Frequency of visits and efficiency of pollination by diurnal and nocturnal lepidopterans for the dioecious tree Randia itatiaiae (Rubiaceae)

2011 ◽  
Vol 59 (2) ◽  
pp. 176 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rubem Samuel de Avila ◽  
Leandro Freitas

In plants pollinated by different groups of animals, the most frequent visitors may not be the most effective for fitness because of their differential efficiency in pollen transfer. We addressed this question by studying a rare dioecious species of Rubiaceae in Brazil. The flowers of Randia itatiaiae are gender-heteromorphic and hypocrateriform with greenish corolla tubes ~2 cm long, and exhale a strong sweet scent during the entire period of anthesis, which starts at sunset for female flowers. Sucrose was the dominant or co-dominant nectar sugar for both genders. In spite of these typical sphingophilous-phalaenophilous traits, the flowers last for 6 days, and nectar was available in both diurnal and nocturnal assessments. Moreover, the flowering of R. itatiaiae did not overlap the phenodynamics of the Sphingidae community. Accordingly, two functional groups of Lepidoptera – Hesperiidae during the day and Sphingidae and Noctuidae at night – visited the flowers. Visits by either group resulted in equivalent fruit set and seed number per fruit, although the frequency of visits to flowers was higher during the day than at night. Diurnal and nocturnal lepidopterans may exert similar pressures on floral morphology, in addition to divergent pressures on other characters, such as the temporal dynamics of anthesis and nectar production. The pollination system of R. itatiaiae is specialised at the coarse scale, because its floral morphology precludes pollination by animals other than lepidopterans; however, its floral phenotype also represents a generalist compromise between the conflicting pressures exerted by diurnal and nocturnal groups of lepidopterans.

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Wenliu Zhang ◽  
Jiangyun Gao

Abstract Background Most orchid species have been shown to be severely pollination limited, and the factors affecting reproductive success have been widely studied. However, the factors determining the reproductive success vary from species to species. Habenaria species typically produce nectar but exhibit variable fruit set and reproductive success among species. Here, we investigated the influence of the flowering plant density, inflorescence size, breeding system, and pollinator behaviour on the reproductive success of two rewarding Habenaria species. Results Our observations indicated that Habenaria limprichtii and H. petelotii co-occur in roadside verge habitats and present overlapping flowering periods. Both species were pollination limited, although H. limprichtii produced more fruits than H. petelotii under natural conditions during the 3-year investigation. H. petelotii individuals formed distinct patches along roadsides, while nearly all H. limprichtii individuals clustered together. The bigger floral display and higher nectar sugar concentration in H. limprichtii resulted in increased attraction and visits from pollinators. Three species of effective moths pollinated for H. limprichtii, while Thinopteryx delectans (Geometridae) was the exclusive pollinator of H. petelotii. The percentage of viable seeds was significantly lower for hand geitonogamy than for hand cross-pollination in both species. However, H. limprichtii may often be geitonogamously pollinated based on the behaviours of the pollinators and viable embryo assessment. Conclusions In anthropogenic interference habitats, the behaviours and abundance of pollinators influence the fruit set of the two studied species. The different pollinator assemblages in H. limprichtii can alleviate pollinator specificity and ensure reproductive success, whereas the more viable embryos of natural fruit seeds in H. petelotii suggested reducing geitonogamy by pollinators in the field. Our results indicate that a quantity-quality trade-off must occur between species with different breeding strategies so that they can fully exploit the existing given resources.


2002 ◽  
Vol 80 (11) ◽  
pp. 1203-1208 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lorena Ashworth ◽  
Leonardo Galetto

In dioecious and monoecious plants that depend on animal vectors for reproduction, pollinators have to be attracted to male and female flowers for pollination to be effective. In the monoecious Cucurbita maxima ssp. andreana, male flowers are produced in greater quantity, are spatially more exposed to pollinators and offer pollen in addition to nectar as floral rewards. Nectar traits were compared between male and female flowers to determine any differences in the characteristics of the main reward offered to pollinators. Nectar chemical composition and sugar proportions were similar between flower types. Total nectar sugar production per female flower was threefold higher than per male flower, and nectar removal did not have any effect on total nectar production in both flower morphs. Pollinators reduced nectar standing crops to similar and very scarce amounts in both flower types. Results indicate indirectly that pollinators are consuming more nectar from female flowers, suggesting that the higher nectar production in female flowers may be a reward-based strategy to achieve the high female reproductive output observed in this species.Key words: Cucurbitaceae, Cucurbita maxima ssp. andreana, nectar production, nectar sugar composition, removal effects, standing crop.


2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (13) ◽  
pp. 20056-20065
Author(s):  
Maria Theresa ◽  
Appukuttan Kamalabai Sreekala ◽  
Jayalakshmi Mohanlal

Ophiorrhiza caudata is a creeping, perennial herb distributed along wet and shady areas. The species is distylous with two distinct floral morphs: pin and thrum. Flowering usually occurs during the monsoon season. No particular difference was noticed in the flowering phenology of the two morphs. Presently the species is self-incompatible, however, it shows a tendency towards intramorph compatibility. Fruit set is above 60% in open pollination and intermorph pollination. Bees and butterflies are the major pollinators. The pollen flow between the two floral morphs varies depending upon floral morphology and pollinators. Fruit is a bi-valved capsule which dehisces by a splashing drop mechanism. The seeds are very minute. The rate of seed germination and seedling establishment in the wild condition is very poor due to adverse climatic factors. Ophiorrhiza caudata is struggling for survival in its natural habitat, where habitat fragmentation, climatic factors and poor seedling establishment could account for its narrow distribution.


2010 ◽  
Vol 24 (3) ◽  
pp. 686-696 ◽  
Author(s):  
Adriana de Oliveira Machado ◽  
Ana Palmira Silva ◽  
Helder Consolaro ◽  
Mariluza A. Granja e Barros ◽  
Paulo Eugênio Oliveira

Distyly is a floral polymorphism more common among the Rubiaceae than in any other angiosperm group. Palicourea rigida is a typically distylous species of the Rubiaceae widely distributed in the Brazilian Cerrados. This work aimed to study the floral biology and breeding system of P. rigida in order to verify if there wasasymmetry between floral morphs. The work was carried out at Fazenda Água Limpa, Brasília-DF, from 1993 to 1995; and at Serra Caldas Novas State Park-Goias and in Clube Caça e Pesca Itororó de Uberlândia-Minas Gerais in 2005 and 2006. Density, height and pin/thrum ratio were assessed for flowering individuals in all areas. Plants were investigated for differences in floral morphology, nectar production, reproductive success and site of self incompatibility reactions. Blooming period was long and concentrated during the rains. Flowers were clearly distylous and with reciprocal herkogamy. They produced nectar and lasted for a single day. In spite of differences in density and height, populations were mostly isoplethic. Nectar production varied in volume and concentration but the differences could not be associated with floral morphs. The species is self-incompatible but reproductive success was always high and independent of floral morphs. There were differences in the site of incompatibility barriers between floral morphs, which were similar to those observed for other Rubiaceae. The main floral visitors and pollinators were the hummingbirds Colibri serrirostris and Eupetomena macroura. High fruit-set indicates that the pollinators transported enough compatible pollen grains between floral morphs, despite their territorial behavior.


1989 ◽  
Vol 67 (7) ◽  
pp. 1966-1978 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. R. Remphrey

From initiation to fruit set, which occurs over three growing seasons, eight stages are recognized in the development of axillary inflorescences in the dioecious species Fraxinus pennsylvanica var. subintegerrima (Vahl) Fern, (green ash). In the first season, buds are initiated in the axils of foliage leaves. As the shoots expand in the following spring, the buds complete their development. Although similar at first, differences begin to emerge between vegetative and inflorescence buds in that the latter produce robust second-order meristems, the incipient paracladia, protruding close to the original apex. After about 3–4 weeks, when the initiation of such buds is complete, the terminal and subtending lateral meristems present on each axis develop into a three-membered cluster of floral buds. There was a mean of 214.3 ± 12.2 floral buds initiated per female inflorescence, and the number generally increased with the length of the associated shoot. A ridge, the incipient perianth, begins to form around the periphery of each rounded floral apex. Male and female floral buds are not distinguishable at this stage, but the inflorescence buds are distinctly different from vegetative buds. The male and female buds then diverge in their development in that an identation forms at the summit of the incipient gynoecium and male buds initiate two or three anthers. By autumn, the gynoecium is distinctly conical, with an orifice at its summit, and the anthers are lobed. There is lobing of the perianth ridge, but in the mature flower distinct organs traceable to such lobes could not readily be identified.


1999 ◽  
Vol 15 (3) ◽  
pp. 247-263 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rogério Gribel ◽  
Peter E. Gibbs ◽  
Aldenora L. Queiróz

The flowering and fruiting phenology, floral biology, pollination ecology, and breeding system of the emergent tree Ceiba pentandra were studied in the Brazilian Central Amazon. Of the 21 trees studied, 17 flowered once or twice during the 6-y study period. The mass flowering and relatively high production of nectar per flower (mean of 310 μl) resulted in a high nectar production (over 200 l per tree per season). Flowers were visited by a wide range of nocturnal (bats, marsupials, night monkeys, hawk moths) and diurnal (bees, wasps, hummingbirds) animals, but only phyllostomid bats, especially Phyllostomus hastatus and Phyllostomus discolor, played a relevant role promoting cross-pollination. Pollinations which occurred in the early morning by diurnal floral visitors were ineffective since pollen tubes did not traverse the style and reach the ovary before stylar abscission. Despite the apparently normal growth of the self-pollen tubes, controlled pollinations carried out in one tree revealed no fruit set by selfing and 16.8% fruit set by crossing. Progeny analysis from this ‘self-incompatible’ tree using isozyme markers showed that fruits resulting from mixed-pollination (i.e., 50% self- plus 50% cross-pollen on the stigma) set only 1.6% of selfed seeds. The percentage of outcrossed seeds in fruits resulting from open-pollination in two neighbouring planted trees, which flowered in isolation and concomitantly, was estimated at 91% and 71%. Two isolated trees did not set any fruits despite massive flowering, whereas two others set large quantities of seed, supporting data in the literature stating that variable degrees of self-fertility may occur in this species.RESUMO. A fenologia de floração e de frutificação, a biologia floral, a ecologia de polinização e o sistema reprodutivo da árvore emergente Ceiba pentandra foram estudados na Amazônia Central Brasileira. Dezessete das 21 árvores estudadas (doze nativas e nove plantadas de sementes de procedência desconhecida) floriram uma ou duas vezes cada uma durante os seis anos do estudo. A maior parte das árvores nativas floriu massivamente somente em 1993 e 1996, enquanto que algumas das árvores plantadas floriram massivamente somente em 1992 e 1997. A floração massiva e a relativamente alta produção de néctar por flor (média de 310 μl de néctar secretado por flor por noite) resultaram em uma alta produção de néctar por árvore (maisde 200 l de néctar por árvore por estação de floração). As flores de C. pentandra foram visitadas por uma grande variedade de animais noturnos (morcegos, marsupiais, macacos-da-noite, mariposas) e diurnos (abelhas, vespas, beija-flores), mas somente morcegos, especialmente Phyllostomus hastatus e Phyllostomus discolor, parecem exercer papel relevante promovendo a polinização cruzada. Não foram detectadas diferenças na capacidade dos tubos polínicos originados do auto-pólem e do pólem cruzado de se desenvolverem até o ovário e penetrarem nos óvulos. Polinizações que ocorreram no início da manhã foram inefetivas, uma vez que os tubos polínicos não tiveram suficiente tempo para atravessarem o estilete antes da sua abscisão. Apesar do aparente desenvolvimento normal dos tubos polínicos oriundos do auto-pólem, polinizações controladas executadas em uma árvore resultaram em nenhuma produção de frutos em flores auto-polinizadas e em 16,8% de produção de frutos nas flores que sofreram polinização cruzada. A produção natural de frutos (polinização aberta) na mesma árvore foi estimada em 0,7%. O uso de marcadores isoenzimáticos na análise genética da progênie dessa mesma árvore ‘auto-incompatível’ revelou que, em frutos resultantes de polinizações mistas (isto é; uma mistura contendo 50% auto-pólem e 50% pólem cruzado, depositada no estigma), apenas cerca de 1,6% das sementes foram originadas por eventos de auto-fecundação. A proporção de sementes originadas por fecundação cruzada em frutos formados naturalmente em duas árvores plantadas e vizinhas, que floriram isoladamente e concomitantemente em 1992, foi de 91% e 71%, respectivamente. Duas árvores isoladas não produziram frutos, apesar de intensa floração, enquanto que outras duas também isoladas frutificaram em abundância. Essas observações reforçam dados da literatura que indicam a ocorrência de níveis muito variáveis de auto-fertilidade entre as árvores dessa espécie.


2004 ◽  
Vol 52 (2) ◽  
pp. 185 ◽  
Author(s):  
David H. Duncan ◽  
Saul A. Cunningham ◽  
Adrienne B. Nicotra

We used pollinator observation, flower manipulation, controlled pollination and pollen-tube analysis to better understand the reproductive ecology of Dianella revoluta R.Br., a common species known to have depressed fruit set at fragmented sites. This buzz-pollinated species was found to receive large quantities of self-pollen even during a single pollinator visit, but is only partially self-compatible. This may be the first direct demonstration of pollinator-facilitated, autogamous self-pollen transfer accounting for a significant proportion of stigmatic pollen load. Frequent high self-pollen transfer may account for the observed low rate of fruit development in open-pollinated flowers. Self-pollen tubes reached the base of the style in comparable numbers and at the same rate as outcross pollen tubes, with no sign of pollen-tube competition favouring outcross pollen. Barriers to greater self-fertility occur late, probably through early abortion of selfed ovules. We also investigated what impact overlapping distribution with D. longifolia may have on D. revoluta pollination and reproduction. Although these species shared pollinators, they differed in terms of frequency of visits. There was also separation of floral phenology within the course of a day.


2021 ◽  
Vol 19 (4) ◽  
pp. e0906-e0906
Author(s):  
Sedighehsadat Khaleghi ◽  

Aim of study: (i) to explore differences between eggplant flowers capable of setting fruit including long (LGs) and medium style flowers (MEs) and those which suffer from severe problems with fertility and fruit setting including short style ones (SRTs); (ii) to study the effect of plant growth regulators on floral morphology and fruit setting. Area of study: Isfahan University of Technology, Isfahan, Iran, 2017 and 2018. Material and methods: First the floral morphology and initial fruit setting of 13 eggplant genotypes from Iran were investigated. Then the differences between LGs and SRTs of two genotypes were explored. Finally, the effect of 1-naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA) and spermidine (Spd) on floral morphology and initial and final fruit setting of these two genotypes was determined. Main results: Results showed SRTs were not capable of fruit setting. Compared to SRTs, LGs had larger central canals, higher protein, total sugar, reducing sugar and K concentrations, as well as longer polar axis and pollen tubes and greater pollen viability. Although 1.5 mM Spd and 20 mg L-1 NAA resulted in increasing of LGs and MEs, and also total initial fruit set, surprisingly, no significant differences were observed in the final yield and final fruit set between the control and these treatments. Researching highlights: Since the rate of fruit dropping was higher in those treatments compared to the control, plants with more SRTs likely regulate their final load by abscising their flowers, and plants with more LGs regulate them by abscising their fruits.


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