Temperature and Other Climatic Influences on Shoot Development and Growth of Eucalyptus regnans

1975 ◽  
Vol 23 (1) ◽  
pp. 27 ◽  
Author(s):  
KW Cremer
Keyword(s):  
Growth And Development ◽  
Shoot Growth ◽  
Climatic Factors ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Height Growth ◽  
Shoot Development ◽  
Positive Relation ◽  
Eucalyptus Regnans ◽  
Air Temperatures ◽  
Growth Of Seedlings

The growth and development of shoots of Eucalyptus regnans F. Muell. trees up to 8 m tall growing in their natural environment in central Tasmania were studied continuously for 3 years and related to climatic factors. The influences of temperature were further investigated by experiments with seedlings in a phytotron. Height growth was practically nil in winter and greatest in summer. Throughout the year weekly rates of height growth were closely related to weekly mean maximum air temperatures, increasing from nil or slight at 10�C to peak rates at the highest temperatures experienced (25°). Substantial diameter increments were observed in all seasons and their relation to temperature was relatively weak. There was no positive relation between weekly growth in height or diameter and weekly precipitation. Bud and shoot growth were characterized by continuity of development of all organs throughout the growing season. The youngest of the leaves and internodes which had emerged before winter from the bud resumed growth in spring, but did not reach the lengths achieved by those leaves and internodes which emerged from the bud after winter. It was only by this morphological feature that the boundaries of the annual shoot were identifiable. In agreement with the field observations, the growth of seedlings in glasshouses was found to be slow at day/night air temperatures of 10/5°C and to increase steeply with temperatures to 24/19°. Amongst the notable morphogenic influences associated with increasing temperatures in the glasshouses were poorer root development relative to top growth, thinner and smaller but more numerous leaves, and shorter and more numerous internodes. The elongation of individual leaves and internodes was faster but considerably less prolonged as temperatures increased. The E. regnans seedlings tested failed to prove thermoperiodically sensitive. It is concluded that the dormancy in shoot development observed in the field during winter is due to quiescence imposed by low temperatures, and that in the Tasmanian environment the pattern of growth and development of the vegetative shoots of E. regnans is directly and predominantly controlled by air temperatures throughout the year.

Comparison of growth and physiology of layers and naturally established seedlings of black spruce in a boreal cutover in Quebec

1999 ◽  
Vol 29 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Raynald Paquin ◽  
Hank A Margolis ◽  
René Doucet ◽  
Marie R Coyea
Keyword(s):  
Water Potential ◽  
Picea Mariana ◽  
Black Spruce ◽  
Net Photosynthesis ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Height Growth ◽  
Total Height ◽  
Acclimation Period ◽  
Use Efficiency ◽  
Growth Of Seedlings

Growth and physiology of layers versus naturally established seedlings of boreal black spruce (Picea mariana (Mill.) BSP) were compared 15 years after a cutover in Quebec. During the first 8 years, height growth of seedlings was greater than that of layers, averaging 10.4 and 7.0 cm/year, respectively. For the last 5 years, annual height growth of layers and seedlings did not differ (25 cm/year; p > 0.05). Over the entire 15-year period, total height growth of seedlings (251 cm) was greater than that of layers (220 cm), although total height did not differ (p > 0.05) over the last 6 years. During the 15th growing season, there were no differences (p > 0.05) for predawn shoot water potential, stomatal conductance, net photosynthesis, intercellular to ambient CO2 ratio, water use efficiency, and hydraulic conductance between layers and seedlings. For diurnal shoot water potential, seedlings showed slightly less stress than layers on two of the four sampling dates. Thus, in the first few years following the cutover, the slower growth observed for layers indicated that they had a longer acclimation period following the cutover. Afterwards, similar height growth, total height, and physiological characteristics of the two regeneration types indicated that layers can perform as well as naturally established seedlings.

scholarly journals Growth and Flowering of Crapemyrtle in Response to Tree Shelters

2006 ◽  
Vol 24 (3) ◽  
pp. 155-159
Author(s):  
K.M. Brooks ◽  
G.J. Keever ◽  
J.E. Altland ◽  
J.L. Sibley
Keyword(s):  
Growing Season ◽  
Height Growth ◽  
Shoot Development ◽  
Lateral Shoot ◽  
Tree Form ◽  
Tree Shelters

Abstract Tree shelters were evaluated as a means of accelerating height growth of tree-form crapemyrtles. In two experiments, Dynamite™ grown in shelters were 124 and 48% taller at the end of the growing season, while shelter-grown ‘Potomac’ were 61 and 50% taller. Height of ‘Tuscarora’ was not affected by tree shelters. In the first experiment calipers of sheltered and non-sheltered ‘Tuscarora’ and Dynamite™ were similar at the end of the season, while caliper of ‘Potomac’ was 35% less when grown in shelters. In the second experiment there were no caliper differences between sheltered and unsheltered Dynamite™ or ‘Potomac’ at the end of the growing season. All plants grown in tree shelters flowered later than unsheltered plants and had visibly straighter, more upright trunks with minimal lateral shoot development.

scholarly journals THE GROWTH AND ABSORPTION OF NUTRIENTS BY FERTILIZED AND UNFERTILIZED WHITE SPRUCE SEEDLINGS

1966 ◽  
Vol 42 (2) ◽  
pp. 127-136 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. A. Armson
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Growth And Development ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
White Spruce ◽  
Height Growth ◽  
Relative Growth ◽  
Uptake Rates ◽  
Abrupt Changes ◽  
Growth Development

A study was made of the effects of fertilizer additions on the growth and development of white spruce seedlings during their second growing season. In terms of dry weight increment, unfertilized trees grew for only two-thirds of the total growing season available as compared with fertilized trees. The relative growth rate curve for the fertilized trees was smooth with none of the abrupt changes which marked the curve for the unfertilized trees. The pattern of height growth was changed for seedlings which were fertilized. Nutrient uptake rates particularly for phosphorus were different under the two treatments and it is suggested that these differences were related to different patterns of height growth development and root extension.

The Seasonal Growth of Eucalyptus regnans F. Muell

1975 ◽  
Vol 23 (2) ◽  
pp. 239 ◽  
Author(s):  
DH Ashton
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rates ◽  
Late Summer ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Day Length ◽  
Maximum Diameter ◽  
Main Peak ◽  
Daily Maximum ◽  
Eucalyptus Regnans ◽  
Air Temperatures ◽  
The Mean

At Wallaby Creek, Vic. (altitude 670 m), Eucalyptus regnans seedlings 1-6 m in height usually commence growth in early September, reach maximum growth in midsummer and cease growing in late May. The active growing season when shoot growth exceeds 12 mm per month is 7-9½. months. Slow growth occurs in midwinter in Melbourne (altitude 47 m) and is not affected by day length. The growth rates of seedlings of associated understorey species are, in descending order of magnitude: Acacia dealbata, E. vegnans, Prostantheva lasianthos, Pomadevvis aspeva, Acacia melanoxylon. Their growth periods are similar, except for that of A. melanoxylon which is much shorter. Leaves of E. regnans mature in 2½-3½ months. In larger seedlings some of the leaves produced are initiated during the growing season. The size of the mature leaf depends partly on the season of its emergence. In winter and spring, die-back of apical shoots occurs in most seedlings owing to weevil attack and fungal infection. Insects may severely damage young leaves, but rapid recovery in full light takes place by the development of axillary and accessory buds. Maximum diameter growth rates tend to occur in November just prior to the main peak of shoot extension. Further increases in diameter may occur in April, and slight shrinkage may take place in late summer and midwinter. The period of active growth can be correlated with the period over which the air temperatures at 1.3 m above ground exceed a daily mean of 5.0-7.5°C, a daily maximum of 12.8° and a weekly maximum exceeding 15.5°. Growth,resumption may be delayed until weekly minimum air tempera- tures rise above - 2°. The mean temperatures at 1.3 m are roughly the mean of air temperatures from the top and base of the shoot. The mean temperatures at the mean commencement and cessation of growth differ by only 0.6-1.6°C, whereas the day length differs by 1½ hr. Growth rates correlate strongly with mean temperatures (particularly mean maximum tempera- tures) in spring and early summer. The wide deviations which occur in late summer and early autumn may be attributable to depletion of soil water reserves.

Effects of a triazole, uniconazol, on shoot elongation and root growth in loblolly pine

1992 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-4 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. D. Barnes ◽  
W. D. Kelley
Keyword(s):  
Aqueous Solution ◽  
Root Growth ◽  
Loblolly Pine ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Seed Orchard ◽  
Shoot Elongation ◽  
Height Growth ◽  
Phytotoxic Effects ◽  
Growth Of Seedlings

Uniconazol, applied in an aqueous solution to 3-year-old loblolly pine (Pinustaeda L.) at the soil–stem interface, decreased height growth by up to 55% after one growing season without phytotoxic effects. Results suggest that uniconazol may be useful in controlling height growth of seedlings and seed-orchard trees. The triazoles uniconazol, paclobutrazol, and BAS011106W were tested for effects on loblolly pine root growth. Root-applied uniconazol consistently increased root growth of 1-year-old seedlings. At 100 mg•L−1, uniconazol increased the number of new roots and survival by 47 and 19%, respectively. The increase in survival of uniconazol-treated seedlings was not statistically significant, but the tendency is encouraging.

scholarly journals The Response of Muskmelon Growth and Development to Microclimate Modification by Shelterbelts

HortScience ◽  
1999 ◽  
Vol 34 (1) ◽  
pp. 64-68 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dongsheng Zhang ◽  
James R. Brandle ◽  
Kenneth G. Hubbard ◽  
Laurie Hodges ◽  
Entin Daningsih
Keyword(s):  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Wind Speed ◽  
Relative Humidity ◽  
Growth And Development ◽  
Agricultural Research ◽  
Growth Parameters ◽  
Female Flower ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Dry Matter Accumulation ◽  
Air Temperatures

The relationships between shelterbelt (tree windbreak)-induced microclimate and muskmelon (Cucumis melo L.) growth and development were investigated at the Univ. of Nebraska-Lincoln Agricultural Research and Development Center near Mead, Nebr., during the 1992 and 1993 growing seasons. Wind speed, wind direction, air and soil temperatures, relative humidity, and soil moisture were monitored in both sheltered and nonsheltered areas. Plant growth parameters (plant height, vine length, plant dry weight, and leaf area) were measured at various stages of development. Shelterbelts provided improved growing conditions for muskmelon transplants. Direct wind damage and duration of higher wind speeds were reduced 47% to 56% in sheltered areas. Air temperatures in sheltered areas were slightly higher during daytime and slightly lower at night, and significantly so early in the growing season. Relative humidity was increased significantly in sheltered areas in 1992 and, while higher in 1993, the difference was nonsignificant. Soil moisture content was not affected significantly by wind protection. Sheltered plants exhibited earlier development and faster growth. The first female flower appeared 2 days earlier in sheltered areas in both years. The first fruit set, as indicated by fruit swelling and retention on the vine, occurred 6 days earlier and matured 5 and 6 days earlier in sheltered areas in 1992 and 1993, respectively. Leaf areas and dry-matter accumulation of sheltered plants were greater than those of exposed plants. The shoot relative growth rate of sheltered plants increased earlier in the growing season, but decreased slightly later in the growing season. The earlier development and faster growth of sheltered plants were related mainly to the reduction of wind speed, higher total accumulated air temperatures during the daylight hours (sum of daily average daytime air temperatures based on hourly averages), and higher soil temperature in sheltered areas. Total yields were not affected significantly in either year; however, early yields were significantly greater in sheltered areas in 1993. If earlier maturity and increased yield are possible in large sheltered fields, this practice would provide an economic benefit to producers.

scholarly journals Cold and Hot Rhizome Storage Affects Growth and Flowering of Ornamental Gingers

HortScience ◽  
2004 ◽  
Vol 39 (4) ◽  
pp. 882E-883
Author(s):  
Maria P. Paz* ◽  
Jeff S. Kuehny ◽  
Richard Criley
Keyword(s):  
Cold Storage ◽  
Growth And Development ◽  
Shoot Growth ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Peat Moss ◽  
Cut Flowers ◽  
Storage Organs ◽  
Primary Means ◽  
Treatment Application ◽  
Short Days

Ornamental gingers are popular cut flowers and have been promoted as a promising potted flower crop because of unique foliage, long-lasting colorful bracts, and few pest problems. Rhizomes are the primary means of propagation in late spring followed by shoot growth and flowering, and plants enter dormancy under short days in the fall. Termination of dormancy is important for greenhouse forcing and extending the growing season. Dormancy of storage organs can be terminated prematurely by temperature. Rhizomes of three ginger species (Curcuma alismatifolia Gagnep., C. cordata L., and Globba winittii C.H. Wright) were stored for 0,1, or 2 weeks at 10 or 15 °C followed by 0,1, or 2 weeks at 25, 30, or 35 °C to determine the effect on growth and flowering. Upon completion of treatment application, rhizomes were planted in a peat moss: bark: perlite mix and placed in a greenhouse with 25 °C day/21 °C night temperatures with 40% shade. Rhizome cold storage in combination with hot storage affected growth and development of ornamental gingers. Days to emergence (DTE) and days to flower (DTF) for Globba were hastened when rhizomes were stored for 3 weeks at 15 °C followed by 3 weeks at 30 °C. For C. alismatifolia, DTE and DTF were hastened when rhizomes were stored for 3 weeks at 10 °C followed by 3 weeks at 30 °C. For C. cordata, DTE and DTF were hastened with rhizome storage of 2 weeks at 10 °C followed by 3 weeks at 35 °C.

CULTIVATION TECHNOLOGY ELEMENTS INFLUENCE ON NEW SPRING BARLEY BREWING VARIETIES YIELDS

1970 ◽  
pp. 21-25
Author(s):  
O. A. Artyukhova ◽  
O. V. Gladysheva ◽  
V. A. Svirina
Keyword(s):  
Growth And Development ◽  
Spring Barley ◽  
Photosynthetic Apparatus ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Biological Indicators ◽  
Mineral Fertilizers ◽  
Mass Growth ◽  
Green Mass ◽  
Yield Structure ◽  
Cultivation Technology

The effect of applying various norms of mineral fertilizers on the biological indicators of crop plants during their growth and development in the Central non-black earth region in 2017-2019 was studied on the varieties of spring barley Vladimir, Reliable and Yaromir.such indicators as plant height, photosynthetic apparatus area, green mass growth, and elements of the yield structure were Studied. It was revealed that on average during the growing season, when the norms of mineral fertilizers were increased, the area of leaf plates increased and, as a result, the increase in green mass growth relative to the control variants increased by 56.3 % at (NРК)30, 82.3 % at (NРК)60, and 126.7 % at (NРК)90. The introduction of mineral fertilizers also influenced the formation of the crop structure. There was an increase in the tillering coefficient of varieties by 15.7%, 5.7 % and 21.3 % (Vladimir, Reliable and Yaromir, respectively) relative to the control, an increase in the number of grains in the ear from 15.1 to 22.4 PCs., the weight of 1000 grains from 48.0 to 55.7 g. and the weight of grain per ear from 0.7 to 1.2 g. There was a strong correlation between the doses of mineral fertilizers and the grain yield from + 0.80 to +1.0, and the variability was calculated.      

scholarly journals Past and future snowmelt trends in the Swiss Alps: the role of temperature and snowpack

2021 ◽  
Vol 165 (3-4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Maria Vorkauf ◽  
Christoph Marty ◽  
Ansgar Kahmen ◽  
Erika Hiltbrunner
Keyword(s):  
Snow Depth ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
High Elevation ◽  
Alpine Plants ◽  
Swiss Alps ◽  
Climate Change Scenarios ◽  
Freezing Damage ◽  
Strong Shift ◽  
Air Temperatures ◽  
Early Snowmelt

AbstractThe start of the growing season for alpine plants is primarily determined by the date of snowmelt. We analysed time series of snow depth at 23 manually operated and 15 automatic (IMIS) stations between 1055 and 2555 m asl in the Swiss Central Alps. Between 1958 and 2019, snowmelt dates occurred 2.8 ± 1.3 days earlier in the year per decade, with a strong shift towards earlier snowmelt dates during the late 1980s and early 1990s, but non-significant trends thereafter. Snowmelt dates at high-elevation automatic stations strongly correlated with snowmelt dates at lower-elevation manual stations. At all elevations, snowmelt dates strongly depended on spring air temperatures. More specifically, 44% of the variance in snowmelt dates was explained by the first day when a three-week running mean of daily air temperatures passed a 5 °C threshold. The mean winter snow depth accounted for 30% of the variance. We adopted the effects of air temperature and snowpack height to Swiss climate change scenarios to explore likely snowmelt trends throughout the twenty-first century. Under a high-emission scenario (RCP8.5), we simulated snowmelt dates to advance by 6 days per decade by the end of the century. By then, snowmelt dates could occur one month earlier than during the reference periods (1990–2019 and 2000–2019). Such early snowmelt may extend the alpine growing season by one third of its current duration while exposing alpine plants to shorter daylengths and adding a higher risk of freezing damage.

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