Fertilisation residues alter leaf scleromorphy in an evergreen savannah shrub (Maprounea brasiliensis, Euphorbiaceae)

2013 ◽  
Vol 61 (4) ◽  
pp. 266 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marina Neves Delgado ◽  
Misléia Rodrigues de Aguiar Gomes ◽  
Sônia Nair Báo ◽  
Davi Rodrigo Rossatto
Keyword(s):  
Agricultural Production ◽  
Leaf Traits ◽  
Residual Effects ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Leaf Mass Per Area ◽  
Spongy Parenchyma ◽  
Palisade Parenchyma ◽  
Qualitative And Quantitative ◽  
Brazilian Savannah ◽  
Palisade And Spongy Parenchyma

In the present study, we examined how residues of nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P) and calcium (Ca) fertilisers affect leaf anatomical traits in Maprounea brasiliensis (Euphorbiaceae), a typical and dominant cerrado (Brazilian savannah) species adapted to dystrophic soils. We predicted that fertiliser residues would alter qualitative and quantitative aspects of M. brasiliensis leaves and would decrease their scleromorphy. Leaves were sampled from plants that were growing in soils previously fertilised with N, P and Ca and in plants that were growing in soils without fertiliser residues. We measured the thickness of the cuticle, the epidermis of adaxial and abaxial surfaces, thickness of palisade parenchyma and spongy parenchyma, total thickness of the leaf, total area of the midrib and leaf mass per area (LMA). We found that plants under fertiliser residues produced fewer scleromorphic leaves with low LMA, thinner cuticle and epidermis and thicker palisade and spongy parenchyma. They also showed a decrease in the size and area occupied by the leaf midvein. However, plants under fertiliser residues produced similar leaf thickness as did the plants in the control group. Our results showed that residual effects of fertilisation changed structural patterns of a typical species of cerrado. Thus, further studies about fertilisation effects on leaf traits are needed because larger areas of the central cerrado are being occupied for agricultural production.

Compartmentation in Vicia faba Leaves. III. Photosynthesis in the Spongy and Palisade Parenchyma

1975 ◽  
Vol 2 (3) ◽  
pp. 435 ◽  
Author(s):  
WH Outlaw ◽  
DB Fisher
Keyword(s):  
Water Soluble ◽  
Glyceric Acid ◽  
Spongy Parenchyma ◽  
Palisade Parenchyma ◽  
Palisade And Spongy Parenchyma ◽  
Phosphoglyceric Acid ◽  
Rate Of Photosynthesis ◽  
Photosynthetic Carbon Metabolism ◽  
Sugar Phosphates ◽  
Kinetics Of

Relative rates of photosynthesis in the palisade and spongy parenchyma were found to be dependent upon the intensity of incident photosynthetically active radiation. The rate of photosynthesis in the spongy parenchyma relative to the rate in the palisade parenchyma increased with increasing light intensity. We attribute this behaviour to shading of the spongy parenchyma by palisade parenchyma. The kinetics of photosynthetic carbon metabolism were qualitatively similar in the two tissues. Immediately after a 6-s 14CO2 pulse, phosphoglyceric acid plus sugar phosphates represented about 85 % of the 14C in the water-soluble compounds in both the palisade and spongy parenchyma, and were the only compounds in which radioactivity declined. Sucrose was the main end-product of photosynthesis and represented 30% of the water-soluble radioactivity after 104 s in both these tissues. Other compounds (phosphoglycollic acid plus phosphoenolpyruvic acid, malic acid plus glyceric acid, and alanine) represented smaller, similar amounts of radioactivity in each tissue. A higher proportion of activity due to 14C-labelled (glycine plus serine) in the water-soluble fraction of the spongy parenchyma may reflect a difference in the proportion of photosynthate being respired there.

scholarly journals Leaf Morphoanatomy and Biochemical Variation on Coffee Cultivars Under Drift Simulation of Glyphosate

2018 ◽  
Vol 36 ◽  
Author(s):  
L.A.C. REIS ◽  
F.P. CARVALHO ◽  
A.C. FRANÇA ◽  
D.M.T. FRANCINO ◽  
N.A.V.D. PINTO ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Total Phenols ◽  
Total Thickness ◽  
Spongy Parenchyma ◽  
Palisade Parenchyma ◽  
Abaxial Epidermis ◽  
Blade Thickness ◽  
Palisade And Spongy Parenchyma ◽  
Biochemical Variation ◽  
Glyphosate Drift ◽  
Higher Doses

ABSTRACT: The most widely used herbicide in coffee crop is glyphosate, it inhibits the biosynthesis of secondary metabolites, responsible for structures and substances of plant defense. This work aimed to evaluate the morphoanatomy, total phenols, flavonoids and caffeine in leaves of Arabica coffee submitted to different sub-doses of glyphosate. The treatments were combinations of three coffee cultivars (MGS Travessia, Oeiras MG 6851 and Catuaí IAC 144) and five sub-doses of glyphosate (0.0, 57.6, 115.2, 230.4 and 460.8 g a.e. ha-1). The total thickness of the leaf blade, thickness of adaxial and abaxial epidermis, palisade and spongy parenchyma, in addition to the total phenol, total flavonoids and caffeine were evaluated 30 days after spraying. Catuaí showed a reduction in the total leaf thickness, while the others cultivars had an increase. The thickness of adaxial and abaxial epidermis and palisade parenchyma was reduced, and the spongy parenchyma increased with increasing doses of glyphosate, regardless of the cultivars. There was an increase on the total phenols up to 115.2 g ha-1 glyphosate, and above this dose, the concentrations of phenols were reduced. The Travessia and Oeiras cultivars obtained a reduction of flavonoids up to 115.2 g ha-1; and above this dose, the concentration of flavonoids increased. The Catuaí cultivar showed an opposing behavior of the concentration of flavonoids. Oeiras and Catuaí showed a decrease of caffeine up to 115.2 g ha-1 and an increase at higher doses. Travessia showed an increase of caffeine in sub-doses above 115.2 g ha-1. The three cultivars showed a higher concentration of phenols in the palisade parenchyma after the application of glyphosate drift. Glyphosate reduces the thickness of the adaxial and abaxial epidermis and palisade parenchyma, and increases the thickness of spongy parenchyma. Doses of glyphosate above 230.4 g ha-1 result in the reduction of total phenols. The concentration of flavonoids and caffeine has varying effects with glyphosate application.

MEMIKAT HATI WAJIB PAJAK SEHINGGA MEMILIKI WILLINGNESS TO COMPLY MELALUI PENYULUHAN PAJAK BERDASARKAN FOGG BEHAVIORAL MODEL

INFO ARTHA ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 2 ◽  
pp. 56-79
Author(s):  
NFN Khusnaini ◽  
Agung Widi Hatmoko
Keyword(s):  
Data Analysis ◽  
Quantitative Analysis ◽  
Statistical Data ◽  
Tax Compliance ◽  
Behavioral Model ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Qualitative And Quantitative Analysis ◽  
Qualitative And Quantitative ◽  
Quasi Experimental ◽  
Experimental Process

Attitudes towards tax compliance (willingness to comply) Indonesian society is still low. Required an innovative tax dissemination to increase it. The purpose of this study was to determine whether the tax dissemination based on Fogg Behavioral Model (FBM) approach may increase wiliingness to comply. The FBM based tax dissemination asserts that for a person to perform a target behavior, which is a willingness to comply, he or she must be sufficiently motivated, have the ability to perform the behavior, and be trigerred, to perform the behavior. This research is a combination of qualitative and quantitative analysis of statistical data results of the questionnaire, interviews, and observations of the respondent and the experimental process of dissemination. The method used in this study is a quasi experimental with patterns of nonequivalent control group (pretest-post which is not equivalent). Based on the results of data analysis, interviews and observations of the respondent and the experiment, this research showed that theFBMbasedtaxdissemination hasapositiveimpactto willingnesstocomplyofthetaxpayers. 

scholarly journals The Morphological and Anatomical Traits of the Leaf in Representative Vinca Species Observed on Indoor- and Outdoor-Grown Plants

Plants ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 622
Author(s):  
Alexandra Ciorîță ◽  
Septimiu Cassian Tripon ◽  
Ioan Gabriel Mircea ◽  
Dorina Podar ◽  
Lucian Barbu-Tudoran ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Spongy Parenchyma ◽  
Palisade And Spongy Parenchyma ◽  
Chemical Composition Of Plants ◽  
Ultrastructural Characteristics ◽  
Species Specific ◽  
Microscopy Techniques ◽  
First Time ◽  
Thick Layers ◽  
Space Ratio ◽  
Indoor And Outdoor

Morphological and anatomical traits of the Vinca leaf were examined using microscopy techniques. Outdoor Vinca minor and V. herbacea plants and greenhouse cultivated V. major and V. major var. variegata plants had interspecific variations. All Vinca species leaves are hypostomatic. However, except for V. minor leaf, few stomata were also present on the upper epidermis. V. minor leaf had the highest stomatal index and V. major had the lowest, while the distribution of trichomes on the upper epidermis was species-specific. Differentiated palisade and spongy parenchyma tissues were present in all Vinca species’ leaves. However, V. minor and V. herbacea leaves had a more organized anatomical aspect, compared to V. major and V. major var. variegata leaves. Additionally, as a novelty, the cellular to intercellular space ratio of the Vinca leaf’s mesophyll was revealed herein with the help of computational analysis. Lipid droplets of different sizes and aspects were localized in the spongy parenchyma cells. Ultrastructural characteristics of the cuticle and its epicuticular waxes were described for the first time. Moreover, thick layers of cutin seemed to be characteristic of the outdoor plants only. This could be an adaptation to the unpredictable environmental conditions, but nevertheless, it might influence the chemical composition of plants.

scholarly journals Effect of leaf temperature on the estimation of photosynthetic and other traits of wheat leaves from hyperspectral reflectance

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hammad A Khan ◽  
Yukiko Nakamura ◽  
Robert T Furbank ◽  
John R Evans
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Traits ◽  
Leaf Temperature ◽  
Physiological Traits ◽  
Leaf Mass Per Area ◽  
Hyperspectral Reflectance ◽  
Wheat Varieties ◽  
Unit Leaf ◽  
Temperature Signal ◽  
Wheat Leaves ◽  
Nitrogen Contents

Abstract A growing number of leaf traits can be estimated from hyperspectral reflectance data. These include structural and compositional traits, such as leaf mass per area (LMA) and nitrogen and chlorophyll content, but also physiological traits such a Rubisco carboxylation activity, electron transport rate, and respiration rate. Since physiological traits vary with leaf temperature, how does this impact on predictions made from reflectance measurements? We investigated this with two wheat varieties, by repeatedly measuring each leaf through a sequence of temperatures imposed by varying the air temperature in a growth room. Leaf temperatures ranging from 20 °C to 35 °C did not alter the estimated Rubisco capacity normalized to 25 °C (Vcmax25), or chlorophyll or nitrogen contents per unit leaf area. Models estimating LMA and Vcmax25/N were both slightly influenced by leaf temperature: estimated LMA increased by 0.27% °C–1 and Vcmax25/N increased by 0.46% °C–1. A model estimating Rubisco activity closely followed variation associated with leaf temperature. Reflectance spectra change with leaf temperature and therefore contain a temperature signal.

scholarly journals A new species of Anemopaegma (Bignonieae, Bignoniaceae) from the Atlantic Forest of Brazil

Phytotaxa ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 219 (2) ◽  
pp. 174
Author(s):  
Fabiana Firetti Leggieri ◽  
DIEGO DEMARCO ◽  
LÚCIA G. LOHMANN
Keyword(s):  
New Species ◽  
Species Diversity ◽  
Biodiversity Conservation ◽  
Atlantic Forest ◽  
Axillary Buds ◽  
Spongy Parenchyma ◽  
Palisade Parenchyma ◽  
Separate Species ◽  
Anatomical Studies ◽  
A New Species

The Atlantic Forest of Brazil includes one of the highest species diversity and endemism in the planet, representing a priority for biodiversity conservation. A new species of Anemopaegma from the Atlantic Forest of Brazil is here described, illustrated and compared to its closest relatives. Anemopaegma nebulosum Firetti-Leggieri & L.G. Lohmann has been traditionally treated as a morph of Anemopaegma prostratum; however, additional morphological and anatomical studies indicated that A. nebulosum differs significantly from A. prostratum and is best treated as a separate species. More specifically, A. nebulosum is characterized by elliptic and coriaceous leaflets (vs. ovate to orbicular and membranaceous in A. prostratum), smaller leaflet blades (3.6–5.5 x 2.0–3.0 cm vs. 6.7–13.0 x 4.2–8.4 cm in A. prostratum), orbicular prophylls of the axillary buds (vs. no prophylls in A. prostratum), solitary flowers (vs. multi-flowered axillary racemes in A. prostratum) and a gibbous corolla (vs. infundibuliform corollas in A. prostratum). In addition, A. nebulosum differs from A. prostratum anatomically in having thicker leaflet blades composed of two to four layers of palisade parenchyma (vs. one to three layers in A. prostratum), and seven to eight layers in the spongy parenchyma (vs. six to eight layers in A. prostratum). A key for the identification of all species of Anemopaegma from the Atlantic Forest of Brazil is presented.

scholarly journals Comparative Study on Gas Exchange, Water Relations and Leaf Anatomy of Two Olive Cultivars Grown under Well-Irrigated and Drought Conditions

1999 ◽  
Vol 54 (9-10) ◽  
pp. 688-692 ◽  
Author(s):  
Konstantinos Chartzoulakis ◽  
Angelos Patakas ◽  
Artemis Bosabalidis
Keyword(s):  
Gas Exchange ◽  
Water Relations ◽  
Volume Fraction ◽  
Spongy Parenchyma ◽  
Intercellular Spaces ◽  
Palisade Parenchyma ◽  
Mesophyll Cells ◽  
Olive Cultivars ◽  
Olea Europea ◽  
Leaf Anatomical Characteristics

The effect of water stress on gas exchange, water relations and leaf anatomical characteristics have been studied in two olive cultivars (Olea europea, L. cv. ‘Koroneiki’ and cv. ‚Mastoidis’). Photosynthetic rate as well as stomatal conductance were decreased in stressed plants. Osmotic potential (π) declined rapidly in stressed plants indicating their ability for osmoregulation. Bulk modulus of elasticity (ε) was significantly higher in stressed compared to well irrigated plants. The volume fraction of intercellular spaces of the upper palisade parenchyma, the spongy parenchyma as well as the lower palisade parenchyma were significantly lower in stressed compared to well irrigated plants. On the other hand, the density of mesophyll cells in the upper palisade parenchyma, spongy parenchyma and lower palisade parenchyma increased significantly in stressed plants

scholarly journals Linking hydraulic traits to tropical forest function in a size-structured and trait-driven model (TFS v.1-Hydro)

2016 ◽  
Vol 9 (11) ◽  
pp. 4227-4255 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bradley O. Christoffersen ◽  
Manuel Gloor ◽  
Sophie Fauset ◽  
Nikolaos M. Fyllas ◽  
David R. Galbraith ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Tropical Forest ◽  
Water Potential ◽  
Plant Traits ◽  
Coupled Model ◽  
Leaf Traits ◽  
Tree Size ◽  
Leaf Mass Per Area ◽  
Stem Water Potential ◽  
Plant Hydraulics ◽  
Individual Trees

Abstract. Forest ecosystem models based on heuristic water stress functions poorly predict tropical forest response to drought partly because they do not capture the diversity of hydraulic traits (including variation in tree size) observed in tropical forests. We developed a continuous porous media approach to modeling plant hydraulics in which all parameters of the constitutive equations are biologically interpretable and measurable plant hydraulic traits (e.g., turgor loss point πtlp, bulk elastic modulus ε, hydraulic capacitance Cft, xylem hydraulic conductivity ks,max, water potential at 50 % loss of conductivity for both xylem (P50,x) and stomata (P50,gs), and the leaf : sapwood area ratio Al : As). We embedded this plant hydraulics model within a trait forest simulator (TFS) that models light environments of individual trees and their upper boundary conditions (transpiration), as well as providing a means for parameterizing variation in hydraulic traits among individuals. We synthesized literature and existing databases to parameterize all hydraulic traits as a function of stem and leaf traits, including wood density (WD), leaf mass per area (LMA), and photosynthetic capacity (Amax), and evaluated the coupled model (called TFS v.1-Hydro) predictions, against observed diurnal and seasonal variability in stem and leaf water potential as well as stand-scaled sap flux. Our hydraulic trait synthesis revealed coordination among leaf and xylem hydraulic traits and statistically significant relationships of most hydraulic traits with more easily measured plant traits. Using the most informative empirical trait–trait relationships derived from this synthesis, TFS v.1-Hydro successfully captured individual variation in leaf and stem water potential due to increasing tree size and light environment, with model representation of hydraulic architecture and plant traits exerting primary and secondary controls, respectively, on the fidelity of model predictions. The plant hydraulics model made substantial improvements to simulations of total ecosystem transpiration. Remaining uncertainties and limitations of the trait paradigm for plant hydraulics modeling are highlighted.

Variation in longevity and traits of leaves among co-occurring understorey plants in a tropical montane forest

2008 ◽  
Vol 24 (2) ◽  
pp. 121-133 ◽  
Author(s):  
Satomi Shiodera ◽  
Joeni S. Rahajoe ◽  
Takashi Kohyama
Keyword(s):  
Life Form ◽  
Census Data ◽  
Condensed Tannin ◽  
Leaf Traits ◽  
Life Forms ◽  
Montane Forest ◽  
Cox Proportional Hazards ◽  
Leaf Longevity ◽  
Tropical Montane Forest ◽  
Leaf Mass Per Area

Abstract:The relationship between leaf longevity and other leaf traits was compared among different life-form categories (trees, herbs, climbers and epiphytes) of 101 plant species in a tropical montane forest on Mt. Halimun, West Java, Indonesia. We applied the Cox proportional hazards regression to estimate the leaf longevity of each species from 30 mo of census data. We examined whether estimated longevity was explained by either species life-form categories, taxonomic groupings (eudicots, monocots, magnoliids and chloranthales, and ferns) or such leaf traits as leaf area, leaf mass per area (LMA), mass-based leaf nitrogen, penetrometer reading, condensed-tannin-free total phenolics and condensed tannin. There was a wide-ranged interspecific variation in leaf longevity, mostly 10–50 mo, similarly across life-form categories. LMA showed a strong positive influence on leaf longevity. We found that relationships between leaf longevity and some leaf traits were different among various life forms. Trees tended to have high LMA, while climbers tended to have low LMA at the same leaf longevity. We hypothesize that such difference among life forms reflects shoot architecture characteristics. Multi-shoot trees with branching architecture need to have self-supporting leaves, whereas semi-epiphytic climbers can maintain relatively low biomass investment to leaves hanging or relying upon the mechanical support from host plants.

scholarly journals The appropriacy of fluency tests in assessing epileptic seizure lateralization in children with partial epilepsy

Psihologija ◽  
2008 ◽  
Vol 41 (2) ◽  
pp. 195-211
Author(s):  
Jasmina Vuksanovic ◽  
Milena Djuric
Keyword(s):  
Left Hemisphere ◽  
Right Hemisphere ◽  
Partial Epilepsy ◽  
Quantitative Comparison ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Healthy Children ◽  
Healthy Controls ◽  
Seizure Focus ◽  
Qualitative And Quantitative ◽  
The Right

Fluency tests are frequently used in clinical practice to asses executive functions. The literature data are not unequivocal although in a great number of papers is pointed out the importance of the left hemisphere, specially of the left frontal lobes in the mediation of phonological fluency and the right hemisphere in the mediation of nonverbal fluency. This paper considers the suitability of fluency tests for the detection of left versus right seizure laterality. The sample consisted of thirty-two epilepsy patients divided into two groups: LHF-participants with the seizure focus in the left hemisphere (n=16), and DHF-participants with the seizure focus in the right hemisphere (n=16), and K-the control group of t age-matched healthy children (n=50) aged 7-11 years. The qualitative and quantitative comparison of the phonological and nonverbal fluency performance was carried out in consideration of the seizure laterality as well as compared to the healthy controls. The results of phonological fluency performance revealed that the performance of the LHF group was significantly reduced as compared to both DHF and K group. The analysis of nonverbal fluency performance revealed that the performance of the DHF group was significantly reduced as compared to both LHF and K group The qualitative analysis obtained valuable data, which could additionally contribute to the neuropsychological evaluation of the left versus right seizure laterality.

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