering showed a >70% match to ARDRA profiles. Strains representing different ARDRA groups were tested in two soil types for biological control activity against the soilborne plant pathogen Gaeumannomyces graminis var. tritici, the causative agent of take-all of wheat and barley. Three isolates out of 11 significantly reduced take-all-induced root lesions on wheat plants grown in a red-brown earth soil. Only one strain, K208, was consistent in reducing disease symptoms in both the acidic red-brown earth and a calcareous sandy loam. Results from this study indicate that P. brassicacearum and P. thivervalensis are present in Australian soils and that a level of genetic diversity exists within these two novel species but that this diversity does not appear to be related to geographic distribution. The result of the glasshouse pot trial suggests that some isolates of these species may have potential as biological control agents for plant disease.

scholarly journals Pathogenicity of Gaeumannomyces graminis var tritici increased by nitrogen applied to soil to enhance the decomposition rate of wheat residues

2016 ◽  
Vol 69 ◽  
pp. 111-119
Author(s):  
R.F. Van_Toor ◽  
R.C. Butler ◽  
M. Braithwaite ◽  
D. Bienkowski ◽  
W. Qiu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Decomposition Rate ◽  
Dna Analysis ◽  
Crop Residues ◽  
Gaeumannomyces Graminis ◽  
Wheat Crop ◽  
Soil Cores ◽  
Wheat Seedlings ◽  
Soil Inoculum ◽  
Original Mass ◽  
Gaeumannomyces Graminis Var Tritici

Soil cores removed after harvest of a wheat crop infected with the fungus Gaeumannomyces graminis var tritici (Ggt) were amended with nitrogen and fungal saprophytes to increase decay of crop residues and subsequently reduce soil inoculum The cores were treated with one application of 50 kg nitrogen (N) per ha Trichoderma strains or both Cores were assessed 0 2 4 and 7 months after harvest At 7 months the crop residues had decayed to a third of their original mass with the decay not influenced by the treatments DNA analysis confirmed Ggt DNA was present in the stubble stems crowns and roots The pathogenicity of Ggt was increased by N as shown by a 5 to 8fold increase in takeall severity in indicator wheat seedlings planted in the Ntreated cores 2 to 4 months after harvest compared with those without N Ggt remained viable in all treatments to infect wheat seedlings 7 months after harvest

Effects of Certain Isolates of Bacteria and Actinomycetes on Gaeumannomyces graminis var. tritici and Take-All of Wheat

1978 ◽  
Vol 26 (6) ◽  
pp. 773 ◽  
Author(s):  
K Sivasithamparam ◽  
CA Parker
Keyword(s):  
Gaeumannomyces Graminis ◽  
Fluorescent Pseudomonads ◽  
Wheat Seedlings ◽  
Apparent Correlation ◽  
Test Organisms ◽  
Unsterile Soil ◽  
Shoot Weight ◽  
Gaeumannomyces Graminis Var Tritici ◽  
Take All

Five isolates each of actinomycetes, bacteria and fluorescent pseudomonads from the roots of wheat were tested for antagonism against Gaeumannomyces graminis var. tritici on agar and in sterile and unsterile soil. There was no apparent correlation between the tests. Effects on the growth of the take-all fungus (TAF) on agar ranged from nil to various degrees of colony deformation and/or inhibition. In a sterile sandy subsoil growing wheat seedlings, all except one isolate had no effect on disease production by a straw inoculum of the TAF. In an unsterile soil, however, measurements of shoot weight indicated that disease was reduced by all five isolates of bacteria singly and in mixture and by four of the five isolates of actinomycetes and a mixture of all five. Although a mixture of all five isolates of fluorescent pseudomonads reduced the disease, none of them produced a similar effect when tested singly. In the absence of the pathogen none of the test organisms significantly increased the shoot weight of wheat.

scholarly journals Bioassay of Undisturbed Soil Cores for the Presence of Gaeumannomyces Graminis Var. Tritici

1973 ◽  
Vol 26 (6) ◽  
pp. 1267 ◽  
Author(s):  
GC Mac Nish ◽  
RL Dodman ◽  
NT Flentje
Keyword(s):  
Main Parameter ◽  
Gaeumannomyces Graminis ◽  
Soil Cores ◽  
Undisturbed Soil ◽  
Wheat Seedlings ◽  
The Core ◽  
Plant Remains ◽  
Undisturbed Soil Cores ◽  
Gaeumannomyces Graminis Var Tritici ◽  
Take All

The presence of viable G. graminis var. tritici in field soil was detected by a bioassay. Wheat seedlings were grown in undisturbed soil cores maintained under standard conditions for 4 weeks. The percentage of roots infected per core was the main parameter chosen to give an estimate of the level of G. graminis var. tritici inoculum in the core. Some variability between cores from the same site was observed, but this could be reduced by taking cores over plant remains within take-all patches. In this way, high and reasonably uniform levels of inoculum could be obtained to study the effect of various treatments on the incidence of G. graminis var. trifici.

Influence of weight of seed on hyphal growth of the take-all pathogen, Gaeumannomyces graminis var. tritici, in wheat roots grown in sand culture

1987 ◽  
Vol 27 (4) ◽  
pp. 559 ◽  
Author(s):  
L Penrose
Keyword(s):  
Hyphal Growth ◽  
Gaeumannomyces Graminis ◽  
Sand Culture ◽  
Wheat Roots ◽  
Wheat Seedlings ◽  
Seminal Roots ◽  
Linear Manner ◽  
Inner Cortex ◽  
Gaeumannomyces Graminis Var Tritici ◽  
Complex Manner

This study examined extent of hyphal growth of Gaeumannomyces graminis var. tritici (Ggt) in seminal roots of wheat seedlings grown from seed of varying weight (12-60 mg). Hyphal invasion, measured microscopically in the inner cortex, endodermis and stele of root sections and in the early formation of stelar lesions, was found to be influenced in a complex manner by weight of seed. As weight of seed was increased, invasion of the inner cortex decreased linearly while invasion of stelar tissue varied in a non linear manner. These findings show that weight of seed must be considered when comparing levels of infection in seedlings of different cultivars of wheat.

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