Thermogenesis and developmental progression of Macrozamia macleayi pollen cones

2017 ◽  
Vol 65 (5) ◽  
pp. 421 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. B. Roemer ◽  
D. Booth ◽  
L. I. Terry ◽  
G. H. Walter
Keyword(s):  
Developmental Stage ◽  
Developmental Stages ◽  
Thermal Response ◽  
Growth Cones ◽  
Night Time ◽  
Dioecious Plants ◽  
Late Afternoon ◽  
Developmental Progression ◽  
Pollen Cone ◽  
Afternoon Peak

Macrozamia macleayi Miq. (family Zamiaceae) pollen cones generate high thermogenic temperatures that are crucial to pollination of these dioecious plants. However, cone thermal behaviour has not been characterised with respect to developmental stage, so any links with the progression and development of their pollination processes remain unclear. Here we show that after growing to full girth, cones progress through thermally active stages of slow/no growth, rapid lengthening, dehiscence and early post-dehiscence, each with a distinct thermal response. During slow/no growth cones exhibit a small late afternoon peak thermogenic temperature elevation above peak ambient, and remain elevated overnight. During rapid lengthening the late afternoon/night-time temperature elevations disappear, and mid-day thermogenesis commences. During dehiscence the midday cone temperature elevations become large, approaching 10°C near the day of maximum dehiscence rate, and then decrease daily. Pollen cones generate their large, dehiscence stage thermogenic temperature elevations synchronously with the diel ambient temperature peak, thus maximising the peak cone temperature. This likely enhances the expulsion of their pollen bearing obligate mutualist thrips pollinator, thus boosting pollination rates. Thermogenic events are fuelled by carbohydrates only, and significantly increase the pollen cone water loss – yet the percentage of water in sporophylls remains nearly constant (~63%) throughout all developmental stages. Similar coordinated pollen cone developmental stage and thermogenic responses are also present in Cycas micronesica K.D. Hill (family Cycadaceae), suggesting a conserved physiological response across cycad families.

scholarly journals Spatio-temporal selection of reference genes in the two congeneric species of Glycyrrhiza

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Yuping Li ◽  
Xiaoju Liang ◽  
Xuguo Zhou ◽  
Yu An ◽  
Ming Li ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Developmental Stage ◽  
Reference Genes ◽  
Developmental Stages ◽  
Individual Factors ◽  
Congeneric Species ◽  
Spatio Temporal ◽  
The Stability ◽  
Different Tissues ◽  
Selection Of

AbstractGlycyrrhiza, a genus of perennial medicinal herbs, has been traditionally used to treat human diseases, including respiratory disorders. Functional analysis of genes involved in the synthesis, accumulation, and degradation of bioactive compounds in these medicinal plants requires accurate measurement of their expression profiles. Reverse transcription quantitative real-time PCR (RT-qPCR) is a primary tool, which requires stably expressed reference genes to serve as the internal references to normalize the target gene expression. In this study, the stability of 14 candidate reference genes from the two congeneric species G. uralensis and G. inflata, including ACT, CAC, CYP, DNAJ, DREB, EF1, RAN, TIF1, TUB, UBC2, ABCC2, COPS3, CS, R3HDM2, were evaluated across different tissues and throughout various developmental stages. More importantly, we investigated the impact of interactions between tissue and developmental stage on the performance of candidate reference genes. Four algorithms, including geNorm, NormFinder, BestKeeper, and Delta Ct, were used to analyze the expression stability and RefFinder, a comprehensive software, provided the final recommendation. Based on previous research and our preliminary data, we hypothesized that internal references for spatio-temporal gene expression are different from the reference genes suited for individual factors. In G. uralensis, the top three most stable reference genes across different tissues were R3HDM2, CAC and TUB, while CAC, CYP and ABCC2 were most suited for different developmental stages. CAC is the only candidate recommended for both biotic factors, which is reflected in the stability ranking for the spatio (tissue)-temporal (developmental stage) interactions (CAC, R3HDM2 and DNAJ). Similarly, in G. inflata, COPS3, R3HDM2 and DREB were selected for tissues, while RAN, COPS3 and CS were recommended for developmental stages. For the tissue-developmental stage interactions, COPS3, DREB and ABCC2 were the most suited reference genes. In both species, only one of the top three candidates was shared between the individual factors and their interactions, specifically, CAC in G. uralensis and COPS3 in G. inflata, which supports our overarching hypothesis. In summary, spatio-temporal selection of reference genes not only lays the foundation for functional genomics research in Glycyrrhiza, but also facilitates these traditional medicinal herbs to reach/maximize their pharmaceutical potential.

scholarly journals Transcriptome analysis identifies differentially expressed genes in the progenies of a cross between two low phytic acid soybean mutants

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Hangxia Jin ◽  
Xiaomin Yu ◽  
Qinghua Yang ◽  
Xujun Fu ◽  
Fengjie Yuan
Keyword(s):  
Developmental Stage ◽  
Phytic Acid ◽  
Differentially Expressed Genes ◽  
Transcriptome Analysis ◽  
Defense Mechanisms ◽  
Developmental Stages ◽  
Sucrose Metabolism ◽  
Differentially Expressed ◽  
Sequencing Analysis ◽  
Seed Developmental Stage

AbstractPhytic acid (PA) is a major antinutrient that cannot be digested by monogastric animals, but it can decrease the bioavailability of micronutrients (e.g., Zn and Fe). Lowering the PA content of crop seeds will lead to enhanced nutritional traits. Low-PA mutant crop lines carrying more than one mutated gene (lpa) have lower PA contents than mutants with a single lpa mutant gene. However, little is known about the link between PA pathway intermediates and downstream regulatory activities following the mutation of these genes in soybean. Consequently, we performed a comparative transcriptome analysis using an advanced generation recombinant inbred line with low PA levels [2mlpa (mips1/ipk1)] and a sibling line with homozygous non-mutant alleles and normal PA contents [2MWT (MIPS1/IPK1)]. An RNA sequencing analysis of five seed developmental stages revealed 7945 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) between the 2mlpa and 2MWT seeds. Moreover, 3316 DEGs were associated with 128 metabolic and signal transduction pathways and 4980 DEGs were annotated with 345 Gene Ontology terms related to biological processes. Genes associated with PA metabolism, photosynthesis, starch and sucrose metabolism, and defense mechanisms were among the DEGs in 2mlpa. Of these genes, 36 contributed to PA metabolism, including 22 genes possibly mediating the low-PA phenotype of 2mlpa. The expression of most of the genes associated with photosynthesis (81 of 117) was down-regulated in 2mlpa at the late seed developmental stage. In contrast, the expression of three genes involved in sucrose metabolism was up-regulated at the late seed developmental stage, which might explain the high sucrose content of 2mlpa soybeans. Furthermore, 604 genes related to defense mechanisms were differentially expressed between 2mlpa and 2MWT. In this study, we detected a low PA content as well as changes to multiple metabolites in the 2mlpa mutant. These results may help elucidate the regulation of metabolic events in 2mlpa. Many genes involved in PA metabolism may contribute to the substantial decrease in the PA content and the moderate accumulation of InsP3–InsP5 in the 2mlpa mutant. The other regulated genes related to photosynthesis, starch and sucrose metabolism, and defense mechanisms may provide additional insights into the nutritional and agronomic performance of 2mlpa seeds.

scholarly journals Seasonal Variation of the Diurnal Cycle of Rainfall in Southern Contiguous China

2008 ◽  
Vol 21 (22) ◽  
pp. 6036-6043 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jian Li ◽  
Rucong Yu ◽  
Tianjun Zhou
Keyword(s):  
Seasonal Variation ◽  
Diurnal Cycle ◽  
Radiative Forcing ◽  
Early Morning ◽  
Rain Gauge ◽  
Rainfall Events ◽  
Late Afternoon ◽  
Long Duration ◽  
China Region ◽  
Afternoon Peak

Abstract Hourly station rain gauge data are employed to study the seasonal variation of the diurnal cycle of rainfall in southern contiguous China. The results show a robust seasonal variation of the rainfall diurnal cycle, which is dependent both on region and duration. Difference in the diurnal cycle of rainfall is found in the following two neighboring regions: southwestern China (region A) and southeastern contiguous China (region B). The diurnal cycle of annual mean precipitation in region A tends to reach the maximum in either midnight or early morning, while precipitation in region B has a late-afternoon peak. In contrast with the weak seasonal variation of the diurnal phases of precipitation in region A, the rainfall peak in region B shifts sharply from late afternoon in warm seasons to early morning in cold seasons. Rainfall events in south China are classified into short- (1–3 h) and long-duration (more than 6 h) events. Short-duration precipitation in both regions reaches the maximum in late afternoon in warm seasons and peaks in either midnight or early morning in cold seasons, but the late-afternoon peak in region B exists during February–October, while that in region A only exists during May–September. More distinct differences between regions A and B are found in the long-duration rainfall events. The long-duration events in region A show dominant midnight or early morning peaks in all seasons. But in region B, the late-afternoon peak exists during July–September. Possible reasons for the difference in the diurnal cycle of rainfall between the two regions are discussed. The different cloud radiative forcing over regions A and B might contribute to this difference.

scholarly journals Safe-Site Effects on Rhizosphere Bacterial Communities in a High-Altitude Alpine Environment

2014 ◽  
Vol 2014 ◽  
pp. 1-9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sonia Ciccazzo ◽  
Alfonso Esposito ◽  
Eleonora Rolli ◽  
Stefan Zerbe ◽  
Daniele Daffonchio ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
High Altitude ◽  
Developmental Stage ◽  
Bacterial Communities ◽  
Developmental Stages ◽  
Gene Diversity ◽  
Intergenic Spacer ◽  
Intermediate Stage ◽  
Plant Colonization ◽  
Early Developmental Stage ◽  
Rrna Gene

The rhizosphere effect on bacterial communities associated with three floristic communities (RW, FI, and M sites) which differed for the developmental stages was studied in a high-altitude alpine ecosystem. RW site was an early developmental stage, FI was an intermediate stage, M was a later more matured stage. The N and C contents in the soils confirmed a different developmental stage with a kind of gradient from the unvegetated bare soil (BS) site through RW, FI up to M site. The floristic communities were composed of 21 pioneer plants belonging to 14 species. Automated ribosomal intergenic spacer analysis showed different bacterial genetic structures per each floristic consortium which differed also from the BS site. When plants of the same species occurred within the same site, almost all their bacterial communities clustered together exhibiting a plant species effect. Unifrac significance value (P<0.05) on 16S rRNA gene diversity revealed significant differences (P<0.05) between BS site and the vegetated sites with a weak similarity to the RW site. The intermediate plant colonization stage FI did not differ significantly from the RW and the M vegetated sites. These results pointed out the effect of different floristic communities rhizospheres on their soil bacterial communities.

Mothering Identity Experiences: A Backwards Glance

2021 ◽  
pp. 106648072110239
Author(s):  
Robyn T. Simmons ◽  
Kelly Coker ◽  
Brooks B. Hanks ◽  
Donna S. Sheperis ◽  
Lynn Bohecker
Keyword(s):  
Growth And Development ◽  
Developmental Stages ◽  
Human Growth ◽  
Professional Literature ◽  
Developmental Progression ◽  
Letting Go ◽  
Human Growth And Development ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Universal Themes

Aspects of human growth and development have been studied since the inception of psychology as a field of science. The impact of the quality of mothering on children has been highly researched. However, little attention has been paid in the professional literature to the experiences of mothers as their children move through developmental stages. The focus of this hermeneutic phenomenology study was to investigate how mothers’ experiences of their child's growth and development changed her perceptions of her identity and herself. Participants were eight women who had launched the oldest child from the home within the last 2 years. Extensive data analysis and triangulation procedures were conducted to develop themes. Universal themes experienced by all participants were categorized as internal (questioning, comparison, being purposeful, and feeling supported) and external (experiencing joy). Some participant experiences were influenced by incidental themes such as subsequent children, expectations versus reality, and spirituality. Participants’ experience of their mothering role was also impacted by the process of letting go through the developmental progression of their children. Clinical implications are discussed.

Elimination of micronuclear specific DNA sequences early in anlagen development

1985 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 93-98
Author(s):  
C F Brunk ◽  
R K Conover
Keyword(s):  
Developmental Stage ◽  
Dna Sequences ◽  
Developmental Stages ◽  
Tetrahymena Thermophila ◽  
Southern Analysis ◽  
Limited Sequence

After conjugation in Tetrahymena thermophila, the old macronuclei degenerate, and new macronuclei (anlagen) develop. During anlagen development a number of DNA sequences found in the micronuclear genome (micronuclear limited sequences) are eliminated from the anlagen. A cloned copy of a repetitive micronuclear limited sequence has been used to determine the developmental stage at which micronuclear limited sequences are eliminated. DNAs from anlagen of various developmental stages were examined by Southern analysis. It was found that micronuclear limited sequences are present in 4C anlagen and essentially absent in 8C and 16C anlagen. The precipitous loss of these sequences in the 8C anlagen rules out under-replication as the mechanism for the loss and suggests that these sequences are specifically degraded early during anlagen development.

scholarly journals Association between floral bud size and developmental stage in soybean microspores

2003 ◽  
Vol 46 (4) ◽  
pp. 515-520 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mozart da Silva Lauxen ◽  
Eliane Kaltchuk- Santos ◽  
Ching -yeh Hu ◽  
Sidia Maria Callegari- Jacques ◽  
Maria Helena Bodanese-Zanettini
Keyword(s):  
Developmental Stage ◽  
Anther Culture ◽  
Developmental Stages ◽  
Size Group ◽  
Soybean Cultivars ◽  
Advanced Stages ◽  
Bud Size ◽  
Microspore Stage ◽  
Floral Bud

This study was carried out to establish the association between floral bud size and the corresponding microspore developmental stages for Brazilian soybean cultivars. Microspore developmental stage distributions were examined in young buds from cv Década, IAS5 and RS7. The data indicated that for a given bud-size group, the microspores of different cultivars were at different developmental stages, with cv RS7 and Década distributed at the youngest and cv IAS5 at the most advanced stages. Microspore stages distribution were also compared among the ten anthers of the same bud of the above cultivars. The ten anthers from a given bud were clearly distributed at different developmental stages. Caution should be exercised when adopting the standard anther culture practice of using the microspore stage of one anther to represent the entire bud.

scholarly journals Plant Developmental Stage Drives the Differentiation in Ecological Role of Plant Bacterial and Fungal Microbiomes

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chao Xiong ◽  
Brajesh K. Singh ◽  
Ji-Zheng He ◽  
Yan-Lai Han ◽  
Pei-Pei Li ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Developmental Stage ◽  
Plant Development ◽  
Late Stage ◽  
Developmental Stages ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
Alpha Diversity ◽  
Microbial Interactions ◽  
Disease Suppression ◽  
Fungal Communities ◽  
Ecological Role

Abstract BackgroundPlants live with diverse microbial communities which profoundly affect multiple facets of host performance such as nutrition acquisition, disease suppression and productivity, but if and how host development impacts the assembly, functions and microbial interactions of crop microbiomes are poorly understood. Here we examined both bacterial and fungal communities across soils (rhizosphere and bulk soil), plant epiphytic and endophytic niches (phylloplane, rhizoplane, leaf and root endosphere), and plastic leaf of fake plant (representing environment-originating microbes) at three developmental stages of maize at two contrasting sites, and further explored the potential function of phylloplane microbiomes based on metagenomics.ResultsOur results suggested that plant developmental stage had a much stronger influence on the microbial diversity, composition and interkingdom networks in plant compartment niches than in soils, with the strongest effect in the phylloplane. Air (represented by fake plants) was an important source of phylloplane microbiomes which were co-shaped by both plant development and seasonal environmental factors. Further, we demonstrated that bacterial and fungal communities in plant compartment niches exhibited contrasting response to host developmental stages, with higher alpha diversity and stronger deterministic assembly within bacterial microbiomes at the early stage but a similar pattern within mycobiomes at the late stage. Moreover, we found that bacterial taxa played a more important role in microbial interkingdom network and crop yield prediction at the early stage, while fungal taxa did so at the late stage. Metagenomic analyses further indicated that phylloplane microbiomes possessed higher functional diversity and functional genes involved in nutrient provision and disease resistance at the early stage than the late stage. ConclusionsOur results suggest that host developmental stage profoundly influences plant microbiome assembly and functions, and the bacterial and fungal microbiomes take a differentiated ecological role at different plant development stages. This study provides empirical evidence for host exerting strong effect on plant microbiomes by deterministic selection to meet the physiological requirement of plant developmental stages. These findings have implications for the development of future tools to manipulate microbiome for sustainable increase in primary productivity.

scholarly journals A size threshold governs Caenorhabditis elegans developmental progression

2015 ◽  
Vol 282 (1813) ◽  
pp. 20151283 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sravanti Uppaluri ◽  
Clifford P. Brangwynne
Keyword(s):  
Caenorhabditis Elegans ◽  
Food Availability ◽  
Developmental Stages ◽  
Size Control ◽  
Threshold Size ◽  
Larval Stages ◽  
Developmental Progression ◽  
Order Of Magnitude ◽  
Size Threshold ◽  
The Impact

The growth of organisms from humans to bacteria is affected by environmental conditions. However, mechanisms governing growth and size control are not well understood, particularly in the context of changes in food availability in developing multicellular organisms. Here, we use a novel microfluidic platform to study the impact of diet on the growth and development of the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans . This device allows us to observe individual worms throughout larval development, quantify their growth as well as pinpoint the moulting transitions marking successive developmental stages. Under conditions of low food availability, worms grow very slowly, but do not moult until they have achieved a threshold size. The time spent in larval stages can be extended by over an order of magnitude, in agreement with a simple threshold size model. Thus, a critical worm size appears to trigger developmental progression, and may contribute to prolonged lifespan under dietary restriction.

scholarly journals 2 CORRELATION BETWEEN OXYGEN RESPIRATION RATES AND MORPHOLOGY, SEX, DIAMETER AND DEVELOPMENTAL STAGE OF SINGLE BOVINE IVP-EMBRYOS

2005 ◽  
Vol 17 (2) ◽  
pp. 151 ◽  
Author(s):  
A.S. Lopes ◽  
N. Ramsing ◽  
L.H. Larsen ◽  
M. Räty ◽  
J. Peippo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Developmental Stage ◽  
Respiration Rate ◽  
Developmental Stages ◽  
Glass Tube ◽  
Outer Diameter ◽  
Bovine Embryos ◽  
Embryo Viability ◽  
Concentration Gradients ◽  
Cell Stage ◽  
Respiration Rates

A simple, non-invasive, rapid and sensitive oxygen microsensor system was developed to investigate correlations between oxygen respiration rates of individual bovine embryos and their morphology, sex, diameter and developmental stage. Bovine IVP-embryos (n = 78; Holm et al. Theriogenology 52, 683–700) were analysed around the 8-cell stage (Day 3; n = 18) and at various blastocyst stages (Day 7; n = 60). Each embryo was morphologically evaluated, its outer diameter measured and was then loaded into a glass tube (i.d. 0.68 mm, length 3 mm). After 1 h, oxygen concentration gradients generated by the embryo’s respiration were measured over app. 8 min with an oxygen microelectrode (www.unisense.com). Five embryos were measured in one round together with an empty tube as control. The procedure was repeated twice for each embryo with app. 1 h interval. Individual respiration rates in nL O2/embryo/h (nL/h) were calculated from these gradients. The measurements were performed at 38.5°C under constant flow of humidified 5% CO2 in air (app. 19% O2). After this, 64 embryos (14 Day 3; 50 Day 7) were lysed for sex diagnosis by PCR. Values are given as mean ± SD. The sensitivity of the oxygen measurement system was high (controls: 0.034 ± 0.035 nL/h, n = 15) and its repeatability from 1st to 2nd measurement was 99.7 ± 9.8% (n = 71). The average embryo respiration rate was 0.39 ± 0.05 nLl/h on Day 3 (n = 18) and 1.31 ± 0.52 nLl/h on Day 7 (n = 60). For Day 7 embryos, the respiration rates varied according to their morphological quality, being 1.87 ± 0.46a (n = 18), 1.17 ± 0.32b (n = 23), 0.95 ± 0.27b,c (n = 14) and 0.72 ± 0.24c (n = 4) nL/h for quality 1, 2, 3, and 4 embryos, respectively (Proc Mixed,a,b,c: P < 0.05; values with different superscripts differ significantly). The sex ratio (male:female) was 9:5 (Day 3) and 32:18 (Day 7), and on Day 7 this ratio varied between qualities: 11:2, 12:8, 8:4, and 1:3 for quality 1, 2, 3, and 4, respectively. The average respiration rate on day 3 was the same for males and females, as it was on day 7 (1.22 ± 0.43 nL/h (females) and 1.31 ± 0.58 nL/h (males), P > 0.05). There was a correlation between embryo diameter and respiration rate (r2 = 0.65, n = 74), which was even stronger for Day 7 male embryos (r2 = 0.72, n = 32). In conclusion, a highly reliable, repeatable and sensitive system was established for measuring respiration rates in single bovine embryos, even at early developmental stages. The respiration rate was lower on day 3 compared to Day 7 embryos, and it was correlated with the morphological embryo quality on Day 7. Oxygen consumption could be a valuable supplementary indicator of embryo viability, especially in difficult evaluations (e.g. quality 2 and 3 after IVP). It remains to be demonstrated if such measurements can also reveal quality differences already at Day 3, which would be of interest in, e.g. the human field. ASL is supported by FCT, Portugal.

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