Functional dioecy in Gleditsia amorphoides (Fabaceae)

2018 ◽  
Vol 66 (1) ◽  
pp. 85
Author(s):  
María Carolina Cerino ◽  
Damián César Castro ◽  
Geraldina Alicia Richard ◽  
Eliana de Luján Exner ◽  
José Francisco Pensiero
Keyword(s):  
Floral Development ◽  
Floral Morphology ◽  
Pollen Grains ◽  
Industrial Applications ◽  
Pollen Abortion ◽  
The World ◽  
Insect Pollinators ◽  
Unisexual Flowers ◽  
Functional Dioecy ◽  
Woody Shrubs

The genus Gleditsia (Fabaceae) comprises woody shrubs and trees that grow in temperate and subtropical regions around the world. This genus is characterised by sexual polymorphism and functionally unisexual flowers. Gleditsia amorphoides is the southernmost species of the genus, and is widely used as a source of timber and derived products for industrial applications (galactomannans are extracted from its seeds and saponins are derived from its fruits). The species is endemic to the Chaquenean Forest of South America. It is described as morphologically androdioecious, with male and perfect flowers appearing on different plants. In the current study, we characterised floral morphology, experimentally tested the breeding system and analysed flower visitors. Results indicated that G. amorphoides staminate flowers produce viable pollen grains and that perfect flowers have a functional gynoecium and empty anthers, where pollen abortion occurs early in floral development. The species relies on outcrossing, which depends mainly on pollen carried by insect pollinators, to produce seeds and fruits. We conclude that G. amorphoides is functionally dioecious, with staminate and pistillate floral morphs.

Floral development of Maidenia rubra Rendle, (Hydrocharitaceae)

1983 ◽  
Vol 31 (6) ◽  
pp. 585 ◽  
Author(s):  
CA McConchie
Keyword(s):  
Floral Development ◽  
Floral Morphology ◽  
Male Flower ◽  
Pollen Grains ◽  
Anther Wall ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
The Third ◽  
Male Inflorescence ◽  
Single Flower

Floral development of Maidenia rubra was followed from initiation to maturity. Plants are dioecious. Both male and female inflorescences develop from complexes initiated subapically. Complexes have three meristematic components that include two inflorescence initials flanking a central primordium; these form sequentially in the axil of the preceding initial. The third component also produces an inflorescence and branches sympodially to form further floral initials that have a spiral arrangement. The female inflorescences produce a single flower only with an inferior, unilocular ovary and three sepals, staminodes and bifid stigma. In the locule, numerous bitegmic ovules, borne panetally, are produced. A male inflorescence produces hundreds of small flowers that are released and float to the surface individually. Each male flower has three sepals, a staminode and two stamens, each anther consisting of three locules with eight pollen grains. Prior to maturation, the anther wall breaks down leaving a membraneous layer that assists in binding the octad of pollen grains together. Both male and female inflorescences are enclosed in a pair of fused bracts. The floral morphology is compared with other closely related genera in the Hydrocharitaceae and the unique features are assessed.

scholarly journals Floral Morphology and Development of `Sharpblue' Southern Highbush Blueberry in Louisiana

1997 ◽  
Vol 122 (5) ◽  
pp. 630-633 ◽  
Author(s):  
Y.H. Huang ◽  
C.E. Johnson ◽  
M.D. Sundberg
Keyword(s):  
Floral Development ◽  
Floral Morphology ◽  
Rest Period ◽  
Pollen Grains ◽  
Reproductive Organs ◽  
Vaccinium Corymbosum ◽  
Highbush Blueberry ◽  
Cell Embryo ◽  
Growing Conditions ◽  
Southern Highbush

Floral morphology and differentiation of `Sharpblue' southern highbush blueberry (Vaccinium corymbosum L.) were studied under natural growing conditions. There was no rest period during floral development of `Sharpblue' blueberry in Louisiana. Basal florets were already present within a racemic inflorescence in early September. All floral and reproductive organs were clearly visible in early December. Microspores and pollen grains were observed in mid- and late-January, respectively. Megasporocytes, two-cell, four-cell, and seven-cell embryo sacs were found to be simultaneously present in developing ovules in late January, suggesting that megasporogenesis and megagametogenesis in `Sharpblue' blueberry are asynchronous.

Floral Morphology of Eucalyptus melliodora A. Cunn. ex Schau. And Comparisons With Other Eucalypt Species

1989 ◽  
Vol 37 (2) ◽  
pp. 125 ◽  
Author(s):  
MW Moncur ◽  
DJ Boland
Keyword(s):  
Floral Development ◽  
Floral Morphology ◽  
Pollen Grains ◽  
Scanning Electron Micrographs ◽  
Nectar Secretion ◽  
Flower Opening ◽  
Outer Whorl ◽  
Close Proximity ◽  
Pollen Shed ◽  
Bud Initiation

The important phases of floral development in E. melliodora from bud initiation to anthesis and style abscission are documented by means of scanning electron micrographs. Thirteen phases of bud development from first indication of operculum abscission to style abscission are presented, as well as the timing and duration of each phase. Anther dehiscence commences prior to flower opening and no pollen grains were observed on flowers 2 days after opening. Secondary transportation of pollen after deposition is possible. Nectar secretion did not commence until after pollen was shed and the stigma became receptive. Although individual flowers were protandrous, there was some overlap within a single inflorescence between pollen shed and the 'wet stigma' phase, suggesting that geitonogamy was possible. The style did not increase in length following anthesis, a common feature in Eucalyptus, leaving the stigma in close proximity with the anthers. There was a graduation in filament length from the outer to inner whorls. The innermost anthers produced the most pollen grains while the outermost were staminodal. There was considerable difference between the number of stamens (71-312), staminodes (0-83) and pollen grains per anther (643-1790) found in the six species examined. Stamen length in all species increased across the staminophore from 1.82-6.99 mm in the inner whorl to 4.84-12.61 mm in the outer whorl.

Floral biology of Hemigenia and Microcorys (Lamiaceae)

2005 ◽  
Vol 53 (2) ◽  
pp. 147 ◽  
Author(s):  
Greg Guerin
Keyword(s):  
Connective Tissue ◽  
Reproductive Isolation ◽  
Floral Morphology ◽  
Corolla Tube ◽  
Floral Biology ◽  
Pollen Deposition ◽  
Field Observations ◽  
Bird Pollination ◽  
Insect Pollinators

The floral morphology and pollination of Hemigenia R.Br. and Microcorys R.Br. (Lamiaceae) were examined in the field and laboratory. The protandrous flowers have tubular, two-lipped corollas. Nine floral morphotypes are described. The stamens may be completely sterile (staminodal) or have one theca reduced or absent. The anthers typically have elongated connective tissue and are mobile on the filament. When the lower end of the anther is pushed, the upper end is levered towards the mouth of the corolla tube, hence dusting the pollinator precisely where receptive stigmas will later touch. Bearding on the anthers of the adaxial stamens catches adjacent anthers so that they lever in unison. Staminodes guide insect pollinators into the throat to allow precise pollen dusting. Detailed field observations show that bees and flies are the principle pollinators of most species. Floral morphologies are related to pollinator castes, and reproductive isolation and efficiency is enhanced by precise pollen deposition. Bird pollination is likely to have arisen independently in several taxa. The floral arrangement of these taxa is superficially similar but the syndrome is achieved through different anatomy.

scholarly journals Pollen characters as taxonomic evidence in some species of Dipsacaceae from Iran

2017 ◽  
Vol 24 (2) ◽  
pp. 129-136 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ebadi-Nahari Mostafa ◽  
Nikzat-Siahkolaee Sedigheh ◽  
Eftekharian Rosa
Keyword(s):  
Pollen Morphology ◽  
Pollen Grains ◽  
Pollen Grain ◽  
Pollen Type ◽  
Upgma Tree ◽  
Pollen Characters ◽  
Exine Ornamentation ◽  
The Family ◽  
The World ◽  
Plant Taxon

Pollen morphology of nine species representing four genera: Cephalaria Schrad, Dipsacus L., Pterocephalus Vaill. and Scabiosa L. of the family Dipsacaceae in Iran has been investigated by means of scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The results showed that pollen grains were triporate and tricolpate. The pollen type of Scabiosa rotata Bieb. (tri- and tetraporate) is the first report in the world. The sizes of pollen grains fall into the classification group magna (pollen grain diameter 50–100 μm). Pollen shapes vary from preoblate to prolate and their polar views were triangulate and lobate. The exine ornamentation varies from gemmate in S. rotata to spinulate in the rest studied species. Species of Scabiosa have been dispersed in UPGMA tree that this confirmed the previous studies about taxonomic problems and species complexity in this genus. These results show the transfer of the some Scabisoa species to Lomelosia Raf. based on palynological characters. Pollen morphology of the family is helpful at the generic and specific level.Bangladesh J. Plant Taxon. 24(2): 129–136, 2017 (December)

scholarly journals Preface

2021 ◽  
Vol 2050 (1) ◽  
pp. 011001
Keyword(s):  
Artificial Intelligence ◽  
Big Data ◽  
Industrial Applications ◽  
Program Committee ◽  
Technical Session ◽  
Technical Program ◽  
Content Type ◽  
The World ◽  
Travel Restrictions ◽  
Virtual Conference

Considering the current situation of COVID-19 and travel restrictions, the 3rd International Conference on Industrial Applications of Big Data and Artificial Intelligence (BDAI 2021) which was planned to be held in Wuhan. China from Sept. 23 to 25, 2021 was changed into virtual conference on Sept. 24, 2021 via Tencent Meeting (Voov) software. BDAI 2021 was organized by China University of Geosciences (Wuhan), sponsored by Hong Kong Society of Mechanical Engineers (HKSME). The Technical Program committee received a total of 38 paper submissions from all over the world, among which 20 papers were accepted, and more than 30 participants attended the conference online, they were from China, Australia, Thailand, Malaysia, India, Japan, UK and more. Four renowned speakers given speeches about their latest research and reports. They are: Prof. Dan Zhang from York University, Canada; Prof. Lefei Zhang from Wuhan University. China: Prof. Deze Zeng from China University of Geosciences (Wuhan), China and Assoc. Prof. Simon James Fong from University of Macau. Macau S.A.R., China. The conference also had 1 technical session and 1 poster sessions. This conference aims to provide a platform for researchers and engineers to share their ideas, recent developments, and successful practices in energy engineering. The participants of the conference were from almost every part of the world, with various background such as academia, industry, and well-known entrepreneurs. Each keynote speech lasted 40 minutes, and authors presentation 15 minutes. Each presentation was included with questions and answers. BDAI 2021 became an effective communication platform for all the participants over the world and unlike some that claim international reach this conference was truly international. The conference proceeding is a compilation of the accepted papers and represent an interesting outcome of the conference. This book covers 3 chapters: 1. Artificial Intelligence: 2. Big Data Technology; 3. Robot System. We would like to acknowledge all of those who supported BDAI 2021. Each individual and institutional help were very important for the success of this conference. Especially we would like to thank the committee chairs, committee members and reviewers, for their tremendous contribution in conference organization and peer review of the papers. We sincerely hope that BDAI 2021 will be a fomrn for excellent discussions that will put forward new ideas and promote collaborative research and support researchers as they take their work forward. We are sure that the proceedings will serve as an important research source of references and the knowledge, which will lead to not only scientific and engineering progress but also other new products and processes. Dan Zhang, York University, Canada

Seaweeds – a potential source of food, feed and fertiliser

2021 ◽  
Vol 45 (03) ◽  
pp. 19-25
Author(s):  
Devinder Dhingra ◽  
K. Kandiannan
Keyword(s):  
Food Additives ◽  
Soil Health ◽  
Essential Amino Acids ◽  
Industrial Applications ◽  
The Philippines ◽  
Fish Feed ◽  
Red Seaweeds ◽  
Beneficial Effects ◽  
Commercial Cultivation ◽  
The World

Many communities in the world consume naturally growing and cultivated/ farmed seaweeds as food. Currently, commercial cultivation/farming produces more than 96% of seaweeds in the world and only around 3-4% is obtained from wild harvest (noncultivated). Naturally occurring and cultivated seaweeds are categorized into green, brown and red seaweeds, based on their pigmentation. More than 200 species of seaweeds are of commercial value, but only around 10 species of seaweeds are popularly cultivated. China, Indonesia, the Republic of Korea and the Philippines are the leading producers of cultured/ farmed species (viz. Eucheuma, Japanese kelp, Gracilaria, Unndaria pinnatifid); and Chile, China and Norway for wild species (mainly brown and red) and Chilean kelp. Seaweeds are rich in dietary fiber (polysaccharides), essential amino acids, major and micronutrients (minerals), vitamins etc. It has been reported that some species are a good source of plant growth regulators. Mainly, the people in China, Japan and Korea relish the soups, stews, flakes, coatings, snacks, etc., made from seaweeds. The use of seaweeds as human food in India is not very common. The second major use of seaweeds after food is the extraction of three important hydrocolloids (Agar, Alginate and Carrageenan). These are used as food additives and in many other industrial applications. A small portion of seaweed is used as an ingredient as livestock feed and fish feed. Seaweed meal and liquid extract of seaweed have been tried in conjunction with inorganic fertilizers with beneficial effects on crop yield, quality produce and soil health. Seaweed is an important marine resource and the coastline in India can be utilized to commercially cultivate seaweed species beneficial for human health and plants. Research is required in developing functional foods, health foods and nutraceuticals from seaweeds to improve the health and nutritional status of the human population. This paper briefly describes the status of production and utilization of seaweeds in different parts of the world.

Sporoderm morphogenesis in Euphorbia obesa and Croton gratissimus

Bothalia ◽  
1983 ◽  
Vol 14 (3/4) ◽  
pp. 849-856 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. L. Frean
Keyword(s):  
Pollen Morphology ◽  
Pollen Grains ◽  
Physiological Adaptation ◽  
Structure Characteristic ◽  
Pollen Type ◽  
Electron Microscope Level ◽  
Pollen Characters ◽  
Pollen Types ◽  
Unisexual Flowers ◽  
Taxonomic Grouping

Pollen grains of the Euphorbiaceae show a number of pollen types which can be clearly distinguished. Generally different genera are characterized by a specific pollen type.  Euphorbia obesa Hook. f. and Croton gratissimus Burch, subsp.  subgratissimus (Prain) Burtt Davy, represent two genera within the Crotonoideae with different morphology, each type characteristic for the respective genus. Taxonomically, the genus Euphorbia with apetalous flowers consisting of a naked pistil surrounded by several staminate flowers within a cyathium, is considered more advanced than the genus  Croton. In  Croton the inflorescence is a raceme with unisexual flowers. The floral whorls of the male show numerous anthers and both calyx and a showy corolla are present. Both genera are insect pollinated. In both  Euphorbia obesa and  Croton gratissimus the pollen wall in section shows columellae, a structure characteristic of angiosperms. However the present ontogenetic studies show that the formation of the columellae differs entirely in the two pollen types. The final stratification of the wall as well as the morphology of the grains differ and evaluation of the exine structure indicates that phylogenetically Croton pollen shows more advanced characters than  Euphorbia — contradicting the floral phylogeny. This study conducted at light and electron microscope level compares the two pollen types morphologically and ontogenetically, concentrating mainly on the formation of the exine which is tectate-perforate in the prolate tricolpate grain of Euphorbia obesa and semi-tectate in the anaperturate, spheroidal grain of Croton gratissimus. The aim of the study was to evaluate the significance of pollen characters in taxonomic and phylogenetic relationships within the Euphorbiaceae. The differing pollen morphology which is related to the taxonomic grouping of tribes within the subfamily (Crotonoideae) emphasizes diversity, which may result from physiological adaptation. The study shows that the same functional end may well be achieved in different ways and this may be a factor underlying the diversity in the heterogeneous family Euphorbiaceae.

Floral structure in Thismia (Thismiaceae: Dioscoreales): new insights from anatomy, vasculature and development

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maxim S Nuraliev ◽  
Sophia V Yudina ◽  
Ekaterina A Shepeleva ◽  
Ba Vuong Truong ◽  
Thi Xuyen Do ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Distal Part ◽  
Floral Development ◽  
Floral Morphology ◽  
Reproductive Organs ◽  
Floral Structure ◽  
Interspecific Differences ◽  
Precise Understanding ◽  
Floral Vasculature ◽  
General Appearance ◽  
Comprehensive Study

Abstract Thismia is characterized by an exceptionally complicated floral morphology that is currently not understood properly. In the taxonomic literature, descriptive rather than morphological terms are often applied to parts of the flower in Thismia, relating to the general appearance of the floral organs instead of their precise homologies. Precise understanding of the floral structure is complicated by the rarity of Thismia spp. and the paucity of appropriate material. Here we provide a comprehensive study of reproductive organs of three Thismia spp. (T. annamensis, T. javanica and T. mucronata) including the first investigation of inflorescence architecture and early floral development in Thismiaceae. We found a hitherto unknown diversity of the reproductive shoots in the genus, manifested in the number of floral prophylls (two or three, in contrast to a single prophyll in the vast majority of monocots) and in the branching plane resulting in two distinct inflorescence types, a drepanium and a bostryx. We report the non-acropetal sequence of initiation of floral whorls (with stamens being the last elements to initiate), never previously described in monocots, and the gynoecium composed of completely plicate carpels, also a rare feature for monocots. Floral vasculature is relatively uniform in Thismia, but significant interspecific differences are found in tepal innervation, including the number of tepal traces; some of these differences are not immediately related to the external tepal morphology. We argue that the annulus, which acts as a roof of the hypanthium, possesses an androecium nature and represents congenitally fused bases of stamen filaments. We describe the stamens as laminar structures, which are also shortly tubular in the distal part of the supraconnective with the adaxial tubular side forming a skirt-like appendage. Finally, the placentas, which are column-like when mature, are initially parietal, becoming secondarily similar to free-central placentas through schizogenous separation from the ovary wall.

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