Water Balance of an Australian Subtropical Rainforest at Altitude: the Ecological and Physiological Significance of Intercepted Cloud and Fog

1997 ◽  
Vol 45 (2) ◽  
pp. 311 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lindsay B. Hutley ◽  
David Doley ◽  
David J. Yates ◽  
Arthorn Boonsaner
Keyword(s):  
Water Balance ◽  
Vegetation Type ◽  
Rain Gauge ◽  
Annual Rainfall ◽  
Balance Study ◽  
Term Survival ◽  
Tree Transpiration ◽  
Fog Deposition ◽  
Dry Seasons

A water balance study of a small subtropical rainforest catchment (10 ha, 1000 m altitude) was conducted at Gambubal State Forest, near the headwaters of the Condamine River, 200 km south-west of Brisbane, south-eastern Queensland. Mean annual rainfall of the site is approximately 1125 mm, but is variable and often less than 900 mm. Tree transpiration rates are low and depletion of the large soil moisture reserves enables extraction for lengthy periods of time, permitting survival during extended dry seasons (May–November). Fog deposition to the forest provides the equivalent of an additional 40% of rainfall to the site as measured using a conventional rain gauge. A frequently wet canopy results in reduced transpiration rates and direct foliar absorption of moisture alleviates water deficits of the upper crown leaves and branches during the dry season. These features of this vegetation type may enable long-term survival at what could be considered to be a marginal rainforest site.

scholarly journals THE CREATION OF BIOCLIMATIC VEGETATION MAP TO DEVELOP SUSTAINABLE AGRO FORESTRY IN BA AND KONE RIVER BASIN, VIETNAM

2021 ◽  
pp. 54-62
Author(s):  
Nguyen Huu Xuan ◽  
◽  
Nguyen Khanh Van ◽  
Hoang Thi Kieu Oanh ◽  
Vuong Van Vu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
River Basin ◽  
Rain Gauge ◽  
Annual Rainfall ◽  
Zonal Vegetation ◽  
South Central ◽  
Bioclimatic Variables ◽  
The Government ◽  
Coast Of Vietnam ◽  
Agro Forestry

Bioclimate and natural vegetation have a long - term relationship that identify the potential vegetation distribution at different areas. For that reason, bioclimatic classification system was applied to the territory of Ba and Kone river basin, Vietnam. The precipitation and temperature dataset of Ba and Kone river basin was collected from 17 climate, hydrology, rain gauge stations which allowed to create a bioclimatic map at a scale of 1:250.000. Three bioclimatic factors of thermal-moisture basic conditions such as annual temperature (TN), annual rainfall (RN), length of dry season (n) are selected as criteria system of Ba and Kone river basin’s bioclimate. In order to describe the relationships between bioclimatic variables and zonal vegetation units, the resulting map presented 12 bioclimatic units corresponding distribution of vegetation from low to high altitudes. By building bioclimatology map in Ba and Kone river basin, the government can develop sustainable agro forestry in Central Highlands and South Central Coast of Vietnam.

scholarly journals Assessment of Surface Runoff for Tank Watershed in Tamil Nadu Using Hydrologic Modeling

2018 ◽  
Vol 2018 ◽  
pp. 1-10
Author(s):  
Marykutty Abraham ◽  
Riya Ann Mathew
Keyword(s):  
Water Balance ◽  
Regression Model ◽  
Tamil Nadu ◽  
Large Population ◽  
Annual Rainfall ◽  
Balance Study ◽  
Average Annual Runoff ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Simple Regression Model ◽  
Nrcs Model

Providing safe and wholesome water in sufficient quantity on a sustainable basis remains elusive for large population especially in semiarid regions and hence water balance estimation is vital to assess water availability in a watershed. The water balance study is formulated to assess the runoff that can be harvested for effective utilization. The study area is Urapakkam watershed with a chain of 3 tanks having an aerial extent of 4.576 km2 with hard rock formation underneath and thus has limited scope for groundwater recharge. Hence surface water is the main water source in this area. Runoff computed for the watershed using USDA-NRCS model varied from 94.95 mm to 2324.34 mm and the corresponding rainfall varied from 575.7 mm to 3608.0 mm, respectively. A simple regression model was developed for the watershed to compute runoff from annual rainfall. Average annual runoff estimated for the watershed was around 37% of the rainfall for the study period from 2000-01 to 2013-14. Statistical analysis and test of significance for runoff obtained by NRCS model and regression model did not show any significant difference thus proving that regression model is efficient in runoff computation for ungauged basins. The volume of water accessible for fifty percent dependable flow year is obtained as 2.46 MCM and even if 50% of it can be effectively harnessed the water available in the watershed is 1.23 MCM. The water demand of the area is estimated as 0.148 MCM for domestic purpose and 0.171 MCM for irrigation purpose, which is much lower than the available runoff that can be harnessed from the watershed. Thus there is scope to harvest 1.23 MCM of water which is more than the demand of the watershed. The study reveals that it is feasible to harvest and manage water effectively if its availability and demand are computed accurately.

Natural recharge to sustainable yield from the Barind aquifer: a tool in preparing effective management plan of groundwater resources

2005 ◽  
Vol 52 (12) ◽  
pp. 251-258 ◽  
Author(s):  
Md. Monirul Islam ◽  
P. Kanungoe
Keyword(s):  
Water Balance ◽  
Simulation Modeling ◽  
Time Interval ◽  
Sustainable Yield ◽  
Recharge Rate ◽  
Balance Study ◽  
Groundwater Yield ◽  
Barind Tract ◽  
Natural Recharge

This paper presents the results of water balance study and aquifer simulation modeling for preliminary estimation of the recharge rate and sustainable yield for the semi arid Barind Tract region of Bangladesh. The outcomes of the study are likely to be useful for planning purposes. It is found from detailed water balance study for the area that natural recharge rates in the Barind Tract vary widely year to year. It may have resulted from the method used for the calculation. If the considered time interval had been smaller than the monthly rainfall, the results could have been different. Aquifer Simulation Modeling (ASM) for the Barind aquifer is used to estimate long-term sustainable yield of the groundwater considering limiting drawdown from the standpoint of economic pumping cost. In managing a groundwater basin efficiently and effectively, evaluation of the maximum annual groundwater yield of the basin that can be withdrawn and used without producing any undesirable effect is one of the most important issues. In investigating such recharge rate, introduction of certain terms such as sustainable yield and safe yield has been accompanied. Development of this area involves proper utilization of this vast land, which is possible only through ensured irrigation for agriculture. The Government of Bangladesh has a plan to develop irrigation facilities by optimum utilization of available ground and surface water. It is believed that the groundwater table is lowering rapidly and the whole region is in an acute state of deforestation. Indiscriminate groundwater development may accelerate deforestation trend. In this context estimation of actual natural recharge rate to the aquifer and determination of sustainable yield will assist in proper management and planning of environmentally viable abstraction schemes. It is revealed from the study that the sustainable yield of ground water (204mm/y) is somewhat higher than the long-term annual average recharge (152.7mm) to the groundwater reservoir. The reason behind this is that the rivers within and around the Barind Tract might have played the role of influent rivers.

scholarly journals Rainfall, evapotranspiration and rainfall deficit trend in Alor Setar, Malaysia

2017 ◽  
Vol 13 (4-1) ◽  
pp. 400-404
Author(s):  
Aimi Athirah Ahmad ◽  
Fadhilah Yusof ◽  
Muhamad Radzali Mispan ◽  
Hasliana Kamaruddin
Keyword(s):  
Water Balance ◽  
Trend Analysis ◽  
Water Cycle ◽  
Potential Evapotranspiration ◽  
Irrigation System ◽  
Annual Rainfall ◽  
Agricultural Systems ◽  
Balance Study ◽  
Rainfall Deficit ◽  
Increasing Trends

Rainfall and potential evapotranspiration are important variables in water balance study. Rainfall data were obtained from Malaysian Meteorological Department while estimates of potential evapotranspiration were calculated using Penman-Monteith method. Trend analysis of monthly and annual rainfall, potential evapotranspiration and rainfall deficit are essential to manage irrigation system in agricultural systems. This is because changes in trend of these parameters may affect the water cycle and ecosystem. Annual and monthly values of these variables were analysed from 1980-2009. Results indicated  increasing trends of 16.2 mm yr-1 and 3.01 mm yr-1 for both annual rainfall and potential evapotranspiration, respectively. Consequently, these trends resulted in annual rainfall deficit of 1.69 mm per year. 

scholarly journals Assessing the sources of uncertainty associated with the calculation of rainfall kinetic energy and the erosivity <i>R</i> factor. Application to the Upper Llobregat Basin, NE Spain

2010 ◽  
Vol 7 (3) ◽  
pp. 3453-3479
Author(s):  
G. Catari ◽  
J. Latron ◽  
F. Gallart
Keyword(s):  
Kinetic Energy ◽  
Temporal Variability ◽  
Daily Precipitation ◽  
Spatial Scales ◽  
Rain Gauge ◽  
Annual Rainfall ◽  
Rainfall Erosivity ◽  
Sources Of Uncertainty ◽  
R Factor

Abstract. The sources of uncertainty associated with the calculation of rainfall kinetic energy and rainfall erosivity were investigated when the USLE R factor was operationally calculated for a mountainous river basin (504 km2) in the Southeastern Pyrenees. Rainfall kinetic energy was first obtained at the scale of the rainfall event by means of sub-hourly precipitation tipping-bucket rain gauge records and updates of the Kinnell (1981) equation. Annual erosivity values for the nearby pluviometric stations were then derived from the linear regressions between daily rainfall erosivity and daily precipitation, obtained for two different seasons. Finally, maps for rainfall erosivity estimates were obtained from the station values with Thiessen polygons. The sources of uncertainty analysed were i) the tipping-bucket instrumental errors, ii) the efficiency of the Kinnell (1981) equation, iii) the efficiency of the regressions between daily precipitation and kinetic energy, iv) the temporal variability of annual rainfall erosivity values, and the spatial variability of v) annual rainfall erosivity values and vi) long-term R factor values. The results showed that the uncertainty associated with the calculation of rainfall kinetic energy from rainfall intensity at the event and station scales is highly relevant and must be taken into account for experimental or modelling purposes; for longer temporal scales, the relevance of this source of uncertainty remains high if there is a low variability of the types of rain. Temporal variability of precipitation at wider spatial scales is the main source of uncertainty when rainfall erosivity is to be calculated on an annual basis, whereas the uncertainty associated with the long-term R factor is rather low and less important than the uncertainty associated with the other RUSLE factors when operationally used for long-term soil erosion modelling.

Caspases and apoptosis

2002 ◽  
Vol 38 ◽  
pp. 9-19 ◽  
Author(s):  
Guy S Salvesen
Keyword(s):  
Cysteine Proteases ◽  
Signalling Pathways ◽  
Term Survival ◽  
Mature Adult ◽  
Intracellular Signalling Pathways ◽  
Adult Cell ◽  
Caspase Family ◽  
Cell Fragments ◽  
Pro Inflammatory Cytokines

The ability of metazoan cells to undergo programmed cell death is vital to both the precise development and long-term survival of the mature adult. Cell deaths that result from engagement of this programme end in apoptosis, the ordered dismantling of the cell that results in its 'silent' demise, in which packaged cell fragments are removed by phagocytosis. This co-ordinated demise is mediated by members of a family of cysteine proteases known as caspases, whose activation follows characteristic apoptotic stimuli, and whose substrates include many proteins, the limited cleavage of which causes the characteristic morphology of apoptosis. In vertebrates, a subset of caspases has evolved to participate in the activation of pro-inflammatory cytokines, and thus members of the caspase family participate in one of two very distinct intracellular signalling pathways.

Human thymic epithelial cells maintain long-term survival of clonogenic myeloid and erythroid progenitor cells in vitro

2000 ◽  
Vol 111 (1) ◽  
pp. 363-370 ◽  
Author(s):  
Katsuto Takenaka ◽  
Mine Harada ◽  
Tomoaki Fujisaki ◽  
Koji Nagafuji ◽  
Shinichi Mizuno ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Epithelial Cells ◽  
Progenitor Cells ◽  
Thymic Epithelial Cells ◽  
Erythroid Progenitor ◽  
Term Survival ◽  
Long Term Survival ◽  
Erythroid Progenitor Cells

Clinical outcome and long-term survival following radical esophagectomy in the elderly

2001 ◽  
Vol 120 (5) ◽  
pp. A747-A748
Author(s):  
S DRESNER ◽  
A IMMMANUEL ◽  
P LAMB ◽  
S GRIFFIN
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Outcome ◽  
The Elderly ◽  
Radical Esophagectomy ◽  
Term Survival ◽  
Long Term Survival
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