Studies on the origin, evolution and distribution of the Gramineae. IV. The genus Poa L

1961 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 152 ◽  
Author(s):  
W Hartley
Keyword(s):  
Climatic Factors ◽  
Close Association ◽  
The United States ◽  
Species Differentiation ◽  
Mountainous Regions ◽  
Centre Of Origin ◽  
Stage Of Development ◽  
High Stage ◽  
The World ◽  
The Tropics

Studies of the regional and global distribution of the genus Poa L, show that it reaches its highest relative specific differentiation in regions of high latitude and high altitude. The genus is absent or rare in the tropics, except in mountainous regions, but constitutes more than 15% of the grass flora of Alaska, Iceland, Kamchatka, and the high Pamir Mountains. There is a close association between the occurrence of high percentage frequencies of species of Poa and cool summer temperatures. In the United States the 75DF mid-summer (July) isotherm effectively demarcates those regions in which Poa spp. form more than 5% of the grass flora from those in which they constitute a smaller percentage. A similar relationship between percentage frequency and mid-summer temperature is found in most other parts of the world. Climatic factors other than temperature seem to have little influence on the distribution of Poa. It is concluded that the genus has attained a high stage of development in nearly all parts of the world to which it is climatically adapted. The evidence does not permit firm conclusions about the centre of origin of the genus, but it has a major centre of species differentiation in the mountain and plateau region of central Asia. It is probably monophyletic, and has had a long evolutionary history in the course of which it has spread through regions now separated by topographical or climatic barriers.

Second Century of the Communist Party of China and New Bipolarity

2021 ◽  
Vol 65 (7) ◽  
pp. 25-33
Author(s):  
V. Mikheev ◽  
S. Lukonin
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
The United States ◽  
100Th Anniversary ◽  
Second Century ◽  
Transport Infrastructure ◽  
The West ◽  
Chinese Leadership ◽  
Stage Of Development ◽  
The World

Linking the 100th anniversary of the CPC, celebrated in 2021, with long-term goals, the Chinese leadership is talking about the country’s entry into the next stage of development – the stage of the “second century of the CPC.” The 14th plan for the socio-economic development of the country for 2021–2025, adopted in March 2021 and long-range objectives through 2035 are seen as the first steps in a new round of China’s evolution. According to the Chinese leadership, the goals of the first century have been largely achieved. Now China faces more ambitious tasks: 1) achieve socialist modernization by 2035, doubling its GDP per capita to the level of an average developed country; 2) to reach the German or Japanese level of industrial and innovative development by 2050; 3) to ensure the innovative and scientific and technological self-sufficiency of China in order to get away from the current technological dependence on the United States and the West in general, which, in the opinion of the Chinese leadership, poses a threat to the national security of the PRC; 4) to create by 2027 (100th anniversary of the PLA) a strong modern army; 5) Ensure China’s global leadership by the 100th anniversary of the founding of the PRC in 2049. The peculiarities of the new 14th five-year plan include the absence of targets for GDP growth rates for 2021–2025. The benchmark will now be set every year. For example, for 2021, this indicator is set in the highly redundant formulation “6 percent or more”. Beijing records the nearing transition from quantitative planning to qualitative planning. The aggravation of relations between China and the United States under the Biden administration and Beijing’s retaliatory, in a new way, actions in almost all areas, from ideology to security and defense, in the near future will change the global balance of power and lead to the formation of a “new bipolarity” implying in the context of globalization, that in addition to the two new planetary “poles” in the world, regional and subregional centers of power will persist and develop, forming, as saying in China, modern “polycentricity”. Against such a background, the “new bipolarity” will be characterized not only by a direct clash of Chinese and American interests, but also by a struggle for dominance, influence, and alliance with the leaders of the “polycentric world.” Within the framework of the “new bipolarity”, the United States is strengthening relations with allies, opposing the “democratic economy” of the West to the “authoritarianism of China”. The concept of financing by the West of the world transport infrastructure of a “democratic sense” as opposed to the “authoritarian” Chinese “Belt and Road” is put forward. In the reciprocal steps of China to attract partners to the “Chinese pole”, the main place is given to Russia, relations with which are characterized as “exemplary” for the whole world. At the same time, there is an opinion among Chinese experts that “excessive rapprochement” with Russia is unprofitable for China, since for Russia, as well as for the United States, China is not only a partner, but also a “strategic competitor.” China has become the main Russian trade and economic partner, in many directions it has turned into an uncontested supplier. At the same time, the “Sino-Russian Comprehensive Partnership in a New Era” contains many tactical and long-term problems.

Studies on the origin, evolution, and distribution of the Gramineae. II. The tribe Paniceae

1958 ◽  
Vol 6 (4) ◽  
pp. 343 ◽  
Author(s):  
W Hartley
Keyword(s):  
Climatic Factors ◽  
The United States ◽  
Western Hemisphere ◽  
Annual Rainfall ◽  
Large Measure ◽  
Eastern Hemisphere ◽  
North Eastern ◽  
Close Relationship ◽  
Present Distribution ◽  
The Tropics

A world distribution map of the tribe Paniceae has been prepared, based on the percentage frequency of species of Paniceae in the total grass flora of each region. The map shows that relative specific differentiation is higher in the western hemisphere than in the eastern hemisphere, and that there is a zone of maximum concentration in north-eastern South America. The significance of this distribution pattern is discussed, and it is shown that the taxonomic evidence does not support a New World origin for the tribe. The distribution of the Paniceae in the United States shows a close relationship to winter temperature, and especially to annual rainfall. These climatic factors are also of major importance in other parts of the world, and in large measure explain the present distribution of the tribe. The Paniceae and Andropogoneae both appear to be "natural" tribes, which probably originated from a common panicoid stock in the warmer parts of the eastern hemisphere, possibly in the East Africa–Madagascar region. The Paniceae spread rapidly throughout the tropics and subtropics of both hemispheres, especially in the equatorial zone with high temperatures and well distributed rainfall. They show a pattern of climatic adaptation differing from that of the Andropogoneae. The latter, apparently formed more recently from the panicoid stock, reach their highest development in monsoonal climates with a much shorter season of heavy rainfall.

scholarly journals DEVELOPMENT OF THE WORLD ECONOMY: STATE, TENDENCIES, FACTORS OF INSTABILITY AND CHALLENGES OF TIME

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anastasiia Molozhen ◽  
Nataliia Skrypnyk
Keyword(s):  
World Economy ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
The United States ◽  
Employment System ◽  
Goods And Services ◽  
Stage Of Development ◽  
Economic Forces ◽  
The World ◽  
Network Technologies ◽  
Main Factor

The article considers the main issues concerning the development of the world economy in the time of globalization. Today there are certain challenges, which affect the state of the world economy, trend formation in its functioning. The main factor of instability at the current stage of development of the world economy is the crisis due to the COVID-19 pandemic, which affected all countries and led to reduction in international trade, unemployment rising, poverty rising (especially in Africa, where GDP per capita in 2019 was the lowest in the world), etc. Nowadays many companies strive to implement flexible employment, which gives people an opportunity to work from various countries online without leaving their houses. Basically, it provides employers with safety. In 2020 there are 78% of all companies, which have implemented this employment system compared to 53% in 2019. The article reflects the dynamics of world trade during 2015–2019, reflecting growth of world exports until 2018 and growth of service trade until 2019. Electrical appliances, their parts, equipment were a significant part of world export. Moreover, there are several countries, which were the main service exporters and importers in 2019: USA, China and United Kingdom. Fluctuations in world inflation were noticeable, in 2020 amounted to 4.9%. Zimbabwe and Sudan had the highest inflation level in 2021 – 348.6% and 269.3% respectively. In addition, one of the trends implies the expansion of trade through the development of network technologies that have made it possible to sell goods and services online. A large-scale engine for the development of the world economy is the activity of TNCs, which foreign direct investment moves through and which accelerate scientific and technical progress in the time of globalization. Nowadays TNCs have more opportunities to expand their markets and boost their sales due to information revolution, which also allowed companies to establish relations with different enterprises. One of the most important aspects implies gradual reorientation of economic forces towards China, which creates strong competition with the United States as a world leader.

Global trends of development of services in the post-industrial society

2014 ◽  
Vol 8 (9) ◽  
pp. 3-12
Author(s):  
Меружан Аветисян ◽  
Meruzhan Avetisyan
Keyword(s):  
Comparative Analysis ◽  
Service Sector ◽  
Rapid Development ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
The United States ◽  
Industrial Society ◽  
Stage Of Development ◽  
The World ◽  
Post Industrial

The concept of post-industrial society represents a society in which the economy as a result of the technological revolution and significant income growth went from pre-emptive priority production of goods to production of services, has recently become even more relevant. For example, the World Bank experts, authors of the report "Industry of the future: a new era of global growth and innovation" argue that if a country has reached the average level of well-being, the share of services in GDP of the country begins to exceed the performance of industry and agriculture. Currently, as post-industrial countries are classified those countries in which the service sector accounts for well over half of GDP. Fall under this criterion, in the first place, the United States (the service sector accounts for 79.4% of US GDP), European Union (the service sector is 69.4% of the GDP of the EU countries), and all developed countries. A comparative analysis of the service sector in Russia shows that without a radical increase in the efficiency of the sector the transition of our country in the post-industrial stage of development is impossible. The post-industrial structure of the economy suggests that overall GDP of more than 50% is formed by the service sector. The rapid development of the service sector and the increase of its share in the gross national product are features of the country´s transition to a post-industrial stage of development. Only relatively recently came the understanding of the important role services can play in the process of integration into the global economy and the international division of labor. Overall condition of the Russian service sector shows that without a radical increase in the efficiency of this sector, to speak of Russia´s transition to a post-industrial stage of development is prematurely. Comparative analysis of the dependence of the well-being of the world from the share of services in countries’ GDP, revealed a number of interesting facts that have enabled the author to supplement, clarify and restate the conclusion of international experts as follows: the service sector in the GDP of the country begins to exceed the performance of industry and agriculture if the country embarked on the path of the main characteristics of the post-industrial society - the development of services. The welfare of the country, in this case does not matter. Moreover, at present the number of countries in which the service sector accounts for well over half of GDP, is growing rapidly.

scholarly journals Termite taxonomy from 2001–2021: the contribution of Zootaxa

Zootaxa ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 4979 (1) ◽  
pp. 222-223
Author(s):  
REGINALDO CONSTANTINO
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Insect Pests ◽  
Terrestrial Ecosystems ◽  
The United States ◽  
Coptotermes Formosanus ◽  
Agricultural Pests ◽  
Termite Species ◽  
Plant Matter ◽  
The World ◽  
The Tropics

Termites comprise a relatively small group of insects, with 3176 known species (2976 living and 200 fossil) (Constantino 2020).  They include, however, very important urban and agricultural pests, and also major decomposers of plant matter in terrestrial ecosystems, especially in the tropics.  For instance, the annual economic impact of a single invasive termite species, Coptotermes formosanus, was estimated as US$11 billion in the United States in 1999 (Su 2002), placing it among the most important insect pests in the world. 

scholarly journals Clustering Pandemic COVID-19 and Relationship to Temperature and Relative Humidity Among the Tropic and Subtropic Region

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (17) ◽  
Author(s):  
Giarno Giarno
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Weather Conditions ◽  
The United States ◽  
The Philippines ◽  
Tropical Region ◽  
Weather Factors ◽  
Tropical Countries ◽  
The World ◽  
Temperature And Humidity ◽  
The Tropics

The outbreak of Novel Corona Virus (COVID-19) has been spreading almost in all countries of the world and become a deadly pandemic. The infections and deaths vary from high in some countries and low in others. The weather conditions significantly affect life, including viruses. In low temperature and humidity the spreading of coronavirus is expected to be fast and massive, and on the other hand, high temperature and humidity decreases the virus. However, recent data of COVID-19 shows that in tropical region infection and deaths vary of which there is a need of thorough spreading analysis. The clustering of infections and mortality at the beginning of COVID-19 outbreak was group based on the country’s profile similarity, and associated with the meteorological factors. The result shows that countries such as China, Spain, Italy and the United States have very severe attacks of COVID-19 infection. Furthermore, countries with the potential real threats of COVID-19 infections are Austria, Australia, Azerbaijan, Belgium, Bahrain, Brazil, Belarus, Canada, Switzerland, Czech Germany, Denmark, Dominican Republic, Algeria, Ecuador, Estonia, Egypt, Finland, France, Georgia, Croatia, Indonesia, Ireland, Israel, India, Iraq, Iran, Japan, Cambodia, South Korea, Kuwait, Lebanon, Sri Lanka, Lithuania, Monaco, Macedonia, Mexico, Malaysia, Nigeria, Netherlands, Norway, Nepal, New Zealand , Oman, Philippines, Pakistan, Qatar, Romania, Russia, Sweden, Singapore and Thailand. The threat of COVID-19 is not only in dry and humid sub-tropical countries, but it cannot be undermined the effect to some warm and humid tropical countries such as Brazil, Ecuador, Indonesia, Malaysia and the Philippines, which are massively infected, and the mortality rate compared to the population are very high. The study also found that dynamic humidity is a factor that must be considered, especially in the tropics. HIGHLIGHTS The COVID-19 pandemic that originated in Wuhan, China spreads rapidly around the world Demographics and weather are thought to influence the spreading and death of COVID-19 Clustering of demographic and weather factors on COVID-19 shows that countries such as China, Spain, Italy, and the United States are experiencing severe attacks of COVID-19 infection Covid threatens countries with high population density or large populations Although warm and humid temperatures in the tropics such as Brazil, Ecuador, Indonesia, Malaysia, and the Philippines can a little slow the spreading of infection, the risk of COVID-19 infection remains high GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT

scholarly journals GEOPOLITICAL TRANSFORMATION AND NEW TRENDS OF RUSSIAN FOREIGN POLICY IN THE CONDITIONS OF GLOBALIZATION

THE BULLETIN ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 2 (390) ◽  
pp. 235-244
Author(s):  
S. V. Ryazantsev ◽  
L. S. Ruban
Keyword(s):  
International Relations ◽  
Global Governance ◽  
Main Idea ◽  
The United States ◽  
Global Scale ◽  
Asia Pacific ◽  
Pacific Region ◽  
Stage Of Development ◽  
The World

The article analyzes the process of globalization and the role of the Russian Federation in this process. The relevance of considering the current stage of globalization is due to the strengthening of the inter-connectedness and interdependence of the world, which requires the improvement of interstate relations and mechanisms of global governance with the primacy of the economic aspect of the development of society in the conditions of the functioning of the global scale of production. The historiography presents the regulation of international relations from the Westphalian system (state-centrist model of the world) to the Vienna Congress and the attempt to create a system of collective security and regulation of international relations: to the League of Nations and the United Nations. The formation of global governance institutions is shown: the largest international intergovernmental organizations (UN, WTO, IMF, IBRD, G-8, G-20, etc.), the most important function of which is to determine the norms and rules of interstate interaction. The main idea of the authors of the article is to show the historical conditionality of the transition to a polycentric model of development, as it most fully meets the needs of society on a global scale. The main purpose of this work was to substantiate and confirm the characteristics of the role of Russia in the international arena at the present stage of development by empirical material obtained during international surveys of experts from sixteen APR countries (VIPs and decision-makers). Thus, among the current trends in global development, the authors highlight the dilemma globalism - sovereignty and the correlation of globalism - transregionalism, in particular, the concept of the Indian-Pacific region (Indo-Pacific) instead of the Asia-Pacific region, put forward by the United States, Japan, Australia and India and the concept of "One belt is one road ”, initiated by China. Another trans-regional structure, such as BRICS, remains largely insufficiently structured, institutionalized and little realized in the specific political and economic activities of the countries that gave the name to this abbreviation.

International Telesupervision: The Clinical Fellowship Experience

2017 ◽  
Vol 2 (11) ◽  
pp. 73-78
Author(s):  
David W. Rule ◽  
Lisa N. Kelchner
Keyword(s):  
Graduate Students ◽  
Clinical Supervision ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
The United States ◽  
Speech Language Pathology ◽  
Access To Services ◽  
East African ◽  
The World ◽  
Language Pathology ◽  
National Certification

Telepractice technology allows greater access to speech-language pathology services around the world. These technologies extend beyond evaluation and treatment and are shown to be used effectively in clinical supervision including graduate students and clinical fellows. In fact, a clinical fellow from the United States completed the entire supervised clinical fellowship (CF) year internationally at a rural East African hospital, meeting all requirements for state and national certification by employing telesupervision technology. Thus, telesupervision has the potential to be successfully implemented to address a range of needs including supervisory shortages, health disparities worldwide, and access to services in rural areas where speech-language pathology services are not readily available. The telesupervision experience, potential advantages, implications, and possible limitations are discussed. A brief guide for clinical fellows pursuing telesupervision is also provided.

Sex Differences in Mass Media Preferences Across Four Asian Countries

2011 ◽  
Vol 23 (4) ◽  
pp. 186-191 ◽  
Author(s):  
Malini Ratnasingam ◽  
Lee Ellis
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Sex Differences ◽  
Mass Media ◽  
The United States ◽  
Female Students ◽  
The Internet ◽  
Evolutionary Explanation ◽  
Asian Countries ◽  
The World ◽  
Media Preferences

Background. Nearly all of the research on sex differences in mass media utilization has been based on samples from the United States and a few other Western countries. Aim. The present study examines sex differences in mass media utilization in four Asian countries (Japan, Malaysia, South Korea, and Singapore). Methods. College students self-reported the frequency with which they accessed the following five mass media outlets: television dramas, televised news and documentaries, music, newspapers and magazines, and the Internet. Results. Two significant sex differences were found when participants from the four countries were considered as a whole: Women watched television dramas more than did men; and in Japan, female students listened to music more than did their male counterparts. Limitations. A wider array of mass media outlets could have been explored. Conclusions. Findings were largely consistent with results from studies conducted elsewhere in the world, particularly regarding sex differences in television drama viewing. A neurohormonal evolutionary explanation is offered for the basic findings.

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