Effect of sodium chloride on leaf succulence and area of Atriplex hastata L.

1958 ◽  
Vol 6 (4) ◽  
pp. 306 ◽  
Author(s):  
RF Black
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Sodium Chloride ◽  
Epidermal Cell ◽  
High Salt ◽  
Limiting Factors ◽  
Main Emphasis ◽  
Palisade Tissue ◽  
Moisture Sensitive ◽  
Living Leaf ◽  
Leaf Succulence

The effect of NaCl in water cultures on morphology and histology are studied with A. hastata, a semisucculent halophyte with a mesomorphic leaf structure. NaCl is shown to extend the ontogeny of the living leaf, and to produce an accelerated rate of leaf thickening, which has its main emphasis in the extended ontogenetic period. The most rapid thickening rate occurred when a high salt concentration (0.6 m) was applied to only part of the root system, so as not to impede a rapid general growth rate in the plant. Maximum leaf areas occurred in 0.1m NaCl cultures, minimum areas in 0.6 m. Epidermal cell areas in a 0. m treatment were double those of the treatment devoid of NaCl and those in the 0.6 m treatment. Numbers of epidermal cells per leaf decreased progressively with increasing concentrations of NaCl. The salt-induced thickening rate is looked upon as a process superimposed on a rather similar light and moisture-sensitive process. Differences in timing between salt effects on leaf area and succulence are explained by differential vacuolation of epidermis and palisade tissue. The high-salt cultures (0.4–0.6 m, which greatly reduced growth, apparently did not reduce turgor pressures necessary for succulence. It is considered that the data required to explain differences noted in epidermal cell size are relationships between their rates of expansion and the rates of maturation of structural limiting factors.

Soybean proteins counteract heart remodeling in wistar rats fed a high sodium chloride diet

2019 ◽  
Vol 23 (6) ◽  
pp. 92-99
Author(s):  
I. G. Kayukov ◽  
O. N. Beresneva ◽  
M. M. Parastaeva ◽  
G. T. Ivanova ◽  
A. N. Kulikov ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Blood Pressure ◽  
Sodium Chloride ◽  
Cardiac Remodeling ◽  
Wistar Rats ◽  
Salt Intake ◽  
Left Ventricular ◽  
High Salt ◽  
Soy Proteins ◽  
High Sodium ◽  
Heart Remodeling

BACKGROUND. Increased salt intake is associated with a number of cardiovascular events, including increased blood pressure (BP) and the development of left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH). However, there is much evidence that a high content of sodium chloride in the diet does not always lead to an increase in BP, but almost inevitably causes cardiac remodeling, in particular, LVH. Many aspects of myocardial remodeling induced by high sodium content in the food have not been studied enough. THE AIM of the study was to trace the echocardiographic changes in Wistar rats fed the high salt ration and the high salt ration supplemented with soy proteins.MATERIAL AND METHODS. Echocardiography and BP measurements were performed on male Wistar rats, divided into three groups. The first (control; n = 8) included rats that received standard laboratory feed (20.16 % animal protein and 0.34 % NaCl); the second (n = 10) – animals that received standard feed and 8 % NaCl (high salt ration). The third group (n = 10) consisted of rats who consumed a low-protein diet containing 10 % soy protein isolate (SUPRO 760) and 8 % NaCl. The follow-up period was 2 and 4 months.THE RESULTS of the study showed that: (1) the intake of a large amount of salt with a diet does not necessarily lead to the formation of arterial hypertension; (2) despite the absence of a distinct increase in BP, under these conditions signs of cardiac remodeling, in particular, LVH, appear rather quickly; (3) supplementing a high-salt diet with soy isolates counteracts the development of LVH.CONCLUSION. High salt intake with food can cause heart remodeling, regardless of blood pressure, while soy proteins can counteract this process.

scholarly journals Quantitative Interaction Effects of Carbon Dioxide, Sodium Chloride, and Sodium Nitrite on Neurotoxin Gene Expression in Nonproteolytic Clostridium botulinum Type B

2004 ◽  
Vol 70 (5) ◽  
pp. 2928-2934 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maria Lövenklev ◽  
Ingrid Artin ◽  
Oskar Hagberg ◽  
Elisabeth Borch ◽  
Elisabet Holst ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Growth Rate ◽  
Sodium Chloride ◽  
Optical Density ◽  
Sodium Nitrite ◽  
Clostridium Botulinum ◽  
Lag Phase ◽  
Type B ◽  
Phase Duration

ABSTRACT The effects of carbon dioxide, sodium chloride, and sodium nitrite on type B botulinum neurotoxin (BoNT/B) gene (cntB) expression in nonproteolytic Clostridium botulinum were investigated in a tryptone-peptone-yeast extract (TPY) medium. Various concentrations of these selected food preservatives were studied by using a complete factorial design in order to quantitatively study interaction effects, as well as main effects, on the following responses: lag phase duration (LPD), growth rate, relative cntB expression, and extracellular BoNT/B production. Multiple linear regression was used to set up six statistical models to quantify and predict these responses. All combinations of NaCl and NaNO2 in the growth medium resulted in a prolonged lag phase duration and in a reduction in the specific growth rate. In contrast, the relative BoNT/B gene expression was unchanged, as determined by the cntB-specific quantitative reverse transcription-PCR method. This was confirmed when we measured the extracellular BoNT/B concentration by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. CO2 was found to have a major effect on gene expression when the cntB mRNA levels were monitored in the mid-exponential, late exponential, and late stationary growth phases. The expression of cntB relative to the expression of the 16S rRNA gene was stimulated by an elevated CO2 concentration; the cntB mRNA level was fivefold greater in a 70% CO2 atmosphere than in a 10% CO2 atmosphere. These findings were also confirmed when we analyzed the extracellular BoNT/B concentration; we found that the concentrations were 27 ng · ml−1 · unit of optical density−1 in the 10% CO2 atmosphere and 126 ng · ml−1 · unit of optical density−1 in the 70% CO2 atmosphere.

scholarly journals Influence of temperature processing on the constitutive and inducible resistance of rye seedlings to chloride salinization

2021 ◽  
pp. 134-140
Author(s):  
L. A. Chudinova ◽  
◽  
D. R. Yusupov ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Sodium Chloride ◽  
Protective Effect ◽  
Soluble Proteins ◽  
Final Concentration ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Thermal Pretreatment ◽  
Thermal Hardening ◽  
Influence Of Temperature ◽  
Inducible Synthesis

We studied the growth rate of rye seedlings, as well as the dynamics of the content of soluble proteins and proline in the shoots during their adaptation to sharp (300 mM NaCl once, exposure time 9 days) and gradual (100 mM NaCl, then 100 mM NaCl after 2 days to the final concentration of 400 mM) salinity with sodium chloride in the presence or absence of thermal hardening (+40°C, 3 h). The established dy-namics of the content of proline and soluble proteins in the shoots suggests that the formation of re-sistance to salinity is determined by the high constitutive level of proline, as well as the stress-inducible synthesis of proline and water-soluble proteins. Thermal pretreatment of the seedlings stimulated their constitutive stability to a greater extent. The detected metabolic changes are obviously related to one of the possible mechanisms of the protective effect of thermal hardening on subsequent salinization.

scholarly journals Effect of Sodium Chloride, Sodium Nitrite and Sodium Nitrate on the Infectivity of Hepatitis E Virus

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (4) ◽  
pp. 350-354 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alexander Wolff ◽  
Taras Günther ◽  
Thiemo Albert ◽  
Reimar Johne
Keyword(s):  
Sodium Chloride ◽  
Sodium Nitrite ◽  
Foodborne Pathogens ◽  
Sodium Nitrate ◽  
Hepatitis E Virus ◽  
Meat Products ◽  
Hepatitis E ◽  
High Salt ◽  
Genotype 3 ◽  
Raw Meat

Abstract Hepatitis E virus (HEV) infection can cause acute and chronic hepatitis in humans. The zoonotic HEV genotype 3, which is highly prevalent in Europe, is mainly transmitted by consumption of raw meat and raw meat products produced from infected pigs or wild boars. High salt concentrations represent an important measure to preserve meat products and to inactivate foodborne pathogens. Here, an HEV preparation in phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) was subjected to different salt concentrations and the remaining infectivity was measured in a cell culture assay. Treatments with up to 20% sodium chloride for 24 h at 23 °C, with and without addition of 0.015% sodium nitrite or 0.03% sodium nitrate, did not lead to virus inactivation as compared to PBS only. Conditions usually applied for short-term and long-term fermented raw sausages were simulated by incubation at 22 °C for up to 6 days and at 16 °C for up to 8 weeks, respectively. Only 2% sodium chloride with 0.015% sodium nitrite showed a weak (< 1 log10), but significant, infectivity reduction after 2 and 4 days as compared to PBS only. Addition of 2% sodium chloride and 0.03% sodium nitrate showed a slight, but not significant, decrease in infectivity after 2 and 8 weeks as compared to PBS only. In conclusion, HEV is highly stable at high salt concentrations and at salt conditions usually applied to preserve raw meat products.

Prevention of fatal hemorrhagic shock in dog by pretreatment with chronic high-salt diet

1985 ◽  
Vol 249 (3) ◽  
pp. H577-H584
Author(s):  
A. P. Rocchini ◽  
K. P. Gallagher ◽  
M. J. Botham ◽  
J. H. Lemmer ◽  
C. A. Szpunar ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cardiac Output ◽  
Sodium Chloride ◽  
Hemorrhagic Shock ◽  
Systemic Vascular Resistance ◽  
Vascular Resistance ◽  
Plasma Renin ◽  
High Salt ◽  
High Salt Diet ◽  
Salt Diet ◽  
Blood Flows

The ability of a chronic high-salt diet to prevent fatal hemorrhagic shock was examined in 36 mongrel dogs. Twenty-one dogs received a dietary supplement of 9 g sodium chloride/day for 6 wk, and 15 dogs received the same basic diet for 6 wk but without the sodium chloride supplement. Hemorrhagic shock was induced in all dogs by bleeding into an overhanging sealed reservoir. After 3 h of shock, salt-pretreated dogs had a lower systemic vascular resistance of 0.70 +/- 0.02 versus 1.44 +/- 0.04 mmHg X ml-1 X min X kg (P less than 0.01) and a higher cardiac output of 53 +/- 3 versus 26 +/- 3 ml X min-1 X kg-1 (P less than 0.01) than was observed in controls. At 2.5 h of shock, the salt-pretreated dogs also experienced an increase in gastrointestinal (P less than 0.01), hepatic arterial, (P less than 0.05), kidney (P less than 0.05), brain (P less than 0.01), and heart blood flows (P less than 0.001) compared with 0.5 h of shock, whereas the control dogs experienced no increased flow during this same period. We also observed that after 3 h of hypotension there was a significantly smaller increase in plasma renin activity in the salt-pretreated dogs. Administration of 0.1 U X kg-1 X min-1 of hog renin eliminated the differences in systemic vascular resistance, cardiac output, and survival in five salt-pretreated dogs.

High rate growth of device grade silicon thin films for solar cells

2001 ◽  
Vol 664 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Kondo ◽  
S. Suzuki ◽  
Y. Nasuno ◽  
A. Matsuda
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Solar Cells ◽  
Defect Density ◽  
Chemical Vapor ◽  
High Growth ◽  
Ion Bombardment ◽  
High Rate ◽  
Limiting Factors ◽  
Material Quality ◽  
Deuterium Dilution

ABSTRACTWe have developed a plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition (PECVD) technique for high-rate growth of µc-Si:H at low temperatures using hydrogen diluted monosilane source gas under high-pressure depletion conditions. It was found that material qualities deteriorate, e.g. crystallinity decreases and defect density increases with increasing growth rate mainly due to ion damage from the plasma. We have found that deuterium dilution improves not only the crystallinity but also defect density as compared to hydrogen dilution and that deuterium to hydrogen ratio incorporated in the film has a good correlation with crystallinity. The advantages of the deuterium dilution are ascribed to lower ion bombardment due to slower ambipolar diffusion of deuterium ion from the plasma. Further improvement of material quality has been achieved using a triode technique where a mesh electrode inserted between cathode and anode electrodes prevents from ion bombardment. In combination with a shower head cathode, the triode technique remarkably improves the crystallinity as well as defect density at a high growth rate. As a consequence, we have succeeded to obtain much better crystallinity and uniformity at 5.8 nm/s with a defect density of 2.6×1016cm−3. We also discuss the limiting factors of growth rate and material quality for µc-Si solar cells.

scholarly journals Synergistic Effects of Sodium Chloride, Glucose, and Temperature on Biofilm Formation by Listeria monocytogenes Serotype 1/2a and 4b Strains

2010 ◽  
Vol 76 (5) ◽  
pp. 1433-1441 ◽  
Author(s):  
Youwen Pan ◽  
Frederick Breidt ◽  
Lisa Gorski
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Listeria Monocytogenes ◽  
Sodium Chloride ◽  
Crystal Violet ◽  
Biofilm Formation ◽  
Extracellular Polymeric Substances ◽  
Synergistic Effects ◽  
Matrix Material ◽  
Serotype 1 ◽  
Serotype 4B

ABSTRACT Biofilm formation by Listeria monocytogenes is generally associated with its persistence in the food-processing environment. Serotype 1/2a strains make up more than 50% of the total isolates recovered from food and the environment, while serotype 4b strains are most often associated with major outbreaks of human listeriosis. Using a microplate assay with crystal violet staining, we examined biofilm formation by 18 strains of each serotype in tryptic soy broth with varying concentrations of glucose (from 0.25% to 10.0%, wt/vol), sodium chloride (from 0.5% to 7.0%, wt/vol) and ethanol (from 1% to 5.0%, vol/vol), and at different temperatures (22.5�C, 30�C, and 37�C). A synergistic effect on biofilm formation was observed for glucose, sodium chloride, and temperature. The serotype 1/2a strains generally formed higher-density biofilms than the 4b strains under most conditions tested. Interestingly, most serotype 4b strains had a higher growth rate than the 1/2a strains, suggesting that the growth rate may not be directly related to the capacity for biofilm formation. Crystal violet was found to stain both bacterial cells and biofilm matrix material. The enhancement in biofilm formation by environmental factors was apparently due to the production of extracellular polymeric substances instead of the accumulation of viable biofilm cells.

Renal function and sodium balance in conscious Dahl S and R rats

1987 ◽  
Vol 252 (5) ◽  
pp. R833-R841 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. J. Roman ◽  
J. L. Osborn
Keyword(s):  
Sodium Chloride ◽  
Extracellular Fluid ◽  
Free Water ◽  
Urine Osmolality ◽  
High Salt ◽  
Sodium Balance ◽  
Free Water Clearance ◽  
High Salt Diet ◽  
Salt Diet ◽  
Renal Tubular

Renal transplantation studies have indicated that some form of renal dysfunction underlies the development of hypertension in Dahl salt-sensitive (S) rats. In the present study, we compared renal hemodynamic and tubular function of conscious Dahl S and salt-resistant (R) rats. Prehypertensive Dahl S rats had a blunted natriuretic response to an intravenous isotonic sodium chloride load compared with the responses of normotensive Dahl R or hypertensive Dahl S rats. This difference was probably not related to a generalized defect in renal tubular handling of sodium and water, since prehypertensive Dahl S rats excreted quantities of sodium comparable to those of R or hypertensive S rats when infused with hypertonic sodium chloride solutions. Dahl S rats also elevated free water clearance and lowered urine osmolality similar to R rats when challenged with a hypotonic saline load. Renal blood flows and glomerular filtration rates were similar in prehypertensive Dahl S, hypertensive Dahl S, and Dahl R rats. The possible link between sodium retention and the development of hypertension in Dahl S rats was examined further by measuring the changes in sodium and water balance, extracellular fluid volume (ECV), and blood pressure after exposure to an 8% sodium chloride diet. No differences could be detected in the salt and water balances of Dahl S and R rats exposed to a high-salt diet for 14 days. ECV increased significantly by 10% in Dahl S rats on the 1st day of a high-salt diet, whereas no change was observed in Dahl R animals.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

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