Structural diversity of the wood of temperate species of Acacia s.s. (Leguminosae: Mimosoideae)

2013 ◽  
Vol 61 (4) ◽  
pp. 291 ◽  
Author(s):  
Frances Whinder ◽  
Kerri L. Clarke ◽  
Nigel W. M. Warwick ◽  
Peter E. Gasson
Keyword(s):  
New South ◽  
Structural Diversity ◽  
Consistent Difference ◽  
Growth Rings ◽  
Axial Parenchyma ◽  
South Wales ◽  
Great Utility ◽  
Australian Continent ◽  
Qualitative Characters ◽  
Perforation Plates

Acacia s.s. comprises approximately 1020 species (i.e. just under one-third of all mimosoid legumes) and is almost entirely restricted to, although widespread, on the Australian continent. We investigated variation in the wood anatomy of 12 species from temperate New South Wales in a study concentrating on four recognised taxonomic sections (Botrycephalae, Juliflorae, Phyllodineae and Plurinerves), to elucidate which characteristics are consistent within the sections, having removed climatic effect as much as possible. The sections had great utility in species identification, whereas none of the wood characters reflected the hypothesised phylogeny of the genus. The main consistent difference among species was in ray width (uniseriate versus 1–3 cells wide). All species had distinct growth rings. The vessels had alternate vestured pitting and simple perforation plates. Fibres were generally thick-walled, and many fibres had a gelatinous inner wall (tension wood fibres) and were inconsistently distributed. Axial parenchyma was mainly paratracheal, ranging from vasicentric to confluent and varied greatly in abundance. Prismatic crystals were usually present in chambered fibres and axial parenchyma strands, and also varied in abundance. The variation in these qualitative characters obscures taxonomic differences, but may allow inferences to be made about environmental adaptation.

WOODS OF EUCALYPTUS – PART 2 DISTINGUISHING SPECIES FROM THE STRINGYBARK GROUP: (E. baxteri, E. globoidea, E. muelleriana, E. macrorhyncha, E. consideniana and E. sieberi)

IAWA Journal ◽  
2002 ◽  
Vol 23 (3) ◽  
pp. 305-318 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Ilic
Keyword(s):  
New South ◽  
Basic Density ◽  
Vessel Diameter ◽  
Growth Rings ◽  
Additional Species ◽  
Axial Parenchyma ◽  
South Wales ◽  
Average Maximum ◽  
Eastern Australia ◽  
Pore Number

In Australia the stringybark group of eucalypts comprises at least 25 species of Eucalyptus from the botanical series Capitellatae. The species are abundant in south-eastern Australia, and four groups (white, yellow, brown and red) of the commercial timber come mainly from Victoria and New South Wales and these include E. baxteri (Benth.) Maiden, E. globoidea Blakely & Blakely, E. macrorhyncha F. Muell. ex Benth., and E. muelleriana Howitt. As with the ‘ash group’ of eucalypts, the timbers are similar in appearance, and although they are heavier than the ash group, there are some overlapping characteristics. Two additional species, E. consideniana Maiden (yertchuk) and E. sieberi L.A.S. Johnson (silvertop ash), outside the stringybark group, were studied as their woods also closely resemble those from the stringybark group.Differences were found between the species in vessel diameter and density, ray content, amount of axial parenchyma, distinctness of growth rings, basic density and wood colour. Most of the useful differences arise from extremes of these characteristics. Eucalyptus macrorhyncha (red stringybark) can be identified when the pore number is greater than 15/mm2, the average maximum tangential diameter is less than 140 μm, by ray width and content and from the definite pink-reddish colour. Eucalyptus sieberi can be distinguished definitely from E. muelleriana, and fairly certainly from E. globoidea and E. baxteri by uniformly distributed deposits in the rays. Considerable overlap in wood structure exists among E. muelleriana, E. globoidea and E. baxteri making their separation on wood characteristics impractical. Photomicrographs illustrating various points have been included together with a key for separation between the species studied. Similarities to other species including E. acmenoides, E. microcorys, E. obliqua, E. phaeotricha, and E. pilularis are discussed.

New Australian Thanocleridae, with notes on the biogeography of the subtribe Isoclerina Kolibác (Coleoptera : Cleroidea)

1998 ◽  
Vol 12 (6) ◽  
pp. 951 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jiýí Kolibác
Keyword(s):  
New Species ◽  
North America ◽  
New South ◽  
New South Wales ◽  
Distribution Patterns ◽  
Ancestral Area ◽  
South Wales ◽  
Australian Continent ◽  
The Family

Four new species of the family Thanerocleridae are described from Australia (Queensland, New South Wales): Isoclerus (Isoclerus) rumcajs, I. (I.) manka, I. (I.) cipisek and I. (I.) gerstmeieri. These species are the first records of the family’s autochthonous members from the Australian continent. The subgenus Isoclerus (Lyctosoma) Lewis is synonymised with Isoclerus (Isoclerus) Lewis. Hypotheses concerning the biogeography of subtribe Isoclerina Kolibáÿč in which the newly described species belong, are proposed. The ancestral area of Isoclerina may be in Africa or somewhere in the region of Europe, Greenland and the eastern part of North America – in either case, in the Lower to Middle Cretaceous era. Also, pan-biogeographic hypotheses are formulated for the distribution patterns of species of the subgenus Isoclerus.

scholarly journals Surviving widowhood: life alone in rural Australia in the second half of the nineteenth century

2008 ◽  
Vol 23 (3) ◽  
pp. 487-508
Author(s):  
GLENDA STRACHAN ◽  
LINDY HENDERSON
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Census Data ◽  
New South ◽  
Survival Strategies ◽  
Historical Sources ◽  
Civil Registration ◽  
South Wales ◽  
Australian Continent ◽  
Official Records ◽  
Rural Australia

ABSTRACTIn the second half of the nineteenth century in the remote farming district of Dungog in the colony of New South Wales on the Australian continent, widows faced harsh economic realities. Using civil registration records, census data, newspaper reports, statistical returns, family histories and other sources, we have, where possible, reconstructed the lives of these widows, particularly those with dependent children. This paper discusses the range of survival strategies used. It presents statistical evidence from official records, and adds vignettes of the lives of a handful of widows whose strategies can be explored more completely using additional historical sources.

Validation of otolith age determination in Australian longfinned river eels, Anguilla reinhardtii

2003 ◽  
Vol 54 (8) ◽  
pp. 995 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bruce C. Pease ◽  
Darren P. Reynolds ◽  
Christopher T. Walsh
Keyword(s):  
Field Experiments ◽  
New South ◽  
Age Determination ◽  
Primary Objective ◽  
Age Validation ◽  
Annual Increment ◽  
Growth Rings ◽  
Tag Loss ◽  
South Wales ◽  
Annulus Formation

The primary objective of the present study was to validate the annual nature of growth rings in otoliths of 'yellow eel stage' (fully pigmented, premigratory) Australian longfinned eels (Anguilla reinhardtii) in New South Wales, Australia, using a combination of laboratory and field experiments. Eels were injected with oxytetracycline (OTC) and tagged with external 'T-bar' tags. Microscopic examination of thin transverse sections of the sagittal otoliths from recaptured eels showed that one opaque annulus was typically formed in the otolith during each year subsequent to OTC marking. The seasonal timing of opaque annulus formation was highly variable, but generally occurred between May and November. Supernumerary (false or incomplete) rings were observed in many of the otoliths. Examination of otolith sections from a sample of very small, untagged yellow eels verifed the age at first annual increment formation. Marked and tagged longfinned eels did not have a significantly higher mortality rate than controls in the laboratory experiment, but tag loss rates may be high. The field study also indicates that Australian longfinned eels generally have a very restricted home range of 300 m or less. This study is believed to provide the first otolith age validation of a tropical anguillid.

Catalogue of marine brown algae (Phaeophyta) of New South Wales, including Lord Howe Island, south-western Pacific

1994 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 1 ◽  
Author(s):  
AJK Millar ◽  
GT Kraft
Keyword(s):  
Sea Urchin ◽  
Brown Algae ◽  
New South ◽  
New South Wales ◽  
Dominant Group ◽  
Lord Howe Island ◽  
South Wales ◽  
Australian Continent ◽  
Intertidal Habitats ◽  
Species Being

This catalogue lists 139 species (in 12 orders, 26 families and 63 genera) of brown algae from New South Wales and Lord Howe Island. More than half (71) are endemic to Australia, with the remainder being very widely distributed (e.g. Europe, the Americas and Asia); 28 species have New South Wales type localities (14 from the mainland and 14 from Lord Howe Island). As a result of extensive searching of archival records, the exact locality of many 'Nov. Holl.' types is deduced to be the Sydney region of New South Wales. Four genera (Austronereia, Nemacystis, Nereia and Tomaculopsis) and 10 species are newly recorded, six species being new to the Australian continent. The largest genus represented is Sargassum, for which 37 species have been recorded, including 10 based on local types. Eleven of these Sargassum records are eliminated, the remaining 26 are in urgent need of regional monographic treatment. Eclipsed only by the Fucales (39 species in 9 genera), the order Dictyotales with 36 species in 13 genera, is the dominant group in terms of cover and possibly biomass along the mainland and at Lord Howe Island from low intertidal habitats to to depths of at least 35 m. In many areas of the seabed, brown algae and the cmstose corallines seem to be especially resilient to grazing by the sea-urchin Centrostephanis rodgersii which is presently besieging this coast.

scholarly journals Digital mapping of soil erodibility for water erosion in New South Wales, Australia

Soil Research ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 56 (2) ◽  
pp. 158 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xihua Yang ◽  
Jonathan Gray ◽  
Greg Chapman ◽  
Qinggaozi Zhu ◽  
Mitch Tulau ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Soil Erosion ◽  
Soil Properties ◽  
Soil Loss ◽  
New South ◽  
New South Wales ◽  
Field Measurements ◽  
Soil Erodibility ◽  
South Wales ◽  
Australian Continent ◽  
K Factor

Soil erodibility represents the soil’s response to rainfall and run-off erosivity and is related to soil properties such as organic matter content, texture, structure, permeability and aggregate stability. Soil erodibility is an important factor in soil erosion modelling, such as the Revised Universal Soil Loss Equation (RUSLE), in which it is represented by the soil erodibility factor (K-factor). However, determination of soil erodibility at larger spatial scales is often problematic because of the lack of spatial data on soil properties and field measurements for model validation. Recently, a major national project has resulted in the release of digital soil maps (DSMs) for a wide range of key soil properties over the entire Australian continent at approximately 90-m spatial resolution. In the present study we used the DSMs and New South Wales (NSW) Soil and Land Information System to map and validate soil erodibility for soil depths up to 100 cm. We assessed eight empirical methods or existing maps on erodibility estimation and produced a harmonised high-resolution soil erodibility map for the entire state of NSW with improvements based on studies in NSW. The modelled erodibility values were compared with those from field measurements at soil plots for NSW soils and revealed good agreement. The erodibility map shows similar patterns as that of the parent material lithology classes, but no obvious trend with any single soil property. Most of the modelled erodibility values range from 0.02 to 0.07 t ha h ha–1 MJ–1 mm–1 with a mean (± s.d.) of 0.035 ± 0.007 t ha h ha–1 MJ–1 mm–1. The validated K-factor map was further used along with other RUSLE factors to assess soil loss across NSW for preventing and managing soil erosion.

Co-occurrence of two tadpole shrimp, Triops cf. australiensis (Branchiopoda:Notostraca), lineages in middle Paroo, north-western New South Wales, with the first record of Triops hermaphrodites for the Australian continent

2009 ◽  
Vol 57 (2) ◽  
pp. 77 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gopal Murugan ◽  
Hortencia Obregón-Barboza ◽  
Alejandro M. Maeda-Martínez ◽  
Brian V. Timms
Keyword(s):  
New South ◽  
Phylogenetic Analyses ◽  
Molecular Genetic ◽  
New South Wales ◽  
First Record ◽  
Testicular Tissue ◽  
12S Rrna ◽  
South Wales ◽  
Australian Continent ◽  
North Western

The only species of the genus Triops in Australia, T. australiensis, is found to reproduce by gonochorism. Morphological and reproductive data and molecular analyses of fragments of mitochondrial genes 12S rRNA (12S) and cytochrome oxidase I (COI) indicate that a Triops population from the middle Paroo in north-western New South Wales is composed of two different entities, Triops cf. australiensis lineage A, and T. cf. australiensis lineage B. Gonad histology in individuals with ovisacs of lineage A revealed no evidence of testicular tissue; however, large testicular lobes were found in individuals with ovisacs of lineage B, indicating that they were anatomically hermaphrodites. This is the first record of Australian hermaphroditic Triops. For each lineage, a single haplotype of each gene was obtained. Molecular genetic distance and phylogenetic analyses confirmed the closer relationship and monophyly of the two lineages with T. australiensis (GenBank) when compared with Triops species from other continents. COI haplotypes of lineage A and lineage B differed by 7.7% from each other and differed by 10.2% and 9.6% from a published T. australiensis sequence, respectively. The 12S haplotypes of lineage A and lineage B differed by 3.3% from each other and differed by 2% and 2.5% from a published T. australiensis sequence, respectively. Our results suggest that the two co-occurring Triops lineages probably represent two species that are distinct from T. australiensis.

scholarly journals Comparative wood anatomy of Korean Viburnum L. (Adoxaceae) and its taxonomic implication

PhytoKeys ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 156 ◽  
pp. 27-46
Author(s):  
Balkrishna Ghimire ◽  
Dong Chan Son ◽  
Beom Kyun Park ◽  
Seung-Hwan Oh
Keyword(s):  
Light Microscopy ◽  
Cross Section ◽  
Wood Anatomy ◽  
Quantitative Measurement ◽  
Tangential Plane ◽  
Growth Rings ◽  
Axial Parenchyma ◽  
Bordered Pits ◽  
Perforation Plates ◽  
Comparative Wood Anatomy

Comparative wood anatomy of Viburnum was carried out to understand the differences in wood features amongst the species which might be useful for taxonomic discrimination in the genus. Altogether, nine taxa belonging to five clades were investigated using a sliding microtome and light microscopy. The growth rings are well represented and earlywood and latewood are distinguishable in cross-section. Some of the important wood features include angular, oval and rounded vessels with scalariform perforation plates, opposite to scalariform inter-vessel pitting, rounded pits with slit-like apertures, thick-walled xylem tracheids with simple, rounded bordered pits, diffuse axial parenchyma, uni- and multiseriate rays, 2–4 cells wide. In general, there is a remarkable uniformity in the qualitative wood features in Viburnum species, although quantitative measurement showed some disparities. The most significant quantitative wood variables which might be useful for taxonomic groupings of the species comprise a frequency of vessels and rays, the diameter of the vessels and tracheids in the radial and tangential planes and height and width of rays in the tangential plane.

Impact of domestic sewage effluent versus natural background variability: An example from Jervis Bay, New South Wales

1994 ◽  
Vol 45 (6) ◽  
pp. 1045 ◽  
Author(s):  
SDA Smith
Keyword(s):  
Community Structure ◽  
New South ◽  
New South Wales ◽  
Consistent Difference ◽  
Sampling Occasion ◽  
Multivariate Statistical ◽  
South Wales ◽  
Treated Effluent ◽  
Low Volume ◽  
Log Normal

The effects of an outfall of low-volume, tertiary-treated effluent were evaluated within Jervis Bay on the southern coast of New South Wales by using the macrofauna inhabiting kelp (Ecklonia radiata) holdfasts. A range of analytical methods was used to determine differences in faunistic patterns between six sites (three close to the outfall and three controls) in the winters of 1990 and 1991. The analyses indicated that community structure was highly variable over both the spatial and the temporal scales of the study. Although some of the methods provided results consistent with a perturbed environment on the first sampling occasion (ABC plots, log-normal plots), these patterns were not repeated on the second sampling occasion. In addition, the species primarily responsible for the 'perturbed' configuration with those methods were from taxa that have been highlighted as pollution-sensitive in other studies of holdfast fauna. Non-parametric multivariate statistical methods (MDS, ANOSIM) consistently showed significant differences among sites but also revealed highly significant differences within a site over time. There was no consistent difference between sites closest to the outfall and more distant sampling locations and so no outfall effect was suggested. The results indicate that natural environmental factors are more influential than the low-volume, tertiary-treated effluent from the outfall in determining patterns of community structure in the holdfast community within Jervis Bay.

Morphology and molecular phylogeny of the marine algal order Gelidiales (Rhodophyta) from New South Wales, including Lord Howe and Norfolk Islands

2005 ◽  
Vol 18 (3) ◽  
pp. 215 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alan J. K. Millar ◽  
D. Wilson Freshwater
Keyword(s):  
New Species ◽  
New South ◽  
New South Wales ◽  
Herbarium Specimens ◽  
Lord Howe Island ◽  
South Wales ◽  
Australian Continent ◽  
Red Algal ◽  
Norfolk Island ◽  
Marine Algal

Fifteen species in seven genera of the marine benthic red algal order Gelidiales are reported from the New South Wales coast including Lord Howe Island and Norfolk Island. Critical sampling, a re-examination of herbarium specimens filed in the Royal Botanic Gardens Sydney and the University of Melbourne, and molecular sequencing of most of the species has determined that many of the previous identifications from this region of the Pacific were incorrect. Gelidium pusillum (Stackhouse) Le Jolis, once widely reported from this coast, is shown not to occur here and the specimens on which these misidentifications were made have proved to represent either new species or previously described species. Similarly, records of Gelidium australe J. Agardh have been found to represent misidentification of the formerly New Zealand endemic Gelidium allanii V.J.Chapman, and specimens identified as Gelidium caulacantheum J. Agardh actually represent the new species Gelidium hommersandii sp. nov. Previously recorded species verified in this study are Capreolia implexa Guiry & Womersley, Gelidiella acerosa (Forsskål) Feldmann & G.Hamel, Gelidium maidenii Lucas, Pterocladia lucida (Turner) J. Agardh, Pterocladiella caerulescens (Kützing) Santelices & Hommersand [as Pterocladia caerulescens (Kützing) Santelices], Pterocladiella capillacea (Gmelin) Santelices & Hommersand [as Pterocladia capillacea (Gmelin) Bornet], and Ptilophora pectinata (A. & E.S. Gepp) R.E.Norris. These species are described and illustrated in detail along with previously unreported reproductive structures. Three species are newly recorded for the New South Wales mainland [Parviphycus antipae Celan, Gelidium crinale (Turner) Gaillon, and Pterocladiella caloglossoides (Howe) Santelices], and two species (Gelidium isabelae W.R.Taylor and Gelidium allanii V.J.Chapman) represent new records for the Australian continent. In addition, three new species are described: Gelidium bernabei sp. nov., Gelidium declerckii sp. nov., and Gelidium hommersandii sp. nov.

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