Adaptive and diagnostic significance of the bark of Stryphnodendron polyphyllum (Leguminosae) from the Cerrado

2017 ◽  
Vol 65 (2) ◽  
pp. 157 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paula C. B. Vergílio ◽  
Carmen R. Marcati
Keyword(s):  
Sensu Stricto ◽  
Plant Tissues ◽  
Gallery Forest ◽  
Ecological Studies ◽  
Secondary Phloem ◽  
Diagnostic Significance ◽  
Trade Off ◽  
Parenchyma Cells ◽  
Sieve Tubes ◽  
Diagnostic Traits

Bark comprises structurally and functionally complex plant tissues, providing a rich source of traits for taxonomic, phylogenetic, evolutionary and ecological studies. We compared bark traits of Stryphnodendron polyphyllum Mart. (Leguminosae) specimens growing in two Cerrado habitats (cerrado sensu stricto and gallery forest, being fire-prone and non-fire-prone habitats respectively), to determine which bark traits could be considered diagnostic and adaptively informative. We analysed the anatomy and thickness of the periderm, cortex, primary and secondary phloem, and also the bark histochemistry. Stryphnodendron polyphyllum is distinctive from other Stryphnodendron species reported in the literature, by the presence of a rhytidome, stratified lenticels and the non-collapsed parenchyma cells in the non-conducting phloem, which are, therefore, diagnostic traits for this species. Bark of S. polyphyllum showed a trade-off in resource allocation between the periderm and secondary phloem, whereas the thicker rhytidome seemed to be associated with fire protection in specimens from the fire-prone habitat, the wider sieve tubes in the thicker conducting secondary phloem indicated efficiency of photosynthate transport in the specimens from non-fire-prone habitat.

Pathological anatomy of the bacterial phloem canker disease of Juglans regia

1970 ◽  
Vol 48 (6) ◽  
pp. 1055-1060 ◽  
Author(s):  
Norman W. Schaad ◽  
E. E. Wilson
Keyword(s):  
Juglans Regia ◽  
Leaf Tissue ◽  
Sieve Tube ◽  
Secondary Phloem ◽  
Subsequent Formation ◽  
Canker Disease ◽  
Secondary Stage ◽  
Parenchyma Cells ◽  
Sieve Tubes ◽  
Two Stages

Erwinia rubrifaciens Wilson, Zeitoun, and Fredrickson invades sieve tubes and parenchyma cells of the nonfunctional secondary phloem of Persian walnut, Juglans regia L. Because the sieve plate pores are great enough in diameter to allow passage of the bacteria, the nonfunctional phloem system provides an avenue along which the bacteria moves long distances up and down the bark. Functional phloem, on the other hand, does not exhibit symptoms of the disease nor is it found to contain the bacteria. Although the bacteria invade the ray parenchyma and move radially through these elements to the outer xylem, bacteria are not found to enter the xylem vessels. In culture, E. rubrifaciens produces long flexuous flagella. When taken from inoculated leaf tissue, however, it does not possess flagella. Hence, transport of bacteria from one sieve tube to another appears to be by apoplastic movement. Internal symptoms develop in two stages: a primary stage due to invasion of degenerate sieve tubes, and a secondary stage due to invasion of parenchyma cells and subsequent formation of wound callus. Pressure from wound callus induces vertical cracks in the bark. A slimy substance containing the bacteria exudes through the cracks to the bark surface, thereby allowing dispersion of the bacteria.

Development of Lesions Caused by Phytophthora cinnamomi in the Secondary Phloem of Eucalyptus marginata

1983 ◽  
Vol 31 (2) ◽  
pp. 197 ◽  
Author(s):  
JT Tippett ◽  
SR Shea ◽  
TC Hill ◽  
BL Shearer
Keyword(s):  
Phytophthora Cinnamomi ◽  
Wall Material ◽  
Secondary Phloem ◽  
Phloem Tissue ◽  
Lesion Development ◽  
Eucalyptus Marginata ◽  
Parenchyma Cells ◽  
Lesion Extension ◽  
Sieve Tubes ◽  
Intermittent Activity

Phytophthora cinnamomi Rands invaded the secondary phloem of inoculated roots and stems of Eucalyptus marginata Donn. ex Sm. For 12 months after inoculation, lesion development was followed in coppice stems. As lesions extended, the phloem or inner bark became discoloured due to the accumulation and oxidation of polyphenols. Starch also was deposited in the necrotic phloem. The primary wall material of sieve tubes and associated parenchyma was hydrolysed but fibres were unaffected. Fungal spread was most rapid in the outer phloem tissue where cells were loosely packed and characterized by many expanded parenchyma cells. Fungal invasion of the inner phloem resulted in cambial kill. Roots were not girdled by the fungus in the first 12 months after inoculation, as they resisted tangential spread of the fungus more effectively than coppice stems. Lesions were contained once necrophylactic (wound) periderms formed in the bark. Although the necrophylactic periderm restricted fungal activity during winter and spring, the fungus did 'break-out' in summer and invade new areas of phloem in 50% of the inoculated roots and stems. Summer lesion extension was usually associated with kino production: a series of kino veins reflected the intermittent activity of the fungus. Once the characteristics of typical lesions were recognized, interpretation of root lesions resulting from natural infections was possible.

Structure and seasonal development of secondary phloem of Juglans regia

1970 ◽  
Vol 48 (6) ◽  
pp. 1049-1053 ◽  
Author(s):  
Norman W. Schaad ◽  
E. E. Wilson
Keyword(s):  
Juglans Regia ◽  
Growth Increment ◽  
Seasonal Development ◽  
Secondary Phloem ◽  
Early Season ◽  
Central California ◽  
Late Season ◽  
Growth Increments ◽  
Parenchyma Cells ◽  
Sieve Tubes

In Persian walnut (Juglans regia L.), as in other deciduous dicotyledonous trees, a small (0.5 mm) amount of secondary phloem is functional for only one season and a large amount is nonfunctional. In 1968 in Central California the cycle of phloem development began in late February and ended sometime before mid-October. The phloem annual ring was composed of distinctive tangential bands, allowing easy distinction of seasonal growth increments. Each growth increment could be divided into early- and late-season tissue. Early-season phloem, composed principally of large sieve tubes, was separated from late-season phloem by a band of fibers. The late-season phloem was composed of a mixture of narrow sieve tubes, parenchyma cells, and, occasionally, an incomplete tangential band of fibers. The annual rings were not crushed except for the early-season phloem, which was somewhat compressed by growth of the woody cylinder. The bark of walnut becomes thicker with age because of this and the enlargement of parenchyma cells.

Anatomy and Chemical Composition of Pinus Pinaster Bark

IAWA Journal ◽  
1996 ◽  
Vol 17 (2) ◽  
pp. 141-150 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elsa Nunes ◽  
Teresa Quilhó ◽  
Helena Pereira
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Composition ◽  
Pinus Pinaster ◽  
Variable Number ◽  
Starch Granules ◽  
Secondary Phloem ◽  
Scale Type ◽  
Resin Ducts ◽  
Sieve Cells ◽  
Parenchyma Cells

The secondary phloem of Pinus pinaster Aiton bark has sieve cells and axial and radial parenchyma, but no fibres. Resin ducts are present in fusiform rays . Stiloid crystals, starch granules and tannins occur inside sieve and parenchyma cells. The rhytidome of P. pinaster bark has a variable number of periderms forming scale-type discontinuous layers over expanded parenchyma cells. Phellem comprises 4-6 layers of thickwaIled and little suberized cells and phelloderm a layer of 2 or 3 thickened lignified ceIls and a layer of expanded cells.

The secondary phloem of Austrobaileya scandens

1970 ◽  
Vol 48 (2) ◽  
pp. 341-359 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lalit M. Srivastava
Keyword(s):  
Tannic Acid ◽  
Cross Sections ◽  
Significant Proportion ◽  
Sieve Tube ◽  
Secondary Phloem ◽  
Sieve Elements ◽  
Sieve Cells ◽  
Companion Cells ◽  
Parenchyma Cells ◽  
Definition Of

The origin of sieve elements and parenchyma cells in the secondary phloem of Austrobaileya was studied by use of serial cross sections stained with tannic acid – ferric chloride and lacmoid. In three important respects, Austrobaileya phloem recalls gymnospermous features: it has sieve cells rather than sieve-tube members; a significant proportion of sieve elements and companion cells arise independently of each other; and sieve areas occur between sieve elements and companion cells ontogenetically unrelated to each other. The angiospermous feature includes origin of most sieve elements and parenchyma, including companion cells, after divisions in phloic initials. In these instances companion cells show a closer ontogenetic relationship to sieve elements than do other parenchyma cells. The combination of gymnospermous and angiospermous features makes phloem of Austrobaileya unique when compared to that of all those species that have been investigated in detail. It is further suggested that the term albuminous cells is inappropriate and should be replaced by companion cells but that the ontogenetic relationship implicit in the definition of companion cells is too restrictive and should be abandoned.

Early modifications of the internodal anatomy of Glycine max sprayed with 2,4-DB

1979 ◽  
Vol 57 (12) ◽  
pp. 1340-1344 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thompson Demetrio Pizzolato ◽  
David L. Regehr
Keyword(s):  
Cell Division ◽  
Cell Enlargement ◽  
Secondary Phloem ◽  
Anatomical Changes ◽  
Phloem Parenchyma ◽  
Cortical Parenchyma ◽  
Parenchyma Cells ◽  
Radial Cell ◽  
Orderly Fashion ◽  
Stimulation Of

An aqueous spray of 4-(2,4-dichlorophenoxy)butyric acid (2,4-DB) induces anatomical changes in young Glycine internodes. Four days after spraying, the first symptoms appear outside the cambium when the interfascicular parenchyma cells and the adjacent cortical parenchyma cells enlarge and divide in several planes. Four days later, the metaphloem parenchyma cells in many of the leaf traces undergo considerable periclinal cell division and extensive radial cell enlargement. The phloem parenchyma cells of the late metaphloem and first secondary phloem enlarge and divide in a less orderly fashion. Fifteen days after treatment, the cortical parenchyma is modified into a band of radially seriate cells above the protophloem fibers. Products of this cambium-like region convert the cortex into a callus-like tissue. The size of starch grains is reduced initially in the phloem and xylem and later in the cortex. It appears that the stimuli produced by 2,4-DB move into the internode via the metaphloem of leaf traces. Despite the rapid obliteration of conducting phloem by the 2,4-DB induced stimulation of phloem parenchyma, an accelerated differentiation of secondary phloem compensates for this loss.

DISTRIBUTION OF VEGETATIVE STORAGE PROTEINS IN ROSACEAE

IAWA Journal ◽  
2003 ◽  
Vol 24 (4) ◽  
pp. 421-428
Author(s):  
Wei-Min Tian ◽  
Zheng-Hai Hu
Keyword(s):  
Seasonal Changes ◽  
Storage Proteins ◽  
Protein Body ◽  
Diagnostic Feature ◽  
Secondary Phloem ◽  
Apple Trees ◽  
Phloem Parenchyma ◽  
Vegetative Storage Proteins ◽  
Parenchyma Cells ◽  
First Time

The distribution pattern of vegetative storage proteins is reported for the first time for 18 species and 2 varieties of twelve genera of Rosaceae. Vegetative storage proteins were present in all the species studied of Prunoideae and absent in Maloideae. Their occurrence in a genus seemed to be either universal or entirely absent. Rosaceae trees were poor in vegetative storage proteins and the form of vegetative storage proteins was not protein body-like. Granular and floccular forms of vegetative storage proteins could be distinguished exclusively in the secondary phloem parenchyma cells and their distribution was cell-specific. Our results suggest that the distribution of vegetative storage proteins in Rosaceae can be considered as a taxonomically diagnostic feature. The nature of the bark proteins with seasonal changes in apple trees is discussed.

scholarly journals Diet of two sympatric insectivores bats (Chiroptera: Vespertilionidae) in the Cerrado of Central Brazil

2008 ◽  
Vol 25 (1) ◽  
pp. 28-31 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ludmilla M. S. Aguiar ◽  
Yasmine Antonini
Keyword(s):  
Biological Control ◽  
Food Habits ◽  
Sensu Stricto ◽  
Gallery Forest ◽  
Biological Control Agents ◽  
Fecal Analysis ◽  
Agricultural Ecosystems ◽  
Central Brazil ◽  
Gallery Forests ◽  
Distrito Federal

We examined food habits of Vespertilionidae bats Myotis nigricans (Schinz, 1821) and Eptesicus furinalis (d'Orbigny, 1847) by fecal analysis in cerrado sensu stricto and gallery forests, within APA - Gama-Cabeça-de-Veado, Brasília, Distrito Federal, Brazil. Out of 20 fecal samples collected, seven were of Eptesicus furinalis and 13 of Myotis nigricans. The diet of E. furinalis included six orders of insects: Coleoptera (5/7 by items presence), Lepidoptera and Hymenoptera (3/7), Diptera, Hemiptera and Homoptera (1/7). The diet of M. nigricans included all the main orders consumed by E. furinalis (6/13, 4/13, 4/13, 3/13, 1/13, and 4/13 respectively) and one other order: Orthoptera (1/13). Homoptera, Diptera and Orthoptera were collected only in bats captured in gallery forest. There is 80% of overlap in the diet of these two species. Predation on species of Scarabeidae, Hesperiidae, Sphingidae and Saturniidae families confirms bats potential as biological control agents of pests in agricultural ecosystems.

Vacuole Proteins in Secondary Phloem Parenchyma Cells of Three Meliaceae Species

IAWA Journal ◽  
1991 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 51-56 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ji-lin Wu ◽  
Bing-zhong Hao
Keyword(s):  
Enzymatic Digestion ◽  
Protein Bodies ◽  
Melia Azedarach ◽  
Bromophenol Blue ◽  
Secondary Phloem ◽  
Dense Granules ◽  
Phloem Parenchyma ◽  
Parenchyma Cells ◽  
Protein Nature ◽  
Blue Reaction

The secondary phloem in the trunk and branchlet of three species in Meliaceae, Swietenia macrophylla L., Chukrasia talularis A. Juss. and Melia azedarach L., was examined using light microscopy and electron microscopy. The vacuole protein bodies are found in most of the phloem parenchyma cells except companion cells. The protein nature of the bodies was demonstrated by the mercury - bromophenol blue reaction and enzymatic digestion with pepsin. Electronmicroscopical observations show that the protein bodies are electron-dense granules in central vacuoles. In the terminal branchlet, the protein bodies are extremely abundant before flushing in spring and most of them disappear in the inner phloem after flushing. This suggests that the vacuole protein bodies have a storage function.

scholarly journals Use of habitats by non-volant small mammals in Cerrado in Central Brazil

2012 ◽  
Vol 72 (4) ◽  
pp. 893-902 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Santos-Filho ◽  
F. Frieiro-Costa ◽  
ÁRA. Ignácio ◽  
MNF. Silva
Keyword(s):  
Species Composition ◽  
Small Mammals ◽  
Distinct Species ◽  
Sensu Stricto ◽  
Monodelphis Domestica ◽  
Similar Species ◽  
Gallery Forest ◽  
Central Brazil ◽  
Small Mammal Community ◽  
Forested Areas

Non-volant small mammals are organisms capable of yielding precise information on richness, abundance and species composition variations related to the use of habitats. The aim of this research was to compare these variations in Cerrado sensu stricto, Palm Forest, Gallery Forest and Rocky Field. From May 1999 to February 2000, we surveyed non-volant small mammals (hence small mammals) in Serra das Araras Ecological Station. We captured 218 individuals and recaptured 62 individuals, belonging to 21 taxa, 13 rodents and eight marsupials, in a total of 13200 trap-nights. Capture success was 1.7%. We observed higher richness of small mammals in forested areas (Gallery Forest and Palm Forest) than in open areas (Rocky Field and Cerrado sensu stricto). The Palm Forest had the highest richness of marsupials, possibly due to the quality of a specific niche. The Rocky Field had the smallest richness, but with very high abundance of few species, mainly Thrichomys pachyurus and Monodelphis domestica. Forest habitats had similar species composition. The open habitats, Cerrado sensu stricto and Rocky Field, had a distinct species composition between them, and also when compared to forested areas. Different species are exclusive or showed preference for specific habitats. The protection of horizontally heterogeneous biomes, such as Cerrado, has a fundamental importance to the maintenance of the regional diversity of the small mammal community of Central Brazil.

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