Consequences of Corymbia (Myrtaceae) hybridisation on leaf-oil profiles

2013 ◽  
Vol 61 (1) ◽  
pp. 52 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Andrew Hayes ◽  
Helen F. Nahrung ◽  
David J. Lee
Keyword(s):  
Secondary Metabolites ◽  
Secondary Metabolite ◽  
Plant Secondary Metabolites ◽  
The Other ◽  
Plant Secondary Metabolite ◽  
Plant Insect Interactions ◽  
Leaf Oil ◽  
Hexane Extracts ◽  
Insect Interactions

The present study examines patterns of heritability of plant secondary metabolites following hybridisation among three genetically homogeneous taxa of spotted gum (Corymbia henryi (S.T.Blake) K.D.Hill & L.A.S.Johnson, C. citriodora subsp. variegata (F.Muell.) K.D.Hill & L.A.S.Johnson and C. citriodora (Hook.) K.D.Hill & L.A.S.Johnson subsp. citriodora (section Maculatae), and their congener C. torelliana (F.Muell.) K.D. Hill & L.A.S.Johnson (section Torellianae)). Hexane extracts of leaves of all four parent taxa were statistically distinguishable (ANOSIM: global R = 0.976, P = 0.008). Hybridisation patterns varied among the taxa studied, with the hybrid formed with C. citriodora subsp. variegata showing an intermediate extractive profile between its parents, whereas the profiles of the other two hybrids were dominated by that of C. torelliana. These different patterns in plant secondary-metabolite inheritance may have implications for a range of plant–insect interactions.

scholarly journals Plant Secondary Metabolite Biosynthesis and Transcriptional Regulation in Response to Biotic and Abiotic Stress Conditions

Agronomy ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (5) ◽  
pp. 968
Author(s):  
Rahmatullah Jan ◽  
Sajjad Asaf ◽  
Muhammad Numan ◽  
Lubna ◽  
Kyung-Min Kim
Keyword(s):  
Abiotic Stress ◽  
Environmental Factors ◽  
Secondary Metabolites ◽  
Secondary Metabolite ◽  
Plant Secondary Metabolites ◽  
Stress Conditions ◽  
Plant Secondary Metabolite ◽  
Biotic And Abiotic Stress ◽  
Pathogen Invasion ◽  
Secondary Metabolite Biosynthesis

Plant secondary metabolites (SMs) play important roles in plant survival and in creating ecological connections between other species. In addition to providing a variety of valuable natural products, secondary metabolites help protect plants against pathogenic attacks and environmental stresses. Given their sessile nature, plants must protect themselves from such situations through accumulation of these bioactive compounds. Indeed, secondary metabolites act as herbivore deterrents, barriers against pathogen invasion, and mitigators of oxidative stress. The accumulation of SMs are highly dependent on environmental factors such as light, temperature, soil water, soil fertility, and salinity. For most plants, a change in an individual environmental factor can alter the content of secondary metabolites even if other factors remain constant. In this review, we focus on how individual environmental factors affect the accumulation of secondary metabolites in plants during both biotic and abiotic stress conditions. Furthermore, we discuss the application of abiotic and biotic elicitors in culture systems as well as their stimulating effects on the accumulation of secondary metabolites. Specifically, we discuss the shikimate pathway and the aromatic amino acids produced in this pathway, which are the precursors of a range of secondary metabolites including terpenoids, alkaloids, and sulfur- and nitrogen-containing compounds. We also detail how the biosynthesis of important metabolites is altered by several genes related to secondary metabolite biosynthesis pathways. Genes responsible for secondary metabolite biosynthesis in various plant species during stress conditions are regulated by transcriptional factors such as WRKY, MYB, AP2/ERF, bZIP, bHLH, and NAC, which are also discussed here.

scholarly journals Long-term effects of elevated CO2, nighttime warming and drought on plant secondary metabolites in a temperate heath ecosystem

2020 ◽  
Vol 125 (7) ◽  
pp. 1065-1075
Author(s):  
Tao Li ◽  
Päivi Tiiva ◽  
Åsmund Rinnan ◽  
Riitta Julkunen-Tiitto ◽  
Anders Michelsen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Secondary Metabolites ◽  
Elevated Co2 ◽  
Chemical Constituents ◽  
Plant Secondary Metabolites ◽  
Plant Secondary Metabolite ◽  
Summer Drought ◽  
Voc Emissions ◽  
Nighttime Warming ◽  
Change Components

Abstract Background and Aims Plant secondary metabolites play critical roles in plant stress tolerance and adaptation, and are known to be influenced by the environment and climate changes, yet the impacts and interactions of multiple climate change components are poorly understood, particularly under natural conditions. Methods Accumulation of phenolics and emissions of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) were assessed on heather, Calluna vulgaris, an abundant evergreen dwarf shrub in European heathlands, after 6 years of exposure to elevated CO2, summer drought and nighttime warming. Key Results Drought alone had the strongest effects on phenolic concentrations and compositions, with moderate effects of elevated CO2 and temperature. Elevated CO2 exerted the greatest impact on VOC emissions, mainly by increasing monoterpene emissions. The response magnitudes varied among plant tissue types and chemical constituents, and across time. With respect to interactive effects of the studied climate change components, the interaction between drought and elevated CO2 was most apparent. Drought mainly reduced phenolic accumulation and VOC emissions, while elevated CO2 mitigated such effects. Conclusions In natural ecosystems, co-occurring climate factors can exert complex impacts on plant secondary metabolite profiles, which may in turn alter ecosystem processes.

scholarly journals Sekonder Bitki Metabolitlerinin In Vitro Koşullarda Üretimi

2019 ◽  
Vol 7 (7) ◽  
pp. 971
Author(s):  
Tuncay Çalışkan ◽  
Rüştü Hatipoğlu ◽  
Saliha Kırıcı
Keyword(s):  
Secondary Metabolites ◽  
Secondary Metabolite ◽  
Plant Cell ◽  
Abiotic Factors ◽  
Food Additives ◽  
Plant Secondary Metabolites ◽  
Secondary Metabolite Production ◽  
Organ Cultures ◽  
Metabolite Production

Plant secondary metabolites are a group of organic compounds produced by plants to interact with biotic and abiotic factors and for the establishment of defence mechanism. Secondary metabolites are classified based on their biosynthetic origin and chemical structure. They have been used as pharmaceutical, agrochemical, flavours, fragrances, colours and food additives. Secondary metabolites are traditionally produced from the native grown or field grown plants. However, this conventional approach has some disadvantages such as low yield, instability of secondary metabolite contents of the plants due to geographical, seasonal and environmental variations, need for land and heavy labour to grow plants. Therefore, plant cell and organ cultures have emerged as an alternative to plant growing under field conditions for secondary metabolite production. In this literature review, present state of secondary metabolite production through plant cell and organ cultures, its problems as well as solutions of the problems were discussed.

Sodium balance in ruffed grouse as influenced by sodium levels and plant secondary metabolites in quaking aspen

1995 ◽  
Vol 73 (6) ◽  
pp. 1106-1114 ◽  
Author(s):  
Walter J. Jakubas ◽  
Christopher G. Guglielmo ◽  
Conrad Vispo ◽  
William H. Karasov
Keyword(s):  
Secondary Metabolites ◽  
Populus Tremuloides ◽  
Plant Secondary Metabolites ◽  
Plant Secondary Metabolite ◽  
Sodium Balance ◽  
Quaking Aspen ◽  
Ruffed Grouse ◽  
Acid Load ◽  
Free Ranging ◽  
Coniferyl Benzoate

Forages in boreal ecosystems are often deficient in sodium for mammalian herbivores. Moreover, consumption of various plant secondary metabolites has been associated with negative sodium balance in mammals. Neither of these issues has been investigated in birds, which differ from mammals in their ion-exchange processes and postrenal absorption of urine. Our objectives were to determine if ruffed grouse (Bonasa umbellus) can maintain sodium balance on quaking aspen (Populus tremuloides) flower buds, an important winter food, and to determine if the buds' primary plant secondary metabolite (coniferyl benzoate) further compromises a bird's sodium balance. Captive ruffed grouse were fed either aspen buds (0.063 mg∙g−1 sodium) or a formulated diet having different concentrations of coniferyl benzoate in no-choice feeding trials. Sodium excretion did not change in response to coniferyl benzoate intake or acid load from detoxication processes; however, birds were marginally in negative sodium balance (P = 0.035; −5.06 ± 2.05 mg∙kg−1∙d−1) when feeding on aspen buds. Sodium levels in the feces from free-ranging grouse (0.050 ± 0.0 mg∙g−1) and in their winter foods (0.065 mg∙g−1) indicated that these birds likely maintained sodium balance. We estimated that free-ranging ruffed grouse may need as little as 7 mg∙kg−1∙d−1 of sodium to maintain sodium balance, which is lower than the minimum sodium requirements for poultry and mammals.

scholarly journals WblA, a global regulator of antibiotic biosynthesis in Streptomyces

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hee-Ju Nah ◽  
Jihee Park ◽  
Sisun Choi ◽  
Eung-Soo Kim
Keyword(s):  
Secondary Metabolites ◽  
Secondary Metabolite ◽  
Anticancer Drugs ◽  
Regulatory Networks ◽  
The Other ◽  
Antibiotic Biosynthesis ◽  
Global Regulator ◽  
Streptomyces Species ◽  
The Past ◽  
Secondary Metabolite Biosynthesis

Abstract Streptomyces species are soil-dwelling bacteria that produce vast numbers of pharmaceutically valuable secondary metabolites, such as antibiotics, immunosuppressants, antiviral, and anticancer drugs. On the other hand, the biosynthesis of most secondary metabolites remains very low due to tightly controlled regulatory networks. Both global and pathway-specific regulators are involved in the regulation of a specific secondary metabolite biosynthesis in various Streptomyces species. Over the past few decades, many of these regulators have been identified and new ones are still being discovered. Among them, a global regulator of secondary metabolite biosynthesis named WblA was identified in several Streptomyces species. The identification and understanding of the WblAs have greatly contributed to increasing the productivity of several Streptomyces secondary metabolites. This review summarizes the characteristics and applications on WblAs reported to date, which were found in various Streptomyces species and other actinobacteria.

scholarly journals The Effect of Foliar Application of Melatonin on Changes in Secondary Metabolite Contents in Two Citrus Species Under Drought Stress Conditions

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marziyeh Jafari ◽  
Alireza Shahsavar
Keyword(s):  
Drought Stress ◽  
Secondary Metabolites ◽  
Secondary Metabolite ◽  
Foliar Application ◽  
Plant Secondary Metabolites ◽  
Field Capacity ◽  
Total Phenolic ◽  
Severe Drought ◽  
Plant Interactions ◽  
Phenolic Contents

Plant secondary metabolites are compounds that play an important role in plant interactions and defense. Persian lime and Mexican lime as the two most important sour lime varieties with high levels of secondary metabolites, are widely cultivated in tropical and subtropical areas. Melatonin is a pleiotropic molecule that plays a key role in protecting plants against drought stress through regulating the secondary metabolite biosynthesis pathway. This study was performed as a factorial experiment consisting of three factors in a completely randomized design (CRD), including four concentrations of melatonin (0, 50, 100, and 150 μM), three levels of drought stress [100% (control), 75% (moderate stress), and 40% (severe stress) field capacity (FC)], and two Citrus cultivars. The experiment was conducted for 60 days in a greenhouse condition. Based on the results of this study under severe drought stress, melatonin-treated crops had higher total flavonoid and total phenolic contents than the untreated crops. The highest level of essential oils components was observed on 100 μM foliar application of melatonin under severe drought stress in both varieties. The main component of the essential oil was limonene in both Citrus species. Moreover, based on the analysis of the results, hesperidin was the main polyphenol in both varieties. Since the use of melatonin often increases the production of secondary metabolites, this study can be considered as a very effective method for controlling the adverse effects of drought stress in citrus for both industrial and horticultural aims.

scholarly journals Gut Bacteria Associated With Monochamus saltuarius (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae) and Their Possible Roles in Host Plant Adaptations

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Si-Xun Ge ◽  
Feng-Ming Shi ◽  
Jia-He Pei ◽  
Ze-Hai Hou ◽  
Shi-Xiang Zong ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Secondary Metabolites ◽  
Tree Species ◽  
Plant Secondary Metabolites ◽  
Bursaphelenchus Xylophilus ◽  
The Other ◽  
Host Tree ◽  
Pinus Koraiensis ◽  
Rrna Gene ◽  
Bacterial Phyla ◽  
Host Tree Species

Monochamus saltuarius (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae) is an important native pest in the pine forests of northeast China and a dispersing vector of an invasive species Bursaphelenchus xylophilus. To investigate the bacterial gut diversity of M. saltuarius larvae in different host species, and infer the role of symbiotic bacteria in host adaptation, we used 16S rRNA gene Illumina sequencing and liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry metabolomics processing to obtain and compare the composition of the bacterial community and metabolites in the midguts of larvae feeding on three host tree species: Pinus koraiensis, Pinus sylvestris var. mongolica, and Pinus tabuliformis. Metabolomics in xylem samples from the three aforementioned hosts were also performed. Proteobacteria and Firmicutes were the predominant bacterial phyla in the larval gut. At the genus level, Klebsiella, unclassified_f__Enterobacteriaceae, Lactococcus, and Burkholderia–Caballeronia–Paraburkholderia were most dominant in P. koraiensis and P. sylvestris var. mongolica feeders, while Burkholderia–Caballeronia–Paraburkholderia, Dyella, Pseudoxanthomonas, and Mycobacterium were most dominant in P. tabuliformis feeders. Bacterial communities were similar in diversity in P. koraiensis and P. sylvestris var. mongolica feeders, while communities were highly diverse in P. tabuliformis feeders. Compared with the other two tree species, P. tabuliformis xylems had more diverse and abundant secondary metabolites, while larvae feeding on these trees had a stronger metabolic capacity for secondary metabolites than the other two host feeders. Correlation analysis of the association of microorganisms with metabolic features showed that dominant bacterial genera in P. tabuliformis feeders were more negatively correlated with plant secondary metabolites than those of other host tree feeders.

The World of Browsers

2021 ◽  
pp. 121-146
Author(s):  
Graham Mitchell
Keyword(s):  
Secondary Metabolites ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Plant Secondary Metabolites ◽  
The Other ◽  
Suspensory Ligament ◽  
Olfactory Acuity ◽  
The World ◽  
Calcium And Phosphorus ◽  
Trees And Shrubs ◽  
Thick Layers

This chapter discusses the metabolism of giraffes. Giraffes obtain their energy and all the other nutrients needed to support their metabolism by browsing on leaves, fruits, and flowers of trees and shrubs. Wherever they live in Africa giraffes select browse from very few species but principally they browse plants of the Acacia clade. Typically their diet will contain ~15% protein, ~5% fat, ~30% fiber, and minerals, especially calcium and phosphorus, and will provide ~8500 kJ of energy per kilogram of dry matter eaten. Acquisition of browse is facilitated by the elongated shape of their heads, the anatomy of their atlanto-occipital joint, a long neck supported by a unique suspensory ligament, a long and flexible tongue, and high visual and olfactory acuity. The preferred height at which giraffes browse (~3 m) is higher than the height achievable by other browsers, is an advantage conferred by their shape, and is usual explanation for the evolution of their shape. Browse preferred by giraffes is protected from over-browsing by thorns, ants, and unpalatable plant secondary metabolites, especially tannins. Giraffes tolerate tannins partly by secretion of saliva rich in proline that binds tannins. Tannins are metabolized by a combination of a gene-based ability and a liver larger than it is in grazer-ruminants. Thorns are avoided but thick layers of keratin in the mouth and tongue provide protection. Browse containing ants also is avoided, but giraffes have well-developed anatomical protection for their faces especially their eyes and nostrils.

Translating physiological signals to changes in feeding behaviour in mammals and the future effects of global climate change

2015 ◽  
Vol 55 (3) ◽  
pp. 272 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ben D. Moore ◽  
Natasha L. Wiggins ◽  
Karen J. Marsh ◽  
M. Denise Dearing ◽  
William J. Foley
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Secondary Metabolites ◽  
Global Climate Change ◽  
Nutrient Intake ◽  
Feeding Behaviour ◽  
Global Climate ◽  
Plant Secondary Metabolites ◽  
The Other ◽  
Physiological Signals ◽  
The Impact

Mammals cannot avoid ingesting secondary metabolites, often in significant amounts. Thus, their intake must be regulated to avoid intoxication. Three broad mechanisms have been described by which this can be achieved. These are conditioned aversions mediated by nausea, non-conditioned aversions and the recognition of limits to detoxification. Although there is some overlap between these, we know little about the way that mechanisms of toxin avoidance interact with regulation of nutrient intake and whether one has priority over the other. Nonetheless, regulation of meal length and inter-meal length allows the intake of some plant secondary metabolites to be matched with an animal’s capacity for detoxification and its nutritional requirements. Toxicity itself is not a fixed limitation and recent work suggests that ambient temperature can be a major determinant of the toxicity of plant secondary metabolites, largely through effects on liver function. These effects are likely to be of major importance in predicting the impact of global climate change on herbivores.

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