Differential responses to allelopathic compounds released by the invasive Acacia dealbata Link (Mimosaceae) indicate stimulation of its own seed

2010 ◽  
Vol 58 (7) ◽  
pp. 546 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paula Lorenzo ◽  
Eva Pazos-Malvido ◽  
Manuel J. Reigosa ◽  
Luís González
Keyword(s):  
Native Species ◽  
Growth Parameters ◽  
Native Plant ◽  
Natural Ecosystems ◽  
Test Species ◽  
Soil Extracts ◽  
Acacia Dealbata ◽  
Litter Leachate ◽  
Dactylis Glomerata L

Invasion by exotic species constitutes a major threat to natural ecosystems. One of the most invasive species of current concern in Europe is Acacia dealbata Link (Mimosaceae), the expansion of which is reducing populations of native species, and hence biodiversity. To investigate the potential involvement of allelopathic mechanisms in this process, we evaluated the germination and seedling growth performance of Lactuca sativa L. (Compositae), Zea mays L. (Gramineae), Dactylis glomerata L. (Gramineae), Arabidopsis thaliana (L.) Heynh. (Cruciferae) and A. dealbata, in the presence of mixtures of throughfall and litter leachate and of aqueous soil extracts collected under A. dealbata at different times of the year. Each test species responded differently to the solutions being assayed suggesting that A. dealbata allelochemicals may affect a variety of physiological growth parameters. In most cases the observed effects were stimulatory rather than inhibitory, which may have long-term deleterious effects on native plant populations since premature growth during periods of poor resources can be detrimental. Interestingly, increased radical growth of A. dealbata was detected with either extract suggesting a positive autoalleloapthy effect.

Long-term response of the mamane forest to feral herbivore management on Mauna Kea, Hawaii.

2012 ◽  
Vol 18 (2) ◽  
pp. 123 ◽  
Author(s):  
E Reddy ◽  
D H Van Vuren ◽  
P G Scowcroft ◽  
J B Kauffman ◽  
L Perry
Keyword(s):  
Native Species ◽  
Age Distribution ◽  
Forest Recovery ◽  
Native Plant ◽  
Native Plant Species ◽  
Rate Of Increase ◽  
Negative Effect ◽  
Native Shrubs ◽  
Term Response

Seven exclosure sites located on Mauna Kea, Hawaii and established in the 1960s and 70s were sampled to characterize long-term response of the mamane (Sophora chrysophylla) forest to protection from feral sheep grazing, and to assess impacts of non-native plant species and recurrent sheep presence on forest recovery. The forest provides essential habitat for an endangered bird, the palila (Loxoides bailleui). Vegetation was sampled inside exclosures during 1972–1976, 1998, and 2009, and also outside exclosures during 2009. Patterns of response varied among exclosures, but overall, mamane trees and native shrubs showed increasing cover between the 1970s and 1998, then a slowed rate of increase in cover or a decline between 1998 and 2009. Cover of native herbaceous vegetation showed variable trends between the 1970s and 1998, and then appeared to decline between 1998 and 2009. Mamane height class distributions inside exclosures indicated that recruitment was initially high but then declined as heights shifted toward larger size classes, and presumably an older age distribution. We found limited evidence of a negative effect of non-native species on forest regrowth, but the effect was not consistent over time or among sites. Recurrent sheep presence outside exclosures negatively affected mamane canopy density and perhaps tree density at all sites, and mamane condition at some sites. Our results indicate that the mamane forest has shown substantial regrowth inside exclosures at some sites, especially those protected the longest. However, these exclosures represent a small portion of the mamane forest. Sheep presence continues to impact mamane recovery outside exclosures, and thus habitat quality for the palila.

Extending Species’ Ranges

2019 ◽  
pp. 83-103
Author(s):  
Emily W. B. Russell Southgate
Keyword(s):  
Native Species ◽  
Cultural Landscapes ◽  
Species Range ◽  
Native Plant ◽  
Natural Ecosystems ◽  
Fully Integrated ◽  
Native Plant Species ◽  
Native Flora ◽  
Cautionary Tales ◽  
Over Time

This chapter considers movement of species over time. Many land managers and ecologists consider invasive species to be the most important factor in disrupting "natural" ecosystems today, at least in North America. This chapter takes a historical approach to the process of species range extensions beginning with changes in the absence of human vectors, then considering the specifically human role in disseminating species world-wide. Human-mediated species' range extensions are ancient in many parts of the world so that what we might think of as "natural" may also have a human aspect. Using examples of range extensions of plants, animals, and disease-causing organisms, the discussion offers cautionary tales of species that have been introduced on purpose or inadvertently and have later caused severe disruptions to native ecosystems, as well as more positive examples of cultural landscapes in which non-native species are fully integrated into diverse and functional ecosystems. Comparing change over time in species diversity and importance may show unexpected patterns, such as the increase in both native and non-native plant species at the same sites in England. Historical studies also indicate that removal of the exotics may not lead to reestablishment of the native flora. Integration of some non-native species into a new ecosystem may eventually be more or less complete.

scholarly journals A test of native plant adaptation more than one century after introduction of the invasive Carpobrotus edulis to the NW Iberian Peninsula

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Carlos García ◽  
Josefina G. Campoy ◽  
Rubén Retuerto
Keyword(s):  
Native Species ◽  
Genetic Variance ◽  
Common Garden ◽  
Reciprocal Effects ◽  
Native Plant ◽  
Adaptive Responses ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Carpobrotus Edulis ◽  
Nw Iberia

Abstract Background Although the immediate consequences of biological invasions on ecosystems and conservation have been widely studied, the long-term effects remain unclear. Invaders can either cause the extinction of native species or become integrated in the new ecosystems, thus increasing the diversity of these ecosystems and the services that they provide. The final balance of invasions will depend on how the invaders and native plants co-evolve. For a better understanding of such co-evolution, case studies that consider the changes that occur in both invasive and native species long after the introduction of the invader are especially valuable. In this work, we studied the ecological consequences of the more than one century old invasion of NW Iberia by the African plant Carpobrotus edulis. We conducted a common garden experiment to compare the reciprocal effects of competition between Carpobrotus plants from the invaded area or from the native African range and two native Iberian plant species (Artemisia crithmifolia and Helichrysum picardii) from populations exposed or unexposed to the invader. Results Exposure of H. picardii populations to C. edulis increased their capacity to repress the growth of Carpobrotus. The repression specifically affected the Carpobrotus from the invader populations, not those from the African native area. No effects of exposition were detected in the case of A. crithmifolia. C. edulis plants from the invader populations had higher growth than plants from the species' African area of origin. Conclusions We found that adaptive responses of natives to invaders can occur in the long term, but we only found evidence for adaptive responses in one of the two species studied. This might be explained by known differences between the two species in the structure of genetic variance and gene flow between subpopulations. The overall changes observed in the invader Carpobrotus are consistent with adaptation after invasion.

scholarly journals Pennisetum ciliare: a review of treatment efficacy, competitive traits, and restoration opportunities

2019 ◽  
Vol 12 (4) ◽  
pp. 203-213 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hannah L. Farrell ◽  
Elise S. Gornish
Keyword(s):  
Literature Review ◽  
Plant Communities ◽  
Treatment Efficacy ◽  
Native Species ◽  
Outcome Measurement ◽  
Native Plant ◽  
Invasive Grass ◽  
Pennisetum Ciliare ◽  
Manual Removal

AbstractBuffelgrass [Pennisetum ciliare (L.) Link] is a drought-tolerant invasive grass that is a threat to native biodiversity in the drylands of the Americas and Australia. Despite efforts from land managers to control P. ciliare, management approaches tend to have mixed success, treatment results can be poorly communicated among entities, and there are few long-term controlled studies. In this literature review, we synthesize data from both peer-reviewed and “gray” literature on the efficacy of management techniques to control P. ciliare and the secondary impacts to native plant communities. Our search resulted in 42 unique sources containing a total of 229 studies that we categorized into 10 treatment types, which included herbicide, seeding, manual removal, fire, grazing, biocontrol, fire + additional treatments, manual removal + additional treatments, herbicide + additional treatments, and herbicide + manual removal. We found that treatments that used multiple techniques in tandem along with follow-up treatments were the most effective at controlling P. ciliare. Fewer than one-third of the studies reported impacts of management on native species, and the most commonly studied treatment (herbicide, N = 130) showed detrimental impacts on native plant communities. However, the average time between treatment and outcome measurement was only 15 mo; we suggest the need for more long-term studies of treatment efficacy and secondary impacts of treatment on the ecosystem. Finally, we conducted a second literature review on P. ciliare biology and traits for mechanisms that allows P. ciliare to alter the invaded environment to facilitate a competitive advantage over native species. We found evidence of self-reinforcing feedbacks of invasion being generated by P. ciliare through its interactions with water availability, nutrient cycling, and disturbance regimes. We developed a conceptual model of P. ciliare based on these feedback loops and offer management considerations based on its invasion dynamics and biology.

scholarly journals A native annual forb locally excludes a closely related introduced species that co-occurs in oak-savanna habitat remnants

AoB Plants ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (5) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jens C Johnson ◽  
Jennifer L Williams
Keyword(s):  
Introduced Species ◽  
Water Availability ◽  
Native Species ◽  
Environmental Influence ◽  
Direct Interaction ◽  
Local Scale ◽  
Vital Rates ◽  
Native Plant ◽  
Average Fitness

Abstract Despite the ubiquity of introduced species, their long-term impacts on native plant abundance and diversity remain poorly understood. Coexistence theory offers a tool for advancing this understanding by providing a framework to link short-term individual measurements with long-term population dynamics by directly quantifying the niche and average fitness differences between species. We observed that a pair of closely related and functionally similar annual plants with different origins—native Plectritis congesta and introduced Valerianella locusta—co-occur at the community scale but rarely at the local scale of direct interaction. To test whether niche and/or fitness differences preclude local-scale long-term coexistence, we parameterized models of competitor dynamics with results from a controlled outdoor pot experiment, where we manipulated densities of each species. To evaluate the hypothesis that niche and fitness differences exhibit environmental dependency, leading to community-scale coexistence despite local competitive exclusion, we replicated this experiment with a water availability treatment to determine if this key limiting resource alters the long-term prediction. Water availability impacted population vital rates and intensities of intraspecific versus interspecific competition between P. congesta and V. locusta. Despite environmental influence on competition our model predicts that native P. congesta competitively excludes introduced V. locusta in direct competition across water availability conditions because of an absence of stabilizing niche differences combined with a difference in average fitness, although this advantage weakens in drier conditions. Further, field data demonstrated that P. congesta densities have a negative effect on V. locusta seed prediction. We conclude that native P. congesta limits abundances of introduced V. locusta at the direct-interaction scale, and we posit that V. locusta may rely on spatially dependent coexistence mechanisms to maintain coexistence at the site scale. In quantifying this competitive outcome our study demonstrates mechanistically how a native species may limit the abundance of an introduced invader.

scholarly journals Micropropagation of the native species Anthurium antioquiense Engl. for conservation purposes

2014 ◽  
Vol 32 (3) ◽  
pp. 334-340 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paola Andrea Murillo-Gómez ◽  
Esther Naranjo ◽  
Ricardo Callejas ◽  
Lucia Atehortúa ◽  
Aura Urrea
Keyword(s):  
Native Species ◽  
Salt Content ◽  
Multiplication Rate ◽  
Native Plant ◽  
Shoot Induction ◽  
Clear Water ◽  
In Vitro Plants ◽  
Efficient Alternative

Anthurium antioquiense Engl. is a native plant belonging to the Araceae family. It grows on rocks in clear-water rivers and well-protected zones, similar to the waters in certain watersheds of the Antioquia Department, Colombia. Loss of habitat has threatened this promising ornamental plant species, which is also important because of its role in the ecosystem. In vitro tissue culture is considered an efficient alternative for the propagation of endangered species with the aim of establishing short-, medium- and long-term conservation programs. In the present research, in vitro introduction and shoot induction from A. antioquiense seedlings were performed. The highest production of shoots was obtained in a ½ MS (half-salt content) medium with 1 mg L-1 of BAP, which attained a 23.7 shoots/explant per month multiplication rate. The in vitro plants generated from shoots were individualized and transferred to a growth regulator-free medium. Rooting did not require the presence of growth regulators, and the adaptation of the in vitro plants to ex vitro conditions achieved a 98% survival rate.

Evaluating winter annual grass control and native species establishment following applications of indaziflam on rangeland

2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (3) ◽  
pp. 199-209
Author(s):  
Shannon L. Clark ◽  
Derek J. Sebastian ◽  
Scott J. Nissen ◽  
James R. Sebastian
Keyword(s):  
Plant Community ◽  
Weed Management ◽  
Native Species ◽  
Fold Increase ◽  
Native Plant ◽  
Cool Season ◽  
Species Establishment ◽  
Winter Annual ◽  
Cool Season Grass

AbstractIndaziflam, a PRE herbicide option for weed management on rangeland and natural areas, provides long-term control of invasive winter annual grasses (IWAGs). Because indaziflam only provides PRE control of IWAGs, POST herbicides such as glyphosate can be mixed with indaziflam to control germinated IWAG seedlings. Field trials were conducted at three sites on the Colorado Front Range to evaluate glyphosate dose required to provide adequate POST IWAG control and compare long-term downy brome (Bromus tectorum L.), Japanese brome (Bromus arvensis L.), and feral rye (Secale cereale L.) control with indaziflam and imazapic. Two of the three sites were void of desirable species, so species establishment through drill seeding was assessed, while the remnant native plant response was assessed at the third site. Herbicide applications were made March 2014 through April 2015, and two sites were drill seeded with native species 9 mo after herbicide application. Yearly visual control evaluations, biomass of all plant species, and drilled species stand counts were collected. Glyphosate at 474 g ae ha−1 reduced B. tectorum biomass to zero, while glyphosate at 631 g ae ha−1 was needed to reduce biomass to near zero at the S. cereale site. At all three sites, only indaziflam treatments had significant reductions in IWAG biomass compared with the nontreated check at 3 yr after treatment (YAT). By 3 YAT in the drill-seeded sites, cool-season grass frequency ranged from 37% to 69% within indaziflam treatments (73 and 102 g ai ha−1), while imazapic treatments ranged from 0% to 26% cool-season grass frequency. In the site with a remnant native plant community, indaziflam treatments resulted in a 3- to 4-fold increase in native grass biomass. These results indicate that the multiyear IWAG control provided by indaziflam can aid in desirable species reestablishment through drill seeding or response of the remnant plant community.

scholarly journals Native plant species with economic value from Minas Gerais and Goiás: a discussion on the currentness of the data recovered by the French naturalist Auguste de Saint-Hilaire

2016 ◽  
Vol 34 (4) ◽  
pp. 455-462 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fernanda LB Mügge ◽  
Juliana Paula-Souza ◽  
Jean C Melo ◽  
Maria GL Brandão
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Native Species ◽  
Economic Value ◽  
Native Vegetation ◽  
Native Plant ◽  
Natural Ecosystems ◽  
Native Plant Species ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
Economic Use ◽  
Brazilian Biodiversity

ABSTRACT Given the increasing anthropic threats faced by natural ecosystems all around the world, this work holds an important role by recovering primary information of the Brazilian biodiversity. In this study we discuss data collected at a time when the native vegetation in Brazil was still preserved, and the use of plants was primarily made from species of autoctone flora. Those areas were visited by European naturalists in the 19th century, including the French Auguste de Saint-Hilaire, who described the use of numerous native species. The possibility of current economic use of some species cited by him in the 19th century is discussed.

Arundo donax (giant reed).

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Julissa Rojas-Sandoval ◽  
Pedro Acevedo-Rodríguez
Keyword(s):  
Native Species ◽  
Invasive Plant ◽  
Fire Regimes ◽  
Careful Consideration ◽  
Giant Reed ◽  
Native Plant ◽  
Native Plant Species ◽  
Introduced Range ◽  
Expensive Process

Abstract A. donax is an aggressive species with an ability to reproduce quickly, allowing it to out-compete native plant species, and has established itself as one of the primary threats to native riparian habitats in its introduced range, dramatically altering ecological and successional processes and altering habitats towards dense, monotypic stands up to 8 m tall. It is listed as one of the 100 world's worst invasive alien species (ISSG, 2011). This species represent a serious concern in arid and semiarid habitats because it outcompete native vegetation in the access to soil-water. It uses more water than native plants, lowering groundwater tables. A. donax is highly flammable and can change fire regimes in invaded areas (USDA-ARS, 2014). Control is an expensive process involving cutting plants to the ground and manual application of herbicides to avoid harming native species. Biological control efforts are being developed as one of the primary tools for the long-term management of this pest. However, A. donax is a valuable and very fast-growing crop that is being promoted for the production of fuel, fibres and pulp, and is also widely used as an ornamental. This means that further introductions are likely and the balance between exploitation and threat as an invasive plant requires careful consideration (Raghu et al., 2006; Low and Booth, 2007).

STABILITY OF CRESTED WHEATGRASS PASTURES UNDER LONG-TERM PASTURE USE

1973 ◽  
Vol 53 (3) ◽  
pp. 501-506 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. LOOMAN ◽  
D. H. HEINRICHS
Keyword(s):  
Plant Species ◽  
Native Species ◽  
Yield Loss ◽  
Native Plants ◽  
Native Plant ◽  
Crested Wheatgrass ◽  
Abandoned Farmland ◽  
Native Plant Species ◽  
Number Of Species

Crested wheatgrass pastures, seeded on abandoned farmland, remain virtually free of weeds for about 15 yr. Thereafter, native plant species establish and the number of species increases in time. This invasion is presumably due to death of crested wheatgrass plants after 15–20 yr, and their replacement by native species. However, even in 35-yr-old pastures native plants seldom make up more than 10% of the density, and yield loss is negligible.

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