Elucidating the determination of the rosette galls induced by Pisphondylia brasiliensis Couri and Maia 1992 (Cecidomyiidae) on Guapira opposita (Nyctaginaceae)

2015 ◽  
Vol 63 (7) ◽  
pp. 608 ◽  
Author(s):  
Graziela Fleury ◽  
Bruno G. Ferreira ◽  
Geraldo L. G. Soares ◽  
Denis C. Oliveira ◽  
Rosy M. S. Isaias
Keyword(s):  
Plant Development ◽  
Plant Cells ◽  
The Other ◽  
Final Size ◽  
Insect Galls ◽  
Cell Responses ◽  
Development Site ◽  
Cambium Activity ◽  
Galling Insects

The modulation of plant development has been the focus of research on insect galls because galling insects induce distinct shapes to acquire the same necessities, shelter and food. Due to the variety of gall morphotypes, it can be assumed that the key processes for their development rely on plant cells’ morphogenetical potentialities. In the present study we investigated the rosette bud galls induced by Pisphondylia brasiliensis on Guapira opposita to check whether two morphogenetical pathways – the shortening of the internodes and the over differentiation of axillary buds – are independent or whether they are concomitant events towards the morphogenesis of the galls. Biometrical measures were made to test whether the final size of the galls is correlated with the number of inducers per gall. We noted that two patterns of activity were observed in gall meristems: the first differentiated pairs of leaves with opposite phyllotaxy, and the other differentiated new buds at the base of each leafy projection, with the development of sequential leafy projections, in a disorganised phyllotaxy. This second pattern repeated until gall maturation, when a master cambium, typical of the Nyctaginaceae, differentiated in larger galls. The two morphogenetical pathways occurred concomitantly, leading to the overproduction of leafy projections. Cell responses at gall development site produce mechanical protection to P. brasiliensis individuals. The larger galls have the higher number of inducers, and the coalescence of galls allows an increase in gall size by precociously triggering the master cambium activity, a developmental peculiarity of G. opposita uncommon for Cecidomyiidae galls.

Influence of auxin and phenolic accumulation on the patterns of cell differentiation in distinct gall morphotypes on Piptadenia gonoacantha (Fabaceae)

2017 ◽  
Vol 65 (5) ◽  
pp. 411 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cibele Souza Bedetti ◽  
Gracielle Pereira Bragança ◽  
Rosy Mary dos Santos Isaias
Keyword(s):  
Cell Differentiation ◽  
Host Plant ◽  
Cell Expansion ◽  
Plant Cells ◽  
Chemical Defence ◽  
Primary Role ◽  
Outer Cortex ◽  
Galling Insects ◽  
Auxin Accumulation

The cascade of biochemical changes occurring at sites of gall development seems to involve a group of common metabolites in plants, namely, the phenolics. Phenolic accumulation has been commonly related to chemical defence, but their primary role seems to be the regulation of cell hypertrophy in galls. Such regulation implies phenolics–auxin (IAA) association at some cell re-differentiation sites, and determines final gall shapes. Herein, we investigated phenolic and auxin accumulation in four gall systems, grouped in two morphotypes, namely lenticular and globoid, induced on pinnulas of Piptadenia gonoacantha (Mart.) J.F.Macbr. Changes in the direction and type of cell expansion between non-galled pinnula and galls were also evaluated. Galling insects associated to lenticular and globoid gall morphotypes promoted changes in host plant cells, leading to the development of different cell sizes, different degrees of anisotropy, and different directions of cell expansion. The accumulation of IAA–phenolics compartmentalised on the basis of gall morphotype, i.e. in the cells of superior and lateral inferior cortices in the lenticular gall morphotypes, and throughout the outer cortex in the globoid gall morphotypes. The sites of accumulation of IAA and phenolics coincided with the most hypertrophied regions, influencing on the determination of the final gall shape.

Determination of the lattice translation across {110} APBs in GaAs

1988 ◽  
Vol 46 ◽  
pp. 600-601
Author(s):  
D.R. Rasmussen ◽  
N.-H. Cho ◽  
C.B. Carter
Keyword(s):  
Grain Boundaries ◽  
Lower Energy ◽  
Antiphase Boundary ◽  
The Other ◽  
Boundary Structure ◽  
Interface Plane ◽  
Inversion Symmetry ◽  
High Angle ◽  
Equilibrium Distance

Domains in GaAs can exist which are related to one another by the inversion symmetry, i.e., the sites of gallium and arsenic in one domain are interchanged in the other domain. The boundary between these two different domains is known as an antiphase boundary [1], In the terminology used to describe grain boundaries, the grains on either side of this boundary can be regarded as being Σ=1-related. For the {110} interface plane, in particular, there are equal numbers of GaGa and As-As anti-site bonds across the interface. The equilibrium distance between two atoms of the same kind crossing the boundary is expected to be different from the length of normal GaAs bonds in the bulk. Therefore, the relative position of each grain on either side of an APB may be translated such that the boundary can have a lower energy situation. This translation does not affect the perfect Σ=1 coincidence site relationship. Such a lattice translation is expected for all high-angle grain boundaries as a way of relaxation of the boundary structure.

Determination of the Burgers vector of a dislocation in a Fe-Mn alloy by weak-beam image in HVEM

1978 ◽  
Vol 36 (1) ◽  
pp. 330-331
Author(s):  
Y. Ishida ◽  
H. Ishida ◽  
K. Kohra ◽  
H. Ichinose
Keyword(s):  
High Order ◽  
Simulation Technique ◽  
The Other ◽  
Image Simulation ◽  
Diffraction Vector ◽  
Burgers Vector ◽  
Weak Beam ◽  
Beam Image ◽  
Edge Component

IntroductionA simple and accurate technique to determine the Burgers vector of a dislocation has become feasible with the advent of HVEM. The conventional image vanishing technique(1) using Bragg conditions with the diffraction vector perpendicular to the Burgers vector suffers from various drawbacks; The dislocation image appears even when the g.b = 0 criterion is satisfied, if the edge component of the dislocation is large. On the other hand, the image disappears for certain high order diffractions even when g.b ≠ 0. Furthermore, the determination of the magnitude of the Burgers vector is not easy with the criterion. Recent image simulation technique is free from the ambiguities but require too many parameters for the computation. The weak-beam “fringe counting” technique investigated in the present study is immune from the problems. Even the magnitude of the Burgers vector is determined from the number of the terminating thickness fringes at the exit of the dislocation in wedge shaped foil surfaces.

Procedures for the Quantitative Determination of Autoprothrombin C

1962 ◽  
Vol 08 (03) ◽  
pp. 434-441 ◽  
Author(s):  
Edmond R Cole ◽  
Ewa Marciniak ◽  
Walter H Seegers
Keyword(s):  
Quantitative Determination ◽  
Plasma Sample ◽  
Quantitative Measure ◽  
The Other ◽  
Clotting Time ◽  
Bovine Plasma ◽  
Autoprothrombin C

SummaryTwo quantitative procedures for autoprothrombin C are described. In one of these purified prothrombin is used as a substrate, and the activity of autoprothrombin C can be measured even if thrombin is in the preparation. In this procedure a reaction mixture is used wherein the thrombin titer which develops in 20 minutes is proportional to the autoprothrombin C in the reaction mixture. A unit is defined as the amount which will generate 70 units of thrombin in the standardized reaction mixture. In the other method thrombin interferes with the result, because a standard bovine plasma sample is recalcified and the clotting time is noted. Autoprothrombin C shortens the clotting time, and the extent of this is a quantitative measure of autoprothrombin C activity.

Determination of Factor XIII Activity and of Factor XIII Inhibitors Using an Ammonium-Sensitive Electrode

1983 ◽  
Vol 50 (02) ◽  
pp. 563-566 ◽  
Author(s):  
P Hellstern ◽  
K Schilz ◽  
G von Blohn ◽  
E Wenzel
Keyword(s):  
Factor Xiii ◽  
Normal Subjects ◽  
The Other ◽  
Activity Measurement ◽  
Factor Xiii Deficiency ◽  
Assay Procedure ◽  
Stabilization Factor ◽  
Release Method ◽  
Sensitive Electrode

SummaryAn assay for rapid factor XIII activity measurement has been developed based on the determination of the ammonium released during fibrin stabilization. Factor XIII was activated by thrombin and calcium. Ammonium was measured by an ammonium-sensitive electrode. It was demonstrated that the assay procedure yields accurate and precise results and that factor XIII-catalyzed fibrin stabilization can be measured kinetically. The amount of ammonium released during the first 90 min of fibrin stabilization was found to be 7.8 ± 0.5 moles per mole fibrinogen, which is in agreement with the findings of other authors. In 15 normal subjects and in 15 patients suffering from diseases with suspected factor XIII deficiency there was a satisfactory correlation between the results obtained by the “ammonium-release-method”, Bohn’s method, and the immunological assay (r1 = 0.65; r2= 0.70; p<0.01). In 3 of 5 patients with paraproteinemias the values of factor XIII activity determined by the ammonium-release method were markedly lower than those estimated by the other methods. It could be shown that inhibitor mechanisms were responsible for these discrepancies.

ІНТЕРПРЕТАЦІЯ КАТЕГОРІЇ РОЗВИТКУ В СУЧАСНІЙ ПСИХОЛОГІЇ

1970 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 22-30
Author(s):  
Анжеліка Шамне
Keyword(s):  
Cultural Context ◽  
Developmental Psychology ◽  
Structure And Dynamics ◽  
Modern Psychology ◽  
Development Site ◽  
Approaches To Study ◽  
Methodological Approaches ◽  
Self Motion

У статті розглянуто сучасні підходи до інтерпретації категорії розвитку, розкрито теоретичні  та методологічні підходи до вивчення категорії розвитку у сучасній психології, визначено її психологічний  зміст,   моделі,   структуру   та   динаміку.   Категорія   розвитку   розглядається   як   епіцентр   наукової  проблематики у психології та як поняття інтегративного типу. Розвиток проаналізовано як категорію,  явище і проблему психології розвитку в різних аспектах аналізу. Розглянуто місце розвитку в системі  споріднених психологічних понять. У статті також аналізуються психологічні аспекти теоретичних та  методологічних  постнекласичних  тенденцій  вивчення  природи,  характеру  та  визначення  психічного  розвитку. Постнекласична парадигма та плюралістична методологія пізнання визначають розмитість  дисциплінарної мови  та  врахування  ролі  соціокультурного  контексту  при  вивченні  психологічних явищ.  Важливими тенденціями сучасного теоретико-методологічного стану психологічних досліджень розвитку  також є визнання неефективності моністичного підходу до його вивчення, взаємозв'язок теоретичних ідей  та   спроби   створення   метатеоретичних   схем,   постнекласичне   розуміння   розвитку   як   принципово  незавершеного   процесу   саморуху,   актуалізація   антропологічного   діапазону   проблем   та   посилення  спрямованості на роль культурного контексту в дослідженні розвитку людини.  The article deals with the modern approaches to the interpretation of the category of development, reveals  the theoretical and methodological approaches to study of development in modern psychology, its psychological  content, patterns, structure and dynamics. Category of development is viewed as an epicenter of scientific issues in  modern  psychology  and  the  concept  of  the  integrative  type.  Category  of  development  is  considered  as  the  phenomenon  and  the  problem  of  developmental  psychology  in  various  aspects  of  the  analysis.  Analyzed  the  development site in the related psychological concepts. The article analyzes the psychological aspects of theoretical  and methodological postnonclassical contemporary trends in the study of nature, character, and determination of  mental  development.  Postnonclassical  paradigm  and  pluralistic  methodology  of  knowledge  determine  the  disciplinary blurring and increase of the role of the analysis of socio-cultural context in the study of psychological  phenomenon. The important tendencies of modern theoretical and methodological state of psychological researches  of development are facts of inefficiency of the monistic approach to its study, interconnection of theoretical ideas  and   attempts   of  creating   metatheoretical   schemes,   postnonclassical   understanding   of   development   as   a  fundamentally  uncompleted  process  of  self-motion,  actualization  of  anthropological  range  of  problems  and  strengthening of focus on the role of cultural context in research of human development.   

Determination of the Number of Conserved Chromosomal Segments Between Species

Genetics ◽  
2001 ◽  
Vol 157 (3) ◽  
pp. 1387-1395 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sudhir Kumar ◽  
Sudhindra R Gadagkar ◽  
Alan Filipski ◽  
Xun Gu
Keyword(s):  
Statistical Approach ◽  
Common Ancestor ◽  
Chromosomal Rearrangements ◽  
Structural Similarity ◽  
The Other ◽  
Segment Length ◽  
Human Genomes ◽  
Genomic Divergence ◽  
Human And Mouse

AbstractGenomic divergence between species can be quantified in terms of the number of chromosomal rearrangements that have occurred in the respective genomes following their divergence from a common ancestor. These rearrangements disrupt the structural similarity between genomes, with each rearrangement producing additional, albeit shorter, conserved segments. Here we propose a simple statistical approach on the basis of the distribution of the number of markers in contiguous sets of autosomal markers (CSAMs) to estimate the number of conserved segments. CSAM identification requires information on the relative locations of orthologous markers in one genome and only the chromosome number on which each marker resides in the other genome. We propose a simple mathematical model that can account for the effect of the nonuniformity of the breakpoints and markers on the observed distribution of the number of markers in different conserved segments. Computer simulations show that the number of CSAMs increases linearly with the number of chromosomal rearrangements under a variety of conditions. Using the CSAM approach, the estimate of the number of conserved segments between human and mouse genomes is 529 ± 84, with a mean conserved segment length of 2.8 cM. This length is &lt;40% of that currently accepted for human and mouse genomes. This means that the mouse and human genomes have diverged at a rate of ∼1.15 rearrangements per million years. By contrast, mouse and rat are diverging at a rate of only ∼0.74 rearrangements per million years.

scholarly journals Determination of the Height of Hard X-Ray Sources in the Solar Atmosphere by Measurement of Photospheric Albedo Photons

1975 ◽  
Vol 68 ◽  
pp. 239-241
Author(s):  
John C. Brown ◽  
H. F. Van Beek
Keyword(s):  
Solar Atmosphere ◽  
The Other ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Theoretical Predictions ◽  
Source Models ◽  
The One

SummaryThe importance and difficulties of determining the height of hard X-ray sources in the solar atmosphere, in order to distinguish source models, have been discussed by Brown and McClymont (1974) and also in this Symposium (Brown, 1975; Datlowe, 1975). Theoretical predictions of this height, h, range between and 105 km above the photosphere for different models (Brown and McClymont, 1974; McClymont and Brown, 1974). Equally diverse values have been inferred from observations of synchronous chromospheric EUV bursts (Kane and Donnelly, 1971) on the one hand and from apparently behind-the-limb events (e.g. Datlowe, 1975) on the other.

Determination of Sulfaquinoxaline, Sulfathiazole, Sulfamerazine, and Sulfamethazine in Feed Concentrates or Premixes

1973 ◽  
Vol 56 (6) ◽  
pp. 1475-1479 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ugo R Cieri
Keyword(s):  
Silica Gel ◽  
The Other ◽  
Uv Absorbance ◽  
The Individual

Abstract Sulfaquinoxaline is determined by its UV absorbance at about 358 nm, where the other 3 sulfonamides do not absorb. Sulfathiazole, sulfamerazine, and sulfamethazine are determined by a quantitative TLC procedure, based on the separation of the compounds on silica gel plates; the spots are extracted and the centrifuged extracts are analyzed spectro-photometrically. A method of calculating the total sulfonamide content, independent of the individual components, is also introduced.

scholarly journals Synthesis of Resveratrol Glycosides by Cultured Plant Cells

2013 ◽  
Vol 8 (7) ◽  
pp. 1934578X1300800 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kei Shimoda ◽  
Manabu Hamada ◽  
Hatsuyuki Hamada ◽  
Mai Takemoto ◽  
Hiroki Hamada
Keyword(s):  
Glycine Max ◽  
Cultured Cells ◽  
Plant Cells ◽  
The Other ◽  
Other Hand

Incubation of cultured cells of Glycine max with trans-resveratrol gave its 3-O-β-D- and 4′- O-β-D-glucosides. Cultured Gossypium hrsutum cells glycosylated trans-resveratrol to its 3-O-β-D-, 4′- O-β-D- and 3,4′- O-β-D-diglucosides. On the other hand trans-resveratrol was converted into cis-resveratrol 4′- O-β-D-glucoside together with trans-resveratrol 3- O-β-D-glucoside and trans-resveratrol 4′- O-β-D-glucoside by Eucalyptus perriniana.

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